Seeking the writing guidance and examples of high school scientific papers

1. What is a scientific paper?

Some students regard writing small scientific papers as mysterious, and think that it is a matter for scientists, which is unattainable for us children. This is a complete misunderstanding. Students can not only write, but also write high-quality papers.

Scientific papers written by scientific workers refer to scientific research reports written by the author through experiments, observation and other means, and then through analysis and research according to the scientific research projects and determined scientific research topics. The scientific papers written by students are shorter and shallower than those written by scientists.

In fact, a scientific paper is a written summary of the achievements made by students through scientific observation, experiment or investigation in extracurricular scientific activities. Its manifestations are various: it can be a conclusion drawn after careful observation and in-depth thinking about something; It can be the conclusion of analysis after hands-on experiment; It can also be a summary after a local investigation; You can also draw a conclusion by * logical reasoning. ...

So, are there any quality standards for scientific papers? Yes It must have "three characteristics".

1, science. Scientificity is one of the important characteristics that distinguish scientific papers from other genres, and it is the life of scientific papers. It requires scientific topics, correct research methods, conclusive arguments, reasonable and logical arguments, and concise and accurate words.

2. Creativity. The topic selection and main viewpoints of small papers should have their own new discoveries and unique opinions, which have certain practical significance to people's production and life. The same small paper has not participated in scientific seminars at all levels, nor has it been published in newspapers at all levels. Of course, if you further study on the basis of other people's research, it is also feasible and creative to put forward novel, unique and fully demonstrated views.

3. practicality. The title of the paper must be discovered by the author himself in scientific exploration activities; The arguments supporting the main points must be obtained by the author through observation, investigation, experiment and other research methods, and have practical basis; The paper must be written by the author himself. There can be no signs of fabrication, speculation or adult substitution.

The above "three natures" are the quality standards for measuring scientific papers. If you write Sunflower, although your observation is meticulous, your posture description is vivid and your character analysis is perfect, if you can't get a scientific and meaningful conclusion, it can only be regarded as a good essay or observation diary, not a scientific essay.

Writing scientific papers is a very hard work and a very meaningful activity. Success belongs to young friends who are brave in exploration and unremitting pursuit!

Second, the types of scientific papers

The most common forms of scientific papers are scientific observation papers, scientific experiment papers, scientific investigation papers and scientific explanation papers.

Scientific observation paper

Scientific observation essay refers to teenagers' careful observation of something or a natural phenomenon, careful analysis and comprehensive study of the obtained materials and data, and then draw conclusions and make scientific explanations and descriptions.

It should be noted that the research object in scientific observation essay is an objective natural thing or phenomenon, which occurs under the condition of natural light and is not controlled by human beings, so the content described in this paper should be the object, process, conditions and various phenomena observed by the author, and no artificial conditions or personal prejudice can be attached. In addition, observation is a long-term, systematic and repeated activity, which requires the patience, meticulousness and perseverance of the author.

(2) Small scientific experimental papers

Essays on scientific experiments, sometimes called "experimental reports", are articles that teenagers create specific conditions for the research objects, analyze the obtained materials and data after repeated experiments, and draw comprehensive conclusions. It focuses on the objective description of the experimental process and the scientific explanation of experimental phenomena.

The purpose of the experiment is clear, the experimental steps are detailed, the data are accurate, the explanation is strong, and the conclusion is true and credible. It is an excellent scientific experiment essay.

(3) A short paper on scientific investigation

If you want to study the pollution degree of a certain water area closely related to people's lives, the air pollution source in a certain place, and find out the evolution process of a strange mountain, the animal and plant resources and distribution in a certain range, you have to make a field trip. A small paper written through investigation, interview and field investigation is called a scientific investigation small paper. Sometimes it is also called "scientific investigation report" and "scientific investigation report".

