What are the forms of temperature change?

Latitude, atmospheric circulation, land and sea distribution, ocean currents and topography are the main factors affecting climate. The first two are global zonal factors, while the last three are non-zonal factors.

Latitude position is the basic factor affecting climate. Because the earth is a big sphere, the sun shines at different angles at different latitudes. Some places are direct, some places are oblique, and some places have not been exposed to the sun all day or for months. So the altitude angle of the sun is different in different places, the amount of heat and light of the sun is also different, and the temperature is also very different. Generally, the lower the latitude, the higher the temperature; The higher the latitude, the lower the temperature. Different latitudes in different regions are the main reasons for different global temperatures.

Atmospheric circulation is the main factor that forms various climate types and weather changes. The air in the atmosphere moves at different scales, which is collectively called atmospheric circulation. It is an important way to transport and exchange heat and water vapor in the atmosphere. The manifestations of atmospheric circulation include planetary wind system, monsoon circulation, land-sea wind and valley wind. What people usually call atmospheric circulation mainly refers to planetary wind system. The influence of atmospheric circulation on climate is very significant, with strong updraft, easy condensation of water vapor and abundant precipitation in equatorial low pressure area. Submerged water vapor prevails in subtropical high pressure area, which is not easy to condense and the rain is scarce; In trade winds, air flows from higher latitudes to lower latitudes, and water vapor is not easy to condense, so it usually rains less. But on the east coast of the mainland, the trade winds blow from the sea, and there are more opportunities for precipitation; On the west coast of the mainland, the trade winds blow from the inland, so there is less precipitation. In the area controlled by the westerly belt, the wind from the west coast of the mainland blows from the sea, with abundant water vapor and precipitation. The farther inland, the less water vapor and the less precipitation. On the east coast of the mainland, the west wind blows from the inland, with less precipitation. Generally speaking, the temperature of updraft and airflow changes from high to low from low latitude to high latitude, and water vapor is easy to condense, so there are more opportunities for precipitation. In the downward flow and the airflow from high latitude to low latitude, the temperature changes from low to high, so the water vapor is not easy to condense and there are fewer opportunities for precipitation. Therefore, under the control of different pressure belts and wind belts, the climate characteristics, especially the changes of precipitation, are obviously different. In addition, the wind belt and pressure belt move with the seasons, thus forming various climate types.

The distribution of land and sea changes the zonal distribution of temperature and precipitation. Due to the different physical properties of the ocean and the land, under the strong sunlight, the ocean heats up slowly and the land heats up quickly; After the sun weakened, the ocean cooled slowly and the land cooled rapidly. The amount of water vapor contained in the air on the surface of ocean and land is also different. Generally speaking, in the ocean or offshore areas, the daily and annual changes of temperature are small, precipitation is abundant and the seasonal distribution of precipitation is relatively uniform, forming a maritime climate. Therefore, at the same latitude, under the control of the same pressure belt or wind belt, the climate characteristics are different because of the different land and sea positions.

Terrain fluctuation will destroy the zonality of climate distribution. Terrain is a non-zonal factor, and different landforms have different effects on climate. In the same latitude zone, the higher the terrain, the lower the temperature, and the precipitation increases with the height within a certain height range. So in tropical mountainous areas, from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain, from the equator to the polar regions, there have been climate changes. In addition, tall mountains will block the airflow, and the temperature and precipitation on windward and leeward slopes of mountains are obviously different.

Ocean currents also have a certain influence on the climate along the coast of the continent through which they flow. The ocean current flowing from low latitude to high latitude, because it contains a lot of heat energy, plays a role in warming and humidifying the coastal areas it flows through; The ocean current flowing from high latitude to low latitude has a lower water temperature than the surrounding sea surface, which has a cooling and dehumidification effect on the coastal areas where it flows. Therefore, in terms of temperature, ocean currents can adjust the temperature difference between high and low latitudes. Under the action of prevailing airflow, the temperature difference between the east and west coasts of the same latitude continent is significant, which destroys the zonal distribution of temperature latitude.