Raptors detailed data collection

Velociraptor (scientific name: Velociraptor) is also translated as raptor, Velociraptor and Rapraptor. Its name means "agile thief" in Latin. It is a dinosaur belonging to sauropod Chiroptera, which lived in Campan stage in the late Cretaceous period about 83 million to 70 million years ago. Type species of the Velociraptor is a Mongolian Velociraptor, and fossils have been found in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia in China. The second species is Atherosaur Australopithecus, named in 2008. This fossil is a skull found in Inner Mongolia, China. There used to be other species, but now many of them are unknown.

Atherosaur is one of the most well-known dinosaurs to the general public, which is due to their eye-catching performance in Mike Clayton's novel Jurassic Park and the movie of the same name, but the description of Atherosaur in the novel and movie version is wrong. Velociraptor is an important dinosaur for paleontologists. More than 10 raptor fossils have been found, which is the largest in Chironomidae. One of the famous specimens preserved the Raptors' struggle with protoceratops.

Basic introduction of Chinese name: Latin scientific name of Atherosaur: Alias of Atherosaur: Rapraptor: Animal kingdom: Chordata Subdivision: Vertebrate Subdivision: sauropod: Diptera: sauropod: theropod: Chironomidae Subdivision: Lepidoptera: Distribution: introduction of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, morphological characteristics, discovery history, discovery location, paleontology, classification dispute, and so on 20.5m07m Raptors have a fairly long skull, 25 cm long; They have 26 to 28 teeth in their mouths, which are widely spaced and have large brains. It is speculated that they should be a very smart dinosaur, active and vigorous, and they are excellent runners who can prey on fast-moving prey. Raptors' forearms are covered with feathers, so they can't fly. Maybe feathers can help them turn when they run. Velociraptor's claws have three sharp and sharply curved fingers. Velociraptor's wrist structure can rotate inward and grasp inward, which is very dexterous. In the movie Jurassic Park, velociraptor is a gregarious dinosaur, but the actual situation is that the fossils of velociraptor are basically found alone, and they may not have preyed in groups. Morphological characteristics Raptor is a medium-sized pterosaur. Adult individuals are estimated to be about 2.07m in length, 0.5m in hip height and 0.5kg in weight/kloc-0. Compared with other pterodactyls, the skull of Raptors is quite long, up to 25 cm; The nose and mouth are upturned, so that the upper side is concave and the lower side is convex. There are 26 to 28 teeth in their mouths, the teeth are widely spaced, and there are obvious serrated edges on the back of the teeth, which proves that they may be active predators and can prey on fast-moving prey. Like other pterosaurs, raptors have big hands, which are similar to the wing bones of modern birds in structure and flexibility. There are three sharp curved fingers on the hand, the second finger is the longest and the first finger is the shortest. The carpal structure of the raptor can be turned inward and grabbed inward, instead of grabbing downward. Like other theropods, the first toe of Raptors is a small upper claw. However, compared with other theropods that walked with three toes, raptors only walked on the third and fourth toes of their hind legs, and red dragons all walked like this. Raptors' second toe can be erected and retracted from the ground. It has big sickle-shaped toes and claws, which is an important reason for their fame and a typical feature of Chiropteridae and odontosaurus. The outer edge of this big toe claw can reach 6.5 cm, which is a very terrible attack weapon and may be used to tear open prey. The anterior articular process and ossified tendon on the upper side of the longtail vertebra make its tail strong. The anterior articular process starts from 10 coccyx and protrudes forward, supporting the other vertebrae in front of 4 ~ 10, depending on the position. These structures make it almost impossible for the whole tail to bend vertically, but a specimen of velociraptor preserves the complete coccyx and bends horizontally into an S-shape, indicating that the tail has good movement flexibility in the horizontal direction. This tail can help the velociraptor keep balance and turn flexibly when running at high speed, which also shows that the velociraptor is an excellent runner. In 2007, paleontologists Alan Turner, Peter Markevitch, Mark Norell and their colleagues claimed that feathered nodules were found on the forearm of a Mongolian velociraptor fossil, and confirmed that