In the article "Evergreen Water of Zhushengtian Reservoir", which won the first prize in the 5th National Youth Science Symposium, the author made a field investigation on the geographical and ecological environment and water storage capacity of the reservoir, and made a field measurement as far as possible, found out the hidden dangers of the reservoir and put forward more reasonable suggestions. This paper expounds the time, object, content and conclusion of comprehensive analysis, and draws "Rain Collection Map of Shengtian Reservoir" and "Schematic Diagram of Strong Erosion in Zhongshan City", combining with some practical data, so that readers can have a more comprehensive and clear understanding of the investigation object.

When writing a small paper on scientific investigation, it is sometimes specimens or photos of animals, plants, rocks, soil, etc. It should be attached to the text to enhance persuasiveness.

(D) scientific explanation essay

Scientific interpretation prose refers to a kind of prose in which the author uses accurate information to explain and explain a natural phenomenon or thing. Generally speaking, it does not directly adopt research methods such as observation, experiment and investigation, but mainly obtains rich second-hand information from books, periodicals and teachers, and expounds a certain point of view in a language it understands through its own comprehensive analysis and logical reasoning.

"Why Guiyang is the Second Spring City of the Motherland" is a small paper that won the third prize of the Second National Youth Science Seminar. The author's research methods have their own characteristics. First, insist on using radio and television records to sort out the weather and temperature in Guiyang and Kunming; Second, using the ready-made scientific research achievement "China Climate Atlas", find out the representative temperature situation in Chongqing and Beijing and compare it with Guiyang and Kunming; The third is to verify the average temperature of Kunming and Guiyang in June, April, July and June, and then draw a conclusion through comprehensive analysis.

Although this kind of articles are not supported by the first three personal practices, they put forward new ideas and opinions through careful collection and comprehensive analysis by the author, so they are also recognized as scientific essays.

I want to remind you in particular, to write a short scientific explanation paper, and never ask a question and look up the information in a hurry, and then write it down without analysis. Such an article without new ideas and new insights can only be regarded as a general popular science article, not as a scientific essay, and it can't cultivate your ability to study problems.

Third, the topic selection of scientific papers

The first step in writing a short paper is to determine the research object and consider what problems to study. This is the topic. Some people say that choosing a good topic is equivalent to completing half of a small paper, which shows the importance of choosing a topic for a small paper.

Some students said that there are too many wonderful phenomena in nature. What should we study? Some students said that I was used to seeing everything in nature and found nothing novel. Besides, what I want to study has already been studied by others, and it doesn't make much sense to write it.

In fact, as long as you understand the basic principles of topic selection, master several common methods of topic selection, and be a serious and responsible person in your daily study, life and scientific and technological activities, you will certainly find topics worth discussing.

There are many ways to choose the topic of scientific papers, and individuals can choose according to different situations. The following are some common methods of selecting topics for students' reference.

1, accidental discovery method. One Sunday, Songzi's classmate Hu Changcheng was playing in the ditch behind the house. There are many tadpoles swimming around in the ditch. Suddenly, he found a little tadpole swimming alone, as if it were out of place with other tadpoles. He used twigs to pull the tadpoles out of the group into groups of tadpoles, and soon it swam alone again. He was surprised, so he and several other groups of tadpoles were put in bottles and kept at home for observation. Finally, the unsociable tadpoles became frogs, and the others grew into toads. Through long-term observation, it made clear the difference between the frog and the toad's youngest son and wrote an excellent article.

This kind of topic is not considered in advance, but only interested in the fleeting phenomenon discovered by accident, so as to seize it and seek the source.

2. Classroom extension method. In the primary school science class "Animals and Environment", students studied the relationship between earthworms and light, temperature and humidity, and found that earthworms like dark, supermarket and warm environment, and learned to experiment with the difference method to judge the wrong causal relationship. After class, you can study the living environment of centipedes, crickets, ants and other small animals with the methods you have learned. You can continue to study other mysteries of earthworms: for example, does earthworms have eyes? Can earthworms open their ears? Earthworms' regeneration ability, soil loosening ability, etc.

3. Question inquiry method. The little fly is really annoying, it is the chief culprit of infectious diseases! But he's really weird. He often comes into contact with all kinds of bacteria. Why doesn't he get sick?

