When Zhan Tianyou was building a railway, what was the situation in foreign countries and China?

(1861~1919) A famous railway engineer in modern times. If you are sincere, you will be born in Nanhai, Guangdong as soon as possible.

1872 (eleven years of Tongzhi), as the first batch of formal students studying in the United States, went to the United States at the age of eleven. 1878 (Guangxu four years) entered Yale university to study civil engineering, 188 1 graduated, and returned to China in July of the same year. He was first sent to Fuzhou Shipping Bureau to learn driving, and 1884 participated in the Mawei War in the Sino-French War. Later, he was hired by Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, to teach at the Guangdong erudite museum. 1888 was hired as an engineer by China Railway Corporation to participate in the construction of Jingu Railway. This is the beginning of his involvement in railway engineering. Since then, he has participated in the construction of Kanto Railway and Pingyao Railway, and presided over the construction of Xinyi Branch Railway.

1904, the Qing government announced that it would raise funds from the state to build the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. After investigation, the line is mountainous and the project is extremely arduous. But after the highway is completed, its economic value is great. Zhan Tianyou was finally appointed chief engineer and organized a group of Russian engineers to build this line. 1905 10 officially started on 10, and it is planned to be completed in four years. During this period, he concentrated his collective wisdom, tried his best to adopt the advanced technology and technology at that time, and creatively solved many construction problems. In the most difficult ditch-closing section, he adopted a slope of 33‰, built a famous herringbone line at Qinglongqiao Station, and dug a kilometer-long Badaling tunnel and three other tunnels. In the end, it not only built this world-famous railway quickly and economically, but also trained the first batch of China engineers and technicians for future road construction. 1July 4th, 909 (May of Xuantongyuan Year17th), the entire line of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was paved (officially opened to traffic in19th1October 2nd), and all the projects were completed two and a half months ahead of schedule, saving more than 356,000 yuan.

After the completion of Zhangjing Road, Zhan Tianyou successively served as chief engineer of Zhang Sui Railway and Chuanhan Railway, consultant engineer of Henan Railway Company, general manager and chief engineer of Yuelu Company of Guangdong-Han Commercial Railway, and was elected as a member of American Institute of Engineers on 1909. In the same year, the Qing court awarded him the first prize in engineering. After the Revolution of 1911, it was appointed by the interim government as the Guangdong-Chinese Railway Association and the Han-Guangdong-Sichuan Railway Association. 19 14 was appointed as the supervisor. 19 17, Chairman of Railway Technical Committee of the Ministry of Communications of Beiyang Government. 1965438+April 24, 2009, died of illness. Author of "Brief Introduction of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Project".

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120 The back and forth of young children studying in the United States.

1872 to 1875, under the auspices of Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Hong Rong, the Qing government sent four batches of 120 young children to study in the United States. More than 50 of them went to Harvard, Yale, Columbia, MIT and other famous schools for further study. Zhan Tianyou, the pioneer of China railway engineering, is one of them.

This was originally a 15-year study abroad program established by the Qing government. By 10, it was strongly opposed and forced to recall "young children studying in the United States" in advance.

On the historical stage of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the figure of "young children studying in the United States" appeared. Some of them died for their country in Sino-French naval battles and Sino-Japanese naval battles. Some became pioneers of railways, telegrams and mines in China; Some became ministers of the Qing dynasty; The first Prime Minister of the Republic of China also came from among them. ...

But with the passage of time, apart from Zhan Tianyou's well-known deeds, the story of 120 Qing children studying in the United States has disappeared into oblivion.

Qian Gang and Jincao Hu's book Young Children Studying in the United States: The Earliest Official Overseas Students in China (Wen Hui Press, February 2004) reveals in detail the extraordinary process of the Qing government sending young children to study in the United States. This newspaper specially selects several sections from them to provide dinner for readers. The title has been changed.

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Let this monument go down in history.