the velociraptor had feathers. Discovery history 1922, an expedition of the American Museum of Natural History discovered the first specimen of velociraptor in the Gobi desert of Mongolia. This specimen (no. AMNH 65 15) contains a broken but intact skull and a second toe claw. Two years later, the museum scientist Henry fairfield Orn named the specimen velociraptor after confirming that it belonged to a carnivorous dinosaur. But Osborne mistook the second toe claw for a hand. The genus name of raptors comes from Latin, velox means "fast", raptor means "robber" or "thief", which means their body structure that is good at running and their carnivorous habits; This species is named after Mongolia where it was found. Earlier in the same year, Osborne published a related article in the mass media and named them Ovoraptor djadochtari. However, because Ovoraptor has not been mentioned in scientific literature and related official archives, the name status is unqualified, and Raptors still retain the naming priority. During the Cold War after World War II, the North American excavation team was driven away by the Mongolian People's Republic, where the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party was in power, and the Soviet Union and Polish expeditions cooperated with the Mongolian University to discover many specimens of raptors, the most famous of which was the "struggle" discovered by Polish and Mongolian expeditions in 197 1 (No.GIN 100/25). This specimen is regarded as a national treasure by Mongolia, but since 2000, it has been lent to the American Museum of Natural History in new york for a temporary exhibition. Since the late Cold War, several scientific expeditions involving scientists from China, the United States, Canada and Mongolia have found many fossils of raptors in China and Mongolia. 1988 to 1990, an excavation team composed of China and Canada discovered the fossils of the raptors in northern China. 1990, an excavation team composed of American Museum of Natural History and Mongolian Academy of Sciences arrived in the Gobi Desert and found several well-preserved bones. One of the specimens lacking a head (no IGM 100/980) was nicknamed "ichabod Craniosaurus" by Norrell and others, named after the legendary detective ichabod Klein of Sleepless Valley. Norrell and Markevitch concluded that this specimen may belong to Mongolian Velociraptor, but the fossil is not complete enough to be sure. 1999, an excavation team composed of China and Belgium found a piece of maxilla and lacrimal gland bone, which belongs to raptors, but it is different from Mongolian raptors. In 2008, Pascal Godefroit and others named it velociraptor, after Polish paleontologist Halszka O *** ólska. Location of Discovery Up to now, all specimens from Mongolian velociraptor have been found in Djadochta Formation, distributed in South Gobi Province of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia of China. In addition, some specimens from Mongolia were found in the younger Barun Goyot group, which may belong to Mongolian raptors or close relatives. The age of these two strata is Cambrian of Upper Cretaceous, about 83 million years ago to 70 million years ago. Fossils of Mongolian velociraptor have been found in almost every famous and prolific excavation site of Degas Dokta Formation. The model specimens of Mongolian raptors were found in the excavation site of Flame Cliff (also known as Bayn Dzak and Shabarakh Usu), while the "struggling dinosaur" fossils were unearthed in Tugrig (also known as Tugrugeen Shireh). Khulsan and Khermeen Tsav of Balungoyot Formation are also famous excavation sites, and a large number of related fossils have been unearthed, which may belong to velociraptor. Many fossils of juvenile Mongolian velociraptor, including some bones and teeth, were unearthed in Bayanmandahu Formation, Inner Mongolia, China. Bayin Manduhu Formation is the same age as Degas Dokta Formation, and it is one of the rich excavation sites. But by 2008, these fossils had not been treated and cleaned up. Also in 2008, part of the skull of an adult in Bayin Manduhu group was identified as a new species, Australian Raptors. In the autumn of 20 15, the footprints were found to be round on the stones along the Guihua River in Guihua Township, Gulin County, Luzhou City, and the two toes were similar to those of cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle and sheep. After careful study, the joint research team of China Geo University and the University of Colorado found that this is the footprint of Deinonychus in ancient times. Because this footprint is larger than that found in Shandong, China, and smaller than that found in Utah, USA, it is the largest deinonychus footprint