Sleeping can relieve fatigue and restore energy. Do fish who wander leisurely in the water all day sleep?

……

In daily life and study, you will definitely have some questions you don't understand. Can you use it as the research object of your thesis?

Mao Dengsheng, a fifth-grade student in Daoxian County, Hunan Province, was playing with some classmates in the bamboo forest near the school one day, arguing endlessly about whether the bamboo was empty or what was in it.

Careful Mao Dengsheng has always kept this problem in mind. After school, he consulted materials and did experiments, and concluded with a lot of evidence that bamboo is not empty, but contains air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases. Based on this, the essay "What's in Bamboo" won the first prize of the first national youth scientific essay contest.

4. Teacher guidance method. If you have a small animal or some flowers, but don't know where to start, you can find a teacher to choose a topic according to your actual situation and conditions.

If you join the school's science and technology group, you can tell the teacher the idea of the research and let the teacher determine the research topic, and then you can observe and experiment around the topic.

5. Scientific verification of idioms and proverbs. Most idioms are created by people in their long-term social life and practice, but some of them come from fables, folklore and established ones. A few of these idioms do not necessarily conform to the objective reality. It can be analyzed and verified by scientific methods.

Everyone is familiar with the idiom "a drop of water wears away a stone", which means that a drop of water can wear away a stone. This is a metaphor. As long as you persist, you can do seemingly difficult things even if your strength is small. But common sense tells us that "water drop" is just a drop of liquid, with little force and not too fast impact speed. How can it go through hard rock? Members and students began to doubt the scientific nature of this idiom, and verified the scientific nature of this idiom by doing simulation experiments and consulting materials.

"Spring breeze blows the east wind, and our ancestors get wet" is a well-known meteorological proverb. A classmate made a detailed observation record of the temperature, wind direction and weather in March, and then obtained the application scope of this proverb by using scientific statistics, which provided a reference for meteorological forecast.

Sunflowers bloom to the sun. Is this still fake? However, Hunan native Jiang Linbo challenged this theory. Through two years' experimental observation, he came to the conclusion that "Sunflowers don't always turn to the sun" and "Sunflowers turn with the sun should refer to the bud stage, and don't move after flowering".

From this point of view, even if it is a long-recognized conclusion, we should study it carefully and don't follow suit. Only in this way can we innovate.

It is particularly important to note that subjective and objective conditions should be considered when choosing a topic. As the saying goes, "know yourself and know yourself, and you will win every battle." When choosing a topic, you should be clear about your strengths and weaknesses, whether you are interested in the research problem, whether you have the ability to study clearly, whether you have reached this level of knowledge and understanding, whether you have the perseverance to complete this topic, and whether you have experimental equipment and venues to study this problem.

If you finish the topic of "Exploring the Mystery of Snakes", you must master the basic knowledge about snakes, have the ability to catch snakes, be able to distinguish poisonous snakes from non-poisonous snakes, and master the rescue methods of being bitten by poisonous snakes. In addition, it is necessary to have equipment for raising snakes. Otherwise, it is better to change a topic that is more in line with subjective and objective conditions.

Selection and Analysis of Four Small Papers

After the topic is determined, materials can be selected and analyzed. The specific content is to make a research plan, collect and sort out data, conduct in-depth field visits, conduct observation experiments, analyze various materials and draw conclusions.

material

1, direct observation. It is a way for people to observe natural phenomena under natural conditions by looking carefully with their eyes.

Be careful when observing, don't let go of any subtle details. Zhuang Yueping, a student from Yunnan, spent 2_0_ days observing the whole process of pigeon hatching in detail. Almost every day, new discoveries are made, even a black spot on the pigeon and wrinkles on its eyelids are not let go. Therefore, this article "Observing Pigeon Hatching" is true and rich in content. At the same time, the observation should be recorded in detail, otherwise it is impossible to get real first-hand materials.

2. Hands-on experiments. The experimental method is to artificially intervene and control the research object, which is more conducive to giving full play to the initiative of students to reveal hidden natural mysteries than observation.

