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"enclave" in the world

Enclave is a geographical concept, which means "flying out" of the land outside a country. One country is located in another country and does not

The contiguous part of the main territory of the country. In the administrative regions of the world, enclaves are a special geographical field. Although not adjacent to the mainland, but

The vassal state has complete sovereignty over it. There are many reasons for the formation of enclaves, one is natural and historical reasons; The other is due to

It was imposed by foreign aggression.

Asia and Europe

(1) Azerbaijan: Nakhichevan (1) Russia: Kaliningrad.

(2) Brunei: Tamburun District (2) Britain: Gibraltar.

(3) East Timor: Oecussi (3) Spain: Ceuta and Melilla Livia (French)

(4) Cyprus: Silotenburg and Olmi Dia (4) Germany: Bisingen (located in Schaaffhausen, northern Switzerland).

(5) Oman: Kumzar (5) Italy: Campen (located in Locarno, Switzerland).

Africa (6) Croatia: Dubrovnik (located in the Adriatic Sea)

Angola: Cabinda (separated from the Democratic Republic of the Congo)

United States of America

United States: Alaska

Enclaves often easily affect the normal international relations between the two countries, causing a lot of inconvenience to both the countries they belong to and the countries concerned. If it is not properly resolved, it may lead to disputes.

Disappearing Water City, Blue Venice

On a sunny afternoon, I slowly lurked to Venice, which was full of clean blue and enthusiastic people. It is a world-class tourist destination, and tourists from all over the world come by plane, train and cruise ship to visit this art city that will disappear forever after decades.

The coast of Venice is unique because it is a bit far-fetched. In the dictionary, "shore" is defined as "land raised by water", and here, the sea level is almost parallel to the street, and Venice is more like "art city rising on the sea".

Venice is a city with a mountain of palaces, churches, bell towers, museums and shops. The construction method here is to first lay large wooden stakes on the underwater soil, one by one. This is the foundation, lay it firmly, board it, and then build the house. So some people say that there are stones above Venice and forests below. In order to build Venice, all the forests in northern Italy were cut down, so there is no need to worry about wood rotting underwater, but the longer it takes, the stronger it will become.

Almost since the city was built in 452 AD, Venice has been sinking at a rate of more than one centimeter every hundred years. The African plate where Italy is located is currently sliding below the European plate, causing the Adriatic sea level to rise. In addition, Italian heavy industry continuously draws groundwater from the foot of Venice, and the tidal traces left by cargo ships and oil tankers aggravate this trend. It is reported that Venice will be permanently submerged by 2 100.

Cruise ships "taller" than buildings are crowded with tourists from all over the world to visit this disappearing city.

However, the passing of such a large cruise ship is also a great threat to Shuicheng itself, and the current leads to more serious sediment loss. 1900, the largest square in the center of Venice was only flooded 10 times a year, but now, St. Kyle's square is flooded at least 100 times a year! The Merchant of Venice is pulling their booth away.

Gondola ⑥ gondola is an indispensable travel tool for Venetians. It has a very long history, and it is the most popular period in 1 1 century, with the number exceeding ten thousand.

Gondola has a variety of designs, and its appearance is gorgeous. Nobles often show off their wealth in beautifully carved gondola decorated with satin and silk. In order to curb this extravagant atmosphere, the Venetian Senate issued a ban: pointy boats are not allowed to have any decorations to show off their family background, and the installed ones must be removed, and the gondolas are all painted black ~

Besides gondola, Venetian glass crafts are also unique.

The history of glass-making in Venice can be traced back to the demise of the Western Roman Empire, and the glass-making technology in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East was brought to Venice by refugees. Since15th century, Venice has become the most famous glass production base in Europe. The glassware produced there is pure in texture and comparable to crystal. Nowadays, the glass products produced in Venice are sold to Holland, France, Belgium, Germany and Spain, but no country can produce comparable glass products.

Venice is very clean, and the whole city is a combination of blue and white tones. In order not to pollute the environment of Venice Ferry Terminal, tourists stick chewed gum on the pier stakes exposed from the water. The stakes covered with colorful gum are like abstract works of art and become a unique landscape.

The number of playing cards in early Europe was different from today. Today's 54 cards are said to have been invented by the French.

1. Today's playing cards are designed with 52 real cards, because there are 52 weeks in a year.

2. Playing cards are designed in four colors: diamonds, hearts, spades and clubs, because a year can be divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter;

3. There are thirteen cards in each suit, because each season includes thirteen weeks;

4. If you calculate the score of each set (J is eleven o'clock, Q is twelve o'clock, and K is thirteen o'clock), it is exactly ninety-one points, because every season averages ninety-one days;

5. Add up the points of the four colors, and take half a point for each king. The total number of points is 365, which is the same as the total number of days in a year (in leap years, the king is taken as a point);

6. Twelve cards of J, Q and K*** in playing cards indicate that there are twelve months in a year, because the sun passes through twelve constellations in a year;

As for playing cards, they are divided into two colors, red and black, which represent day and night respectively.

8. The four colors of playing cards have different meanings: first, they represent four industries (spades-spears symbolize soldiers, clubs-clovers symbolize agriculture, squares-bricks symbolize craftsmen, and hearts-hearts symbolize priests); second, they come from divination patterns (spades-olive leaves symbolize peace, and hearts-hearts symbolize wisdom).

9. J, Q and K in playing cards are the abbreviations of squire qeen (queen King (king respectively, representing twelve historical figures, such as: K of hearts stands for Charlie (no beard), K of diamonds stands for Caesar (profile), and K of spades stands for David in the Bible. They are the Hebrew world in the Middle Ages, the Roman Empire, Rome and so on.

There is a touching story circulating in Central America for a long time-it is said that in ancient times, a prince learned that there was an unknown castle in the depths of the jungle, and the people in the castle were in deep pain because of the curse of devil witchcraft, waiting for him to save them. In the face of Lin Mang, where poisonous snakes and beasts are rampant, the prince, with great ambition to save the world, drew his sword and walked into the forest without hesitation. He cut a path through the dense forest with his sword, and finally found the castle hidden in the dense forest through hardships. With justice, the prince awakened the beautiful princess who was stunned by magic, rescued the city residents who were hypnotized by magic, dispersed the evil wind and demon fog around the castle, and filled the earth with sunshine.

This legend praised an ancient hero who saved the world and people in a mythical style, which is unforgettable. Although legends and myths are the products of fantasy, many facts prove that myths and legends often record some kind of history in twists and turns, or they are often the reflection of real life. This legend, which is widely circulated in Central America, has been handed down from generation to generation, and no one regards it as a historical fact. However, some people just don't regard it as a myth, but as a historical revelation and hint.

1893, American John? Steven Caldwell, an American painter, decided to find the castle in the jungle according to the hint of this legend. Just like the legendary prince, they camped on the road and went through hardships, and finally found a castle in the tropical jungle of Honduras.

Of course, there are no beautiful sleeping princesses in this castle, only broken walls and ruins like bushes. The huge cornerstone of the collapsed temple is carved with exquisite carvings. The road paved with stone slabs marks that it was once a bustling and endless bustling city. The roadside is paved with drainage pipes, which shows that it used to be a fairly civilized city. Although most stone houses and aristocratic palaces have collapsed, we can still get a glimpse of the noise and joy of that year. All these stones are covered with weeds and thorns, or tightly wrapped by wild vines that walk like pythons. The trees that broke through the ground from the foundation of roads and houses mercilessly overturned the slates, while the shaded crown eagerly extended to the ruins, as if eager to cover up some mysterious miracle.

The great contrast between such a wild natural scene and an unusually magnificent artificial site excited explorers. They just want to prove the truth of some myths and legends. Unexpectedly, they came across a great miracle.

The discovery of this city in the jungle shocked the whole world. Since the beginning of this century, groups of archaeologists have come to Honduras, and then they have expanded their exploration to Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and the whole South American continent. With the arrival of the expedition, countless anecdotes spread one after another-the Mayan Pyramid is comparable to the Egyptian Pyramid, the Tikal Pyramid in Guatemala is as high as 230 feet, the Mexican giant phalanx is puzzling, and the Teotihuacan Pyramid is absolutely magnificent and exquisite. ...

According to statistics, researchers from all over the world have found more than 170 abandoned ancient city sites in the jungles and wasteland of South America, showing people a vast map of Maya activities from about 1000 BC to 800 AD, reaching Yucatan Peninsula in southern Mexico in the north, Guatemala and Honduras in the south, and the Andes in Peru directly. It tells people that the Mayans lived a stable life in this land 3000 years ago. As we said before, the appearance of the American pyramids is by no means an isolated appearance. Building so many pyramids will inevitably require a huge population, rich financial resources and people's lofty enthusiasm. The vast activity map of ancient Maya countries can indeed confirm this. Without the guarantee of great spiritual and material strength, even inspired by the intelligent life of other planets, Americans could not create this miracle.

Archaeologists have confirmed that when creating this series of miracles, the Mayans have entered a wealthy farming society and independently created their own characters. Further research did not solve the mystery of how and why Americans built the pyramids, but made them even more puzzled-did the Mayans have incredible astronomical knowledge? Their math level is ahead of Europe 10 century? It is doubtful that a society whose sole source of livelihood is farming can have advanced knowledge of astronomy and mathematics. Also, when we face the splendid ancient civilization of Mayan ruins, we can't help but ask: How did all this come about? Historical data show that before the birth of these splendid civilizations, the Mayans lived in tree holes and hunted for a living, and their living standards were almost primitive. Some people even doubt whether the Mayans were Native Americans. Because there is no evidence that there are signs of gradual change or transition in this miraculous civilization in the jungles of South America. Without a development process from low to high, did all this of the Mayans fall from the sky?

Indeed, all this fell from the sky. Ground archaeology found no trace of the early transitional form of civilization, nor did it analyze the clues of myths and legends before that. Mayan civilization seems to have happened overnight, and then expanded to the South American continent overnight. Is that weird? It's a little strange. Who else has such magic except the "immortal"? It's a pity that the Mayan myth only says that everything they have is given by the gods. The myth circulating near Teotihuacan tells people that many gods have gathered here to discuss human affairs before human beings appeared!

Indeed, history seems to have a special preference for people who love to think, and it has left too many mysteries for future generations.

Read the latitude and longitude network map and complete the following questions: (10)

The 2008 Summer Olympic Games will be held in China.

Held in Beijing. Many foreign friends don't know Beijing.

Please mark "Beijing (1 16 E)" in the picture on the right.

40 N) "position.

(2) When Beijing hosts the Summer Olympics, South

Sydney in the western hemisphere is a season.

(3) Write the latitude and longitude of point A in the figure,

Latitude and longitude of point b

(4) Point B is in the direction of Point A;

Point B is located in (tropical zone, temperate zone and cold zone).

(5) The points in the mid-latitude area in the figure are

(A and B)

(6) A great man, Mao Zedong, regardless of my hectic schedule, traveled all over the country, inside and outside the Great Wall. When I was in the mood, I wrote many beautiful poems in time: "Sit on the ground and travel 80,000 miles a day to see the sea" (seven laws? There are related geographical knowledge in his poems. Please tell me about the geographical knowledge contained in this poem.

Read the following materials, think and complete the following questions: (12 points)

Material: Careful people will notice that China's first manned spacecraft, Shenzhou 5, was successfully launched in June+10, 5438 two years ago. Is it a coincidence that the launch of Shenzhou VI this year coincides with the golden autumn season? No. This is because the meteorological conditions in autumn are most suitable for China to launch manned spacecraft.

The selection of launch season of spacecraft should consider all kinds of factors that may affect the launch, among which meteorological conditions are the most direct and key determinant.

After the spacecraft is put into orbit, TT&C network will manage the spacecraft TT&C. China's space TT&C network consists of several TT&C ground stations and four Roy space survey ships. The four survey vessels are Roy 1 and Roy 2 in the Pacific Ocean, Roy 4 in the Indian Ocean and Roy 3 in the Atlantic Ocean. Among them, three survey ships are in the southern hemisphere with relatively high latitude.

The seasons in the southern hemisphere are just the opposite of those in our country. China's spring and summer seasons are autumn and winter seasons in the southern hemisphere, and the sea conditions are harsh, so it is difficult to ensure safety even when sailing normally, let alone performing monitoring and control tasks at sea, which is not suitable for launching spacecraft. Autumn and winter seasons in China are spring and summer seasons in the southern hemisphere, and the sea conditions are good, which is convenient for navigation and investigation tasks. Therefore, the launch timing of China's Shenzhou-1 to Shenzhou 5 spacecraft is chosen in autumn and winter, which is opposite to the southern hemisphere. (Yichang Daily)

(1) Among the factors that affect the launch of Shenzhou VI, the most direct and crucial decisive factor is

;

(2) After the spacecraft is launched, TT&C network will manage the spacecraft. China's four Roy space survey ships are in,,, and among them, there are three Roy space survey ships in the hemisphere latitude.

(3) Why did Shenzhou VI launch in autumn? (2 points)

(4) The launch of Shenzhou VI should consider the weather and climate conditions; Our daily production and life are also inseparable from the weather and climate. Please give two examples to illustrate the relationship between weather and climate and our production and life. (4 points)

25. Read the Global Migratory Birds Migration Roadmap and related materials, and answer: (19)

Material 1: China has not been spared after neighboring countries have been "recruited" one after another. Why is the bird flu so fierce this time? How does it spread? According to experts' analysis, this bird flu is most likely related to the participation of migratory birds in the spread. Generally, it spreads through two ways, one is through the circulation of poultry products such as poultry meat and eggs, and the other is through birds, mainly through the migration of a large number of migratory birds carrying the virus. When migratory birds, such as wild ducks and geese, move south for the winter, their feces and secretions with viruses will pollute the water sources, soil and other environments along the migration route. Once local birds come into contact with the environment with virus, they will be infected with bird flu and spread to those who come into contact with it. (Sina. com)

Material 2: Since 1878, the outbreak frequency of avian influenza has increased geometrically, which makes people have to think about the reasons. First of all, with the progress of society and technology, people pay more attention to diseases than before. At the same time, due to the convenience of circulation channels and the higher degree of information enjoyment, some epidemic diseases appear more frequently because of people's concern. However, it is undeniable that human activities are constantly changing nature and all the ecological environment that human beings can touch. The frequent outbreaks of avian influenza in recent years are indeed related to human changes in the environment. (CCTV Agricultural Channel)

(1) Read the "Global Migratory Birds Migration Roadmap", and there are many migratory birds passing through China; Find out the routes that migratory birds pass through the mainland and the ocean the most, and write the names of the mainland and the ocean:,,,,.

(2) The mainland where bird flu is unlikely to occur in the picture is.

(3) Read the material carefully: What is the transmission route of this bird flu? (2 points)

(4) "Human activities are really changing nature and all the ecological environment that human beings can touch. The frequent outbreaks of avian influenza in recent years are indeed related to human changes in the environment. " Combine what you learned in geography class about the relationship between population and environment, and talk about your understanding of this sentence? (8 points)