found in Asia. These paleoecological excavation sites are all in arid environment, covered with sand dunes, and occasionally there are intermittent streams, while the environment of Balungoyote Formation is wetter than Dega Dokta Formation, which is older. According to the death posture, generally good preservation state and sandstone environment of some specimens, it shows that many animals in these strata were directly buried by sandstorms. Other dinosaur fossils were found in the stratigraphic group where sauropod fossils were found, indicating that sauropod also lived in the same environment as these dinosaurs. Fossils such as Mongolian velociraptor, Andean protoceratops and ancient color dragon were found in Dega Dokta Formation. Fossils such as Australian Raptors, protoceratops with a huge nose, and Devil Painted Dragons were found in Bayin Manduhu Formation. The geographical location of the two stratigraphic groups is similar, but the composition of the fauna is quite similar. The main difference lies in the species level, which shows that the two stratigraphic groups have the boundary of animal facies. However, it is impossible to determine the origin of the animal facies boundary, or it may be that the geological age has caused this difference sooner or later. The dinosaurs found in the same stratum by Raptors and Monti Raptors are: sauropod of odontidae, egg-stealing dragon of odontidae, big black dragon and dragon of Chironomidae, odontidae and avalanche dragon; Dinosaurs found in the same stratum as the Australopithecus Raptors are: Dragon, Stegosaurus, Ankylosauridae, He Lin toothless dragon and toothless dragon. Classification controversy Raptors were classified as dinosaurs when 1924 was first named. This is because Diplodocus and Diplodocus in this period were regarded as "unclassified species concentration areas", so many carnivorous dinosaurs were classified into this family, but their genetic relationship was not close. With the discovery of more dinosaur fossils, raptors were later classified as Chironomidae. Raptors, Raptors, are a group of dinosaurs classified as Chironomidae. In phylogenetics, LEPIDOPTERA is usually defined as all species in Chironomidae that are close to LEPIDOPTERA but far away from Chironomidae. However, the internal classification of Chironomidae often changes. When LEPIDOPTERA was first established, it contained only one genus in Raptors. Later studies included other genera, usually deinonychus and pterodactyl. A recent cladistic taxonomic study shows that Lepidopterinae is a monophyletic family, including Raptors, Deinonychus, White magic dragon and sauropteryx (but the taxonomic position has not yet been determined). In the past, some genera of Chironomidae were sometimes classified as Lepidoptera, such as Deinonychus and Blue Bird. Because the raptors were named earlier, these species were renamed as the balance raptors and Langston raptors when they were placed in the genus Lingvelociraptor. But up to now, the only recognized species among raptors are Mongolian raptors and velociraptor (V.O. * * * Olskae). A well-preserved second toe similar to Chironomidae was found in the newly published specimen of Archaeopteryx in 2005, which may indicate that Archaeopteryx is closely related to Atherosaur. If this relationship is further confirmed, Chironomidae, including Raptors, is likely to be reclassified as Archaeopteridae, belonging to birds. At least one scientist has classified Chironomidae as Pterosauridae, which, if true, will make Raptors a flightless bird. The hunting behavior of paleontology was found in the fossil specimen "Dinosaur in Struggle" of 197 1, which preserved the struggle between Atherosaur and protoceratops and provided direct evidence for Atherosaur as an active predator and its predation mode. When this specimen was discovered, it was once thought that the two dinosaurs were drowned. However, because this specimen was found in ancient dune sediments, people think that these two animals were buried in the sand, which may be caused by dune collapse or sandstorm. Judging from the posture of the two animals, the burial process should be very fast. Protoceratops's forelimbs and hind limbs are missing, which may have been swallowed by other scavengers. In 20 1 1 year, scientists compared the scleral rings of dinosaurs, modern birds and reptiles, and put forward that the raptor is Nocturnal Animals, while protoceratops may be an irregular animal, and its foraging and moving behavior is not positively related to day and night, but only a short rest. The fossils of the famous battle between protoceratops and Raptors may have occurred at night or in the dim morning and dusk. Restoration of Raptors Deinonychus is another dinosaur closely related to Raptors. Deinonychus fossils are usually found in groups. In addition, the fossils of Deinonychus are occasionally found with Tenontosaurus (a large herbivorous dinosaur), which indicates that Deinonychus may be a predator in team hunting. The only evidence of Chironomidae's collective action is a footprint fossil found in China, which was left by six large animals, but there is still no evidence that they have collective hunting behavior. However, although many fossils of raptors and other Chironomidae were found in Mongolia, no group fossils were found, so there is no fossil evidence to prove that raptors hunted in groups. Raptors are usually regarded as a group of predators, as shown in Jurassic Park, but there is not enough evidence to support the collective hunting behavior of Chironomidae and Raptors. The collective hunting theory of Chiroptera is based on several deinonychus fossils around a Tenontosaurus fossil, and no similar fossil evidence has been found in other Chiroptera. 20 1 1 A study of deinonychus, comparing the foot structure and toe claw shape of different deinonychus and modern birds, and analyzing the prey suppression ability of these dinosaurs according to the hunting behavior of these modern birds. This study shows that raptors and other dinosaurs may have eaten small prey. It has been found that many carnivorous modern birds also have large second toe claws. When they hunt small prey, they will fix the prey on the ground with their feet and toes, put pressure on the prey with their own weight, and then swallow these prey with their beaks, especially eagles. This study concluded that pterodactyl would capture and fix its prey in a similar way, and began to devour its body until it lost too much blood and lost its physiological function. It is found that the hind limbs and soles of pterodactyl are most similar to those of eagle, and it also has a larger second toe claw and similar claw grasping range. Pterosaur has a short tarsal metatarsal bone and a strong sole, which is more like an owl. The structure of the jaws and forelimbs of the Raptors also accords with the conclusion of this study. Chironomidae's forelimbs are strong, but they are probably covered with human feathers. When they swallow their prey, they may spread their forelimbs to keep their balance. The tail also has the function of balancing the body. The jaw structure of Pterodactylidae is weak, which may be mainly used to swallow and bite the meat of prey, rather than attack prey with rapid and powerful force. Researchers speculate that recent birds may have shared these evolutionary characteristics, while modern birds have inherited these characteristics. In 2008, a jawbone with teeth marks was found in Bayin Manduhu Formation, and teeth were scattered around it. Related research was published on 20 10, and the jawbone was thought to come from protoceratops, and the scattered teeth were thought to come from pterodactyl. Studies have shown that this velociraptor was killed by other predators in protoceratops and swallowed the rest of the bodies. In 20 12, a raptor specimen with a long bone in its abdomen was found, which also supported the theory of raptor scavengers. Metabolic raptors may be warm-blooded animals to some extent, because they have to consume a lot of energy when hunting. Velociraptor's body is covered with feathers, but in modern animals, animals with feathers or fur are usually warm-blooded animals, and their feathers or fur can be used for heat insulation. Compared with modern mammals and birds, Chironomidae and some early birds have a moderate metabolic rate. Kiwi in New Zealand is very similar to Chironomidae in physiology, feather type, bone structure and even narrow nose structure. The structure of the nose is usually a key indicator of metabolism. Kiwi is a highly active and flightless bird with stable body temperature and quite low metabolic rate, which makes kiwi a reference model for primitive birds and Chiroptera birds. Feathers in Chironomidae, a primitive species in Raptors, are usually covered with feathers and their forelimbs have fully developed into feathers. The ancestors of velociraptor had feathers, which made paleontologists think that velociraptor also had feathers. Like many modern flightless birds, they still kept their body feathers. For a long time, paleontologists thought that raptors had feathers, but there was no evidence to prove it. According to the report of Science in September, 2007, paleontologists Allen Turner, Peter Markevitch and Mark Norell discovered the forearm of a velociraptor (number IGM 100/98 1, length 1.5m, weight 15kg). The feather stem tumors on birds' bones can be used to fix feathers, while the feather