What do insects do with their hind legs? Zhang Jun, a student from Hubei Province, has successively caught more than a dozen insects such as locusts, grasshoppers and crickets, and cut off their hind legs. Through repeated experiments, observations and comparisons, many special functions of insects have been discovered.

3. Field trip. Including investigation, visit and field trip. Before the inspection, the purpose of the inspection and the necessary tools, instruments, medicines, daily necessities, etc. must be made clear. Must be prepared. In the process of inspection, it is necessary to record the time, place, process and inspection results in detail at any time and place, and sometimes bring back necessary specimens and samples to take pictures of more important phenomena. These are very useful first-hand information.

4. Get information. Due to the limitation of time, space or objective conditions, it is impossible to observe, experiment and investigate some materials in person, so we have to consult books and periodicals or consult teachers and parents. This indirectly obtained material is called second-hand material. Some problems can't be solved by your knowledge level, ability and conditions. This problem must be solved in your topic selection, so you have to check the information and find out.

(2) Analysis

After obtaining the materials, it is necessary to conduct analysis and research, select materials that can be used as arguments, select the essence according to the arguments, discard the false and retain the true, sort out and analyze according to the scientific attitude, and get your own arguments and opinions.

First of all, we should check the authenticity of various materials. Some of the materials we consult are outdated views, some explanations are only applicable to a certain range, some materials are not universal, some materials are recorded incorrectly or are fictional. This material should be used resolutely.

Secondly, we should pay attention to the typicality of materials, that is, choose materials that can explain the problem, not too much, but fine, and discard materials that have nothing to do with the argument or have little to do with it.

Thirdly, it is an argument to classify the selected materials, study their similarities and differences, and the relationship between them, and then draw a conclusion. The thesis argument comes from the analysis and research of materials, so we can't draw a conclusion first, and then find the materials suitable for proving the argument. For example, Xiong studied the eyesight of earthworms. She chose four materials (1) and shook them in front of earthworms with wooden sticks, red scarves and pencils. (2) the response of earthworms to various foods; (3) the response of earthworms placed at home; (4) Please ask Grandpa to get information about whether earthworms have eyes. Through the analysis of the first three experiments, it is preliminarily judged that earthworm has no eyes, and it is the place where the sense of smell finds food and the photosensitive cells find darkness. The fourth material further confirmed her inference and made the argument fully demonstrated and convincing.

Writing of Small Scientific Papers

After sorting out and analyzing the materials, you can start writing. Although there is no fixed format, writing should generally follow the steps of asking questions, making assumptions, researching and analyzing, and drawing conclusions. Generally speaking, scientific papers should include the following parts.

The title is the "eyes" of the article. A good title is accurate, concise and attractive, which can give readers a fresh feeling and a deep impression, and play the role of making the finishing point.

The so-called "exact" means that the title of the article must summarize the central content of the article, so that people can see it at a glance, and they can't digress or deduct the topic, let alone use exaggerated words. The so-called "conciseness" means that the index questions should be refined, comprehensive, and focused, so as to be concise.

There are many ways to start, depending on the research content and your favorite writing style, but generally speaking, you should come straight to the point and ask the questions you are discussing. How did you come up with the idea of studying this problem?

The article "Why Guiyang is the Second Spring City of the Motherland" begins: "I live in Guiyang, and I often hear people say that' Kunming is the Spring City and Guiyang is the Second Spring City'. As for why, I don't understand. I am determined to record the weather forecast and see if Guiyang is really the second spring city? " The desire to verify its scientific nature stems from such a sentence.

The problems in some articles are produced and discovered by accidental observation. You can also describe the process in chronological order from the beginning, and then ask questions at the right time.

main body

That is, analyzing and solving problems. It includes hypothesis, observation, experiment, investigation process, discovered phenomena, judgment, reasoning and conclusion. This is the core part of this paper.

It should be noted that the research steps should be carefully written, the experimental process, data and the origin of phenomena should be clearly written, and the narrative should be in a certain order. The data materials should be accurate and can be designed into tables and charts that can explain the problem. If necessary, photos and collected specimens can be attached to enhance persuasiveness. The conclusions drawn should have their own unique opinions, be consistent with the arguments and have strict logic. Words should be concise and vivid, with distinct levels and clear organization.

final result

At the end of the article, you should write down your conclusions and suggestions on a certain problem.

At the end of the article "Vision of Earthworms": "Oh, I see, earthworms are completely blind. They use their sense of smell to find their favorite food, and use photoreceptors to distinguish the intensity of light. "The conclusion is the end, which echoes the questions raised at the beginning and has received good results.

After the first draft of the paper is completed, it will be revised repeatedly. See whether the beginning is concise, whether the argument is typical and true, whether the argument is logical, whether the argument is novel and coherent, whether the paragraphs are naturally connected, and whether the language is smooth and accurate. Let the classmates and teachers help to revise, and gradually improve after the revision.

Chocolate is good for the heart.

In addition to improving mental state, in recent years, scientists have begun to pay attention to the preventive effect of chocolate. Recently, a paper published in the American Medical Journal said that chocolate, especially dark chocolate, contains a natural antioxidant flavonoid, which can prevent arteriosclerosis, increase myocardial vitality, relax muscles, and prevent cholesterol from accumulating in blood vessels, and has a certain effect on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

In fact, this is not the first time that scientists have proposed the preventive effect of chocolate. Greece and Germany have similar studies. Last September, the authoritative British medical journal The Lancet published an American research report, pointing out that chocolate can prevent heart disease. Andrew Waterhouse of the University of California also found that dark chocolate, like red wine, fruits and vegetables, contains phenols (flavonoids are one of them), which can kill damaged cells that cause cancer and heart disease. Japanese research also shows that phenolic compounds extracted from chocolate can improve blood immunity.

Not long ago, according to the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, researchers at the University of L 'Aquila in Italy conducted an experiment: 15 healthy people were asked to eat100g of dark chocolate every day for 15 days. The results showed that their blood pressure decreased and their sensitivity to insulin increased. However, after volunteers ate100g of white chocolate every day for 15 days, they did not get such an effect. Therefore, doctors estimate that dark chocolate may be helpful to diabetics.

In addition, Dr. Crowe from university of westminster, London, found that chocolate can prevent colds. He pointed out that the smell of chocolate can make men's immune system produce an antibody called "immunoglobulin A", which can deal with various "small problems" in the body, such as colds.

In addition to these tangible health care and disease prevention effects, scientists also pointed out that chocolate also contains a variety of nutrients, such as vitamin E and magnesium, which have antioxidant effects; Lecithin necessary for human body, such as potassium, iron and tannic acid, is beneficial to children's brain development; Nuts and milk chocolate also add some other nutrients. In addition, cocoa beans, the raw material of chocolate, contain a lot of flavanols, which also have the function of health care and disease prevention.

In the research of scientists, some "hazards" of chocolate have also been clarified. Studies have found that the fat in chocolate does not affect cholesterol levels. After eating cocoa butter or pure chocolate for one month, the cholesterol index of people with normal cholesterol did not increase. In addition, research also shows that chocolate will not cause acne and acne, nor will it cause dental caries.

Experts suggest eating more dark chocolate.

In recent years, due to the deepening and updating of the understanding and publicity of chocolate, the consumption of chocolate has increased greatly in Europe and other places. In France, the output of chocolate has increased by 33% since 10, reaching 400,000 tons.

While people pay more attention to chocolate, dark chocolate begins to play the leading role. One reason is that the health care function of chocolate is particularly "outstanding"; Another reason is that dark chocolate is one of the chocolates with the lowest sugar content and fat content. In France, 8 1% people choose dark chocolate as the first choice to buy chocolate. Last year, because the media reported the health function of dark chocolate one after another, there were even scenes of snapping up in major shopping malls in Japan.

