What are the common problems and solutions of mushrooms?

Mushrooms, also known as Agaricus bisporus, have developed rapidly in northwest China in the past decade. However, the phenomenon of unstable output is widespread in production, and the benefits vary greatly. The main reason is improper or untimely management of mycelium and fruiting body. The following aspects are easily overlooked by mushroom farmers, hoping to help them.

First, determine the sowing date. The sowing date should be determined according to the local natural environmental conditions, and the best sowing date should be selected based on the longest suitable fruiting time. For example, in Dingxi county, the natural temperature 10 is from early April to mid-June and from early August to early June, which is suitable for fruiting, and the time for mycelium growth and infiltration is about one month. Therefore, the sowing time should be in early March and early July.

Second, master the time of seed production. In the production of Agaricus bisporus, it often happens that strains are mixed with other cultures or strains are mixed with other cultures. Early seed production, immature materials, aging strains and reduced viability. If the raw materials are sown, the nutrients in the raw materials cannot be completely transformed, and there are many miscellaneous bacteria; When seed production is too late, the nutrient loss in the material is serious and the air permeability is reduced. After sowing, hyphae will not germinate without eating materials. If the seeds are sown with strains that have not reached the appropriate age, the viability of mycelium is weak and it is easy to be polluted by miscellaneous bacteria. In either case, it is bound to reduce production. Therefore, it is one of the basic measures to ensure the yield to accurately calculate the seed production time and the completion time of nutrient distribution and make them coincide. Generally, the seed production time in spring is basically the same as the seed delivery time, and the seed production time in summer is 7- 16 days earlier than the seed delivery time.

Third, water in a timely and appropriate amount. Agaricus bisporus is very strict about water. According to the weather, mushroom growth and environmental factors of mushroom house. Spray more on sunny days, mushrooms for a long time, dry soil, and less on the contrary. The general principle is that the relative humidity of air in fruiting body stage is about 85%-95%, and that in mycelium stage is about 65%-75%. Light spray and frequent spray, each time no more than 0.50l/m2. Too much water causes poor air permeability of soil layer, hypha atrophy and even rot of culture materials. Too little water will cause dead mushrooms, deformed mushrooms or no mushrooms.

Fourth, ventilation should be appropriate. First, we should master the ventilation time, and try to avoid the time when the outside temperature is too low, so as to avoid the temperature difference being too large and the mushrooms will die. Ventilation is best when the temperature inside and outside the mushroom house is similar or the same. Second, the leeward window is ventilated to avoid convection wind. Convective wind makes the moisture on the surface of mushroom cap dissipate quickly and crack, which reduces the degree of commercialization. Third, when the temperature is high, it is ventilated at night or in the morning and evening. When the temperature is low, try to reduce or shorten the ventilation time, and use heating equipment to assist ventilation when necessary.

5. Clean the environment and prevent pests and diseases. Some mushroom farmers can't clean up the waste culture materials in time after the previous crop, or pile up the waste around the mushroom house, which provides a source of infection for the spread of pests and diseases. Some mushroom farmers throw mushroom roots at random during harvest, which leads to a large number of pests. The following are some practical methods summarized by the author in my work for the reference of mushroom farmers.

1, always adhere to the concept of "prevention is more important than treatment" for mushroom pests and diseases. The harvested mushroom roots and waste culture materials are cleaned up in time and buried 200 meters away from the mushroom house. The doors, windows, walls and compost storage places of mushroom house should be disinfected with 3% formalin, and it is best to install screen windows and screen doors.

2. Pay attention to the disinfection of culture materials and covering soil. Before 7- 10 mulching, fumigate with 2% formaldehyde mixed soil for 24 hours, then spread formaldehyde before mulching. Most of the pathogenic bacteria in the culture materials were killed by high temperature during stacking, and finally, appropriate DDV and carbendazim were added during stacking to kill the remaining pests and miscellaneous bacteria.

3. Isolate external sources of infection. Cut off all access to the mushroom house. Install screens and curtains on the doors and windows of the mushroom house. If necessary, hang a DDV cotton ball on the window and change it every 7 days. After inoculation, newspapers covered with 2% formalin are sprayed on walls, floors and materials twice a week. It is best to disinfect the work clothes and tools used before each use.