Why is there no central heating in the south?

The main reason why China implemented central heating is that it formed a "one-sided" diplomatic pattern in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and experienced a historical stage in which all walks of life learned from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was the largest central heating country in the world at that time. The construction of thermal power plants in the Soviet Union began in 1930s and developed rapidly in 1940s. 1.00 In 1998, there were about thermal power plants1.00 in China, and the total capacity of heating units reached more than 68 million kilowatts, accounting for about 38% of the total capacity of thermal power units. These power plants supply heat to 800 towns and industrial areas, and the main heating pipes are about 2200 kilometers long.

The central heating system in China began in 1950s. Referring to the model of the Soviet Union at that time, the residential boiler heating system was initially established. As one of the key construction projects of 156 aided by the Soviet Union, Beijing No.1 Thermal Power Plant started construction in 1957. 1958 On April 2 1 day, the ground was broken for Guanghua Line, the first central heating steam pipeline. During the period of 1959, Chang 'an Line was newly built along Chang 'an Avenue, which was one of the top ten buildings in the National Day Project and a key heating project in Zhongnanhai.

However, the current heating mode in China, due to the backward economic level and energy shortage in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, gives priority to the northern region with cold climate on the premise of saving economic costs. According to the climate calculation method of the former Soviet Union, the outdoor temperature below 5 degrees Celsius is defined as winter. Therefore, only the days when the annual average daily temperature is lower than or equal to 5℃ and the number of days is greater than or equal to 90 days are defined as central heating areas, mainly including North China, Northeast China and Northwest China.

Since then, heating, like other social welfare such as housing, has become an important social welfare undertaking in the northern region in the planned economy era, which was once the embodiment of the superiority of the socialist system. Throughout the world's winter heating modes, neither Russia with central heating (that is, the former Soviet Union) nor European countries with household heating, like China, divide heating areas by geographical boundaries.

The dividing line between the north and the south of China is 1908, which was put forward by Zhang, the first president of China Geographical Society (now China Geographical Society), from the perspective of physical geographical division. The "Beiling Huaishui" line runs from the seashore to Huai 'an, Jiangsu Province, to Xinyang, Henan Province, and finally to Ankang, Shaanxi Province. It is about several thousand kilometers long and dozens of kilometers wide. In the course of historical development, this line is also the dividing line between the north and the south of China. The climate on both sides of this dividing line is very different, and its main significance is to serve as a reference for the growth of crops and local residential buildings. Therefore, in the 1950s, with the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River as the boundary, the north was designated as the central heating area, and the south was not centrally heated, which was the north-south heating line.

However, the demarcation line has been drawn for more than 100 years, and the temperature "no more than 5 degrees Celsius" is only the reference data when central heating was drawn 60 years ago. According to the latest statistics, the average winter temperature in many areas of the "South" often breaks this record. During a cold air attack from June 5th to1October 28th, 2008, the temperature in most parts of Hunan Province had already dropped to below zero, with the lowest temperature in Liuyang, Changsha dropping to about 5 degrees below zero. On June 5438+ 10, 2009, the temperature of -8 degrees appeared in Shanghai, which fluctuated between zero degrees for about a week. It is unreasonable to decide whether to provide central heating in the surrounding areas near the north-south boundary.

As far as human feeling is concerned, temperature and temperature are not the same concept, and humidity and other factors are also very key factors. Humidity has a great influence on the temperature that the human body feels. Meteorology generally believes that every time the humidity increases, the temperature felt by human body will decrease by 10%. Take Shanghai as an example. June 5438+ 10 and February are the coldest seasons in Shanghai. The average temperature is 3-5 degrees Celsius, and the days when the temperature is below -5 degrees Celsius are about 4-5 days. However, the winter humidity in Shanghai is relatively high, generally around 60%, while the average humidity in the northern region is around 20%, and the humidity in Shanghai is 40% higher than that in the northern region. According to the influence of humidity on temperature, it can be inferred that the "temperature" in Shanghai is actually about 1 degree to-1 degree, and at this temperature, central heating has been implemented in the northern region, raising the indoor temperature to the standard temperature 16- 18 degree.

The average indoor temperature in the Yangtze River basin is below 10 degrees, which is about 10 degrees lower than that in the northern region, and the extreme minimum temperature is even below 0 degrees. In the Yangtze river basin and the surrounding areas south of the north-south boundary, because there is no central heating in winter, only electric heaters and air conditioners can be used for heating. The surrounding areas south of the north-south heating boundary are not heated because the annual average daily temperature in these areas is less than 90 days. At that time, this consideration was only based on people's feelings about temperature, and other related factors such as humidity and wind speed were not considered. Therefore, this dividing line should not be set as the dividing line of central heating.

Although the controversy over whether to provide heating in the south continues to ferment, Wuhan has become the pioneer of heating in southern cities. Wuhan started the project of "Warm in Winter and Cool in Summer" in 2005. The goal is that by the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, the coverage area of central heating and refrigeration will reach 500 square kilometers, serving 6,543,800 people. Dewei Thermal Power, which won the bid for the project of "Warm in Winter and Cool in Summer", uses the waste heat of power generation to heat residential quarters. According to the planning of Wuhan Development and Reform Commission, in 20 10, Wuhan's "warm in winter and cool in summer" project will strive to form a scale of 60-80 square kilometers.

At the beginning of 20 12, Dongxihu District of Wuhan signed a cooperation agreement with Shenhua Group on cogeneration project. Shenhua Group will invest 5.5 billion yuan to build two * * * 700,000 kW cogeneration units in Dongxihu, with a heating range of 150 square kilometers, covering 1 10,000 citizens. In addition, some residential areas in Wuchang, Hongshan and Qingshan districts have achieved central heating.

Even though southern cities have started independent heating, the relevant authorities are unwilling to relax the "red line" of north-south heating. At the 8th Green Building Conference in March, 20 12, Chou Baoxing, Vice Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development in charge of urban heating, publicly stated that central heating cannot be blindly copied to the south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains, which is a great threat to energy consumption. As early as 20 10, Chou Baoxing publicly criticized Wuhan central heating, saying that "the Ministry should issue a document to stop this situation, and if it refuses to correct it, all medals in this city will be cancelled".

However, due to historical reasons, the central heating infrastructure in southern cities of China is basically zero. Building heating pipelines, heating pump rooms and other infrastructure in an all-round way is also a very huge expenditure, just like in the north. Moreover, the external wall of the traditional southern residence also involves the thickening of the thermal insulation wall, which is also a detail that must be considered in heating planning. In addition, in the south, the house is a relatively closed structure, and it is difficult to discharge water vapor when it enters the house, especially when the "water south wind" blows in summer, a large amount of water vapor will condense into water indoors, which will make the room too humid and the heat insulation effect is poor.

For most southern cities, the implementation of central heating has insurmountable difficulties. Luo, director of the Institute of Social Development of Wuhan University, pointed out not long ago that "many southern cities have no central heating design when building community buildings, and if the buildings are rebuilt, the cost is extremely high". In fact, even for new buildings, developers are reluctant to join the design of central heating. Shao Qing, deputy general manager of Agile Nanjing Company, believes that buildings involving central heating will increase the construction cost, so many developers are unwilling to "reinvent the wheel".

China's central heating system is based on the Soviet Union, with the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River as the boundary, delineating the north-south heating hotline, which lacks the flexibility to cope with climate change or extreme weather. Coupled with the advocacy of "energy threat theory" and the reconstruction of heating infrastructure in southern cities, it is extremely expensive and developers are unwilling to invest, which eventually leads to the delay in the supply of heating in southern China. (Text/Source) In recent years, the topic of whether central heating is needed in the south has been debated endlessly. At the National People's Congress on 20 10 and 20 12, some representatives suggested that central heating should be implemented in the south in winter, but it was not recognized at the policy level, and the appeal and debate on unified heating in the south continued to heat up on the Internet. A few days ago, expert Shen said that southerners are used to the wet and cold in winter, and sudden heating may lead to physical discomfort.

The main reason why China implemented central heating is that it formed a "one-sided" diplomatic pattern in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and experienced a historical stage in which all walks of life learned from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was the largest central heating country in the world at that time. The construction of thermal power plants in the Soviet Union began in 1930s and developed rapidly in 1940s. 1.00 In 1998, there were about thermal power plants1.00 in China, and the total capacity of heating units reached more than 68 million kilowatts, accounting for about 38% of the total capacity of thermal power units. These power plants supply heat to 800 towns and industrial areas, and the main heating pipes are about 2200 kilometers long.

The central heating system in China began in 1950s. Referring to the model of the Soviet Union at that time, the residential boiler heating system was initially established. As one of the key construction projects of 156 aided by the Soviet Union, Beijing No.1 Thermal Power Plant started construction in 1957. 1958 On April 2 1 day, the ground was broken for Guanghua Line, the first central heating steam pipeline. During the period of 1959, Chang 'an Line was newly built along Chang 'an Avenue, which was one of the top ten buildings in the National Day Project and a key heating project in Zhongnanhai.

However, the current heating mode in China, due to the backward economic level and energy shortage in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, gives priority to the northern region with cold climate on the premise of saving economic costs. According to the climate calculation method of the former Soviet Union, the outdoor temperature below 5 degrees Celsius is defined as winter. Therefore, only the days when the annual average daily temperature is lower than or equal to 5℃ and the number of days is greater than or equal to 90 days are defined as central heating areas, mainly including North China, Northeast China and Northwest China.

Since then, heating, like other social welfare such as housing, has become an important social welfare undertaking in the northern region in the planned economy era, which was once the embodiment of the superiority of the socialist system. Throughout the world's winter heating modes, neither Russia with central heating (that is, the former Soviet Union) nor European countries with household heating, like China, divide heating areas by geographical boundaries.

The dividing line between the north and the south of China is 1908, which was put forward by Zhang, the first president of China Geographical Society (now China Geographical Society), from the perspective of physical geographical division. The "Beiling Huaishui" line runs from the seashore to Huai 'an, Jiangsu Province, to Xinyang, Henan Province, and finally to Ankang, Shaanxi Province. It is about several thousand kilometers long and dozens of kilometers wide. In the course of historical development, this line is also the dividing line between the north and the south of China. The climate on both sides of this dividing line is very different, and its main significance is to serve as a reference for the growth of crops and local residential buildings. Therefore, in the 1950s, with the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River as the boundary, the north was designated as the central heating area, and the south was not centrally heated, which was the north-south heating line.

However, the demarcation line has been drawn for more than 100 years, and the temperature "no more than 5 degrees Celsius" is only the reference data when central heating was drawn 60 years ago. According to the latest statistics, the average winter temperature in many areas of the "South" often breaks this record. During a cold air attack from June 5th to1October 28th, 2008, the temperature in most parts of Hunan Province had already dropped to below zero, with the lowest temperature in Liuyang, Changsha dropping to about 5 degrees below zero. On June 5438+ 10, 2009, the temperature of -8 degrees appeared in Shanghai, which fluctuated between zero degrees for about a week. It is unreasonable to decide whether to provide central heating in the surrounding areas near the north-south boundary.

As far as human feeling is concerned, temperature and temperature are not the same concept, and humidity and other factors are also very key factors. Humidity has a great influence on the temperature that the human body feels. Meteorology generally believes that every time the humidity increases, the temperature felt by human body will decrease by 10%. Take Shanghai as an example. June 5438+ 10 and February are the coldest seasons in Shanghai. The average temperature is 3-5 degrees Celsius, and the days when the temperature is below -5 degrees Celsius are about 4-5 days. However, the winter humidity in Shanghai is relatively high, generally around 60%, while the average humidity in the northern region is around 20%, and the humidity in Shanghai is 40% higher than that in the northern region. According to the influence of humidity on temperature, it can be inferred that the "temperature" in Shanghai is actually about 1 degree to-1 degree, and at this temperature, central heating has been implemented in the northern region, raising the indoor temperature to the standard temperature 16- 18 degree.