Although chocolate has many benefits, after all, there is no perfect food in this world. For chocolate, the expert's opinion is still "moderate consumption". Our correspondent in France saw on the website of the French Ministry of Health that the food hygiene announcement used the word "moderate amount" to guide people to eat chocolate. In Paris, Ms. Nora, the owner of a food store called "Cocoa and Chocolate", told reporters that although chocolate is rich in nutrition, it is not low in calories, and it is best to control the daily consumption within100g. Our reporter's friend in Canada, Dr. James, a nutrition and healthy food expert, also holds the same view. He thinks that chocolate has a high sugar content, and obese people should eat less. The average person's daily intake should not exceed100g. Some experts believe that chocolate is not balanced in nutrients, which is easy to produce satiety and affects normal diet. Children should not eat more. Adults who eat too much chocolate may also have "chocolate syndrome" such as anorexia, nausea, weakness and poor resistance.

Mathematics around us

-

Knowledge of weighing objects with scales.

Let's first study the situation that only one side plate of the balance is allowed to put weights, and it is required to weigh items at one time.

For example, if you put a weight on one side of the balance, you have to weigh everything from 1g to 30g at one time. What weight should you at least have?

If you want to weigh at one time, the number of weights should be "less" and the grams of each weight should not be the same. If you can piece together several weights to be weighed, try to put them together.

Obviously, the weights of 1g and 2g are indispensable. 1+2 = 3 (grams), and the weight of 3 grams can be omitted. Using weights of 1 g and 2 g, you can't weigh 4 g at a time, but you must have a weight of 4 g. The weight is 4g, and the weight is 1 g and 2g, which can be called 5g, 6g and 7g respectively. According to this idea, we simulated the situation of weighing things on the balance and made the following table:

Put the weight (gram) and weigh it (gram)

1 1

2 2

3+ 1 3

4 4

4+ 1 5

4+2 6

4+2+ 1 7

8 8

…… ……

8+4+2+ 1 15

16 16

…… ……

16+8+4+2 30

16+8+4+2+ 1 3 1

As can be seen from the table, when the weight is 30g, four weights are used. However, when weighing 1g to 30g, five weights should be prepared, namely 1g, 2g, 4g, 8g and 16g, and the maximum weighing weight using these five weights is 1+2+4+8+65438+.

Let's first find out the relationship between these five weights, L grams, 2 grams, 4 grams, 8 grams, 16 grams, in the order from light to heavy. It is not difficult to find that the weight of two adjacent weights is twice that of the lighter weight. Therefore, the weight can only be placed on one side plate of the balance, and it is required to weigh 1g to several kilograms of whole grams at one time. At least the weight of each weight to be prepared is 1g, and the rest can be obtained by "twice method" in turn.

Intensive store knowledge

The shape of floor tiles is often square and rectangular, and we have also seen regular hexagonal floor tiles. Whether it is a square, rectangular or hexagonal floor tile, the middle of a piece of ground can be paved without gaps or overlaps, that is, densely paved. What other shapes of graphics can be densely laid on the ground? When students think about this problem, they always experiment with the help of the pictures they draw and draw conclusions through actual observation.

In fact, the life problem of floor tile paving also has mathematical truth, which can be solved by theoretical analysis with the knowledge that the circle angle learned from mathematics is 36 degrees.

As we all know, when paving the floor, the floor should be covered, and there should be no gaps between the floor tiles. If the floor tile used is square, and each corner of it is a right angle, then four squares are put together, and the four corners of the common vertex just spell a 36-degree fillet. Every corner of a regular hexagon is 120 degrees. When three regular hexagons are put together, the sum of the three angles on the vertex of an ordinary hexagon is exactly 36 degrees. Besides squares and rectangles, regular triangles can also be densely laid on the ground. Because every internal angle of a regular triangle is 60 degrees, when six regular triangles are put together, the sum of the degrees of the six angles at the vertices of the common triangle is exactly 36 degrees.

It is precisely because the sum of several angles on the vertices of a square and a regular hexagon is exactly 36 degrees that the ground can be paved densely and beautifully.

What other shapes of graphics can be densely laid on the ground? Will you answer this question from a mathematical point of view now? Try it? /div & gt；