stem tumors on raptors' bones clearly show that they also have feathers. According to Turner and others, not all prehistoric bird fossils have found feather stems, but the absence of feather stems does not mean that these prehistoric birds lack feathers; The red stork does not have a stem tumor, but it has feathers. The discovery of feather stem tumor shows that velociraptor has feathers, which should be similar to the feathers on the wings of modern birds, including feathers formed by feather shafts and branches. These researchers also suggested that the raptor's forearm had 14 secondary feathers, while Archaeopteryx had at least 12 secondary feathers, Microraptor had 18, and Noctuidae had 10. They believe that the difference in the number of these feathers represents the difference between these animals and modern birds. Turner and others see the velociraptor's feathers as evidence that this large, flightless pterodactyl lost its feathers during its evolution because of its growing size. Turner and others also found that flightless birds have almost no feather stem tumors, and the feather stem tumors of raptors prove that the ancestors of Chironomidae should be able to fly, but raptors and other large Chironomidae later lost their flying ability; However, the feathers of Chironomidae ancestors may have other functions, rather than being used for flying. For raptors who can't fly, their feathers may be used for display, or to cover their nests when hatching eggs, or to increase their speed when running uphill. Pathology found that there were two rows of parallel tooth holes on the skull of a Mongolian raptor, which were consistent with the size and spacing of the raptor's teeth. The researchers concluded that this means that this velociraptor was bitten in the head while fighting with other velociraptors. In addition, because there is no trace of healing after perforation, this raptor may die after being bitten. The novel Jurassic Park by michael crichton of the Velociraptor and the movie of the same name adapted by Steven Allan Spielberg in 1993 created the fierce and cunning image of the Velociraptor killer. But the image of the raptor in the film is unscientific and inaccurate in many aspects. The "Raptor" in the film is more like the larger close relative Deinonychus found in Montana, and the paleontologists in the film and novel also found the skeleton of a velociraptor in Montana. In fact, raptors are only found in China and Mongolia, and Montana is located in the fossil distribution range of Deinonychus, but the author still explains in the novel that "raptors" are raptors. It can be seen that michael crichton adopted the classification at that time, and regarded Balance Deinonychus as a kind of Raptors. Because of the setting of the production team, the raptor in the film is much larger than its actual size, and the shape of its nose and mouth has been changed. In addition, the anatomical structure of known fossils also contradicts the image of the raptor in the film. Their forelimb structure and posture are not described in the film, and the film describes their tails too short and flexible. The raptors in Jurassic Park and Lost World: Jurassic Park were covered with scales, but later research found that most of them were covered with feathers. In the third episode of Jurassic Park iii, the velociraptor added something similar to a feather tube behind its head and neck, but Chironomidae should be the cover feather before its death. According to the fossil of pterodactyl, their feathers should cover more body surfaces. Similarly, in jurassic park iii, the raptors are even set to be smarter than dolphins, whales and primates, which is even more impossible. Although the intelligence of raptors is higher than that of ordinary dinosaurs, it is still not as good as that of modern cats. Anyway, since the success of Jurassic Park, Raptors have become the representative of dinosaurs in popular culture. Raptors appear in various movies and TV programs, including three popular science documentaries. The Discovery Channel documentary "The People's Liberation Army of Dinosaurs" tells the story of a female raptor in detail. Velociraptor also appeared in the BBC's special program "Paw", and the BBC's "The Truth of Killer Dinosaur" focused on the struggle between Velociraptor and protoceratops. Raptors also appear in music, sports and other fields. For example, the Toronto Raptors, an NBA team, was named after the Raptors, and once used a Raptor as the team emblem. In 2005, there was a concert called Raptors. A toy idea called Roboraptor also comes from Raptors. Raptors have also become the protagonists of some video games, including Dinosaur Crisis series, turok series and Warcraft.