The average indoor temperature in the Yangtze River basin is below 10 degrees, which is about 10 degrees lower than that in the northern region, and the extreme minimum temperature is even below 0 degrees. In the Yangtze river basin and the surrounding areas south of the north-south boundary, because there is no central heating in winter, only electric heaters and air conditioners can be used for heating. The surrounding areas south of the north-south heating boundary are not heated because the annual average daily temperature in these areas is less than 90 days. At that time, this consideration was only based on people's feelings about temperature, and other related factors such as humidity and wind speed were not considered. Therefore, this dividing line should not be set as the dividing line of central heating.

Although the controversy over whether to provide heating in the south continues to ferment, Wuhan has become the pioneer of heating in southern cities. Wuhan started the project of "Warm in Winter and Cool in Summer" in 2005. The goal is that by the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, the coverage area of central heating and refrigeration will reach 500 square kilometers, serving 6,543,800 people. Dewei Thermal Power, which won the bid for the project of "Warm in Winter and Cool in Summer", uses the waste heat of power generation to heat residential quarters. According to the planning of Wuhan Development and Reform Commission, in 20 10, Wuhan's "warm in winter and cool in summer" project will strive to form a scale of 60-80 square kilometers.

At the beginning of 20 12, Dongxihu District of Wuhan signed a cooperation agreement with Shenhua Group on cogeneration project. Shenhua Group will invest 5.5 billion yuan to build two * * * 700,000 kW cogeneration units in Dongxihu, with a heating range of 150 square kilometers, covering 1 10,000 citizens. In addition, some residential areas in Wuchang, Hongshan and Qingshan districts have achieved central heating.

Even though southern cities have started independent heating, the relevant authorities are unwilling to relax the "red line" of north-south heating. At the 8th Green Building Conference in March, 20 12, Chou Baoxing, Vice Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development in charge of urban heating, publicly stated that central heating cannot be blindly copied to the south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains, which is a great threat to energy consumption. As early as 20 10, Chou Baoxing publicly criticized Wuhan central heating, saying that "the Ministry should issue a document to stop this situation, and if it refuses to correct it, all medals in this city will be cancelled".

However, due to historical reasons, the central heating infrastructure in southern cities of China is basically zero. Building heating pipelines, heating pump rooms and other infrastructure in an all-round way is also a very huge expenditure, just like in the north. Moreover, the external wall of the traditional southern residence also involves the thickening of the thermal insulation wall, which is also a detail that must be considered in heating planning. In addition, in the south, the house is a relatively closed structure, and it is difficult to discharge water vapor when it enters the house, especially when the "water south wind" blows in summer, a large amount of water vapor will condense into water indoors, which will make the room too humid and the heat insulation effect is poor.

For most southern cities, the implementation of central heating has insurmountable difficulties. Luo, director of the Institute of Social Development of Wuhan University, pointed out not long ago that "many southern cities have no central heating design when building community buildings, and if the buildings are rebuilt, the cost is extremely high". In fact, even for new buildings, developers are reluctant to join the design of central heating. Shao Qing, deputy general manager of Agile Nanjing Company, believes that buildings involving central heating will increase the construction cost, so many developers are unwilling to "reinvent the wheel".

The central heating system in China is based on the Soviet Union, with the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River as the boundary, and the north-south heating hotline is demarcated, which lacks the flexibility to cope with climate change or extreme weather. Coupled with the advocacy of "energy threat theory" and the reconstruction of heating infrastructure in southern cities, it is extremely expensive and developers are unwilling to invest, which eventually leads to the delay in the supply of heating in southern China.