Sending young children to study in the United States is "a pioneering move of China, which is unprecedented." These two sentences were said by Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang in their memorials to the imperial court. Because "there is no such thing in ancient and modern times", the decision of this plan was made in an extremely solemn way: 187 1 August 5, 2008, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang jointly signed it and played it to the Tongzhi emperor (actually the Empress Dowager Cixi and Ci 'an who listened to politics from the curtain); The queen mother allowed the prime minister to comment on national affairs; The Prime Minister's yamen, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang discussed and revised the draft, and submitted the Proposal to the Queen Mother on September 5th. On September 9, the imperial edict was approved.

In the memorial, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang commented on foreign science and technology in this way: behind the western military strength, there are many kinds of knowledge such as geography, mathematics, astronomy and manufacturing; They attach importance to the introduction of foreign advanced technology and invite successful "study tours" to teach various sciences in schools; They regard the construction of the army and navy as "the life of body and mind" ... Today, if China wants to emulate their success, it is imperative to select smart children to study abroad and study hard to realize the emperor's long-cherished wish of gradually strengthening himself. ...

Their plan is to visit and select smart children from all provinces, 30 children a year, four years 120, go abroad by boat in batches, study abroad, and return to China in batches after 15. "On the day of returning to China, all the young children are only in their early 30 s and can serve in time."

The memorial stipulates the specific matters for children to stay in the United States: if they study abroad for one year, if they are stubborn or unaccustomed to the environment, they will be withdrawn at any time by members abroad. At the beginning of school, children should make a list of books and majors, check them every four months and make a summary report at the end of the year. The chairman and vice-chairman are stationed abroad, each with a monthly salary of 450 Liang, and one translator with a monthly salary of 160 Liang. Annual foreign public funds * * * six hundred and twenty. The translation and teaching round-trip travel expenses of the chairman and vice-chairman are 750 taels per person. The child's round-trip fare and clothes are 790 Liang per person. Tuition fees for children abroad, subsidies for renting clothes and eating. It's 400 Liang a year. Every year, members abroad will report the annual expenses. "If it exceeds the normal amount, it will still trickle down to the people." If the cost is not enough, you can report it and ask for a supplement. The Overseas Research Bureau has an annual budget of 62,000 kuping silver, which is about10.2 million kuping silver in 20 years. At that time, the currency was about $5.5 for every four taels of silver, so the monthly salary of overseas members was equal to $6 18, and that of translators was $220. The annual budget of the Overseas Research Bureau is $82,500.

Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang decided that Hanlin Chen Lanbin was the chief of the Bureau of Study Abroad, and Rong Hong, an active advocate of the study abroad program, was the deputy. As we will see later, the contradiction between the open Yung and the conservative Chen Lanbin and his successor Wu Zideng eventually led to the abortion of the study abroad plan. )

The waves are 32,000 Li.

The first batch of "children studying in the United States" set off for the United States on August 1872+0 1. Before and after the four batches, *** 120 "children studying in the United States" all sailed across the Pacific Ocean and reached the United States, with a journey of 32,000 miles.

There was a man named Qi, a small official who was ordered to escort the third batch of "young children studying in the United States". He left a diary of his trip to America, which vividly described his trip across the sea more than a century ago.

The night before boarding the ship in Shanghai, naive children saw "self-lighting lamps" (gas lamps) in the Pidgin area, "clusters of them are evenly arranged and rippling". It was already dawn when they set out, and they got up early excitedly to watch the ship leave Wusongkou.

In the afternoon, the weather turned bad. "The wind and rain are mixed, the deck can't walk, and the dizzy people vomit badly, but they all sleep but can't get up." When the wind and waves are together, the cabin will "cry more and can't sleep."

Children's adaptability is also very strong. After more than ten days of sailing, the number of seasickness began to decrease. Every time there is a big storm, Qi and other adults are still as drunk as a fiddler, but the children are "complacent and fearless". It's midnight, and the little guys are still marching in the big ovary, which is noisy. Some of them even like the wind and waves, because when the wind is high and the waves are urgent, Qi Zhaoqian will exempt them from their daily homework.

Qi is a very conscientious official. He gives children "Introduction to the Emperor's Father" and "Diary of Three Training" and preaches them every morning. Let the children review "western books" in the evening.

At first, the young children couldn't get used to the western food on the boat, and ate all the salty watermelon skins that Qi Zhaoqian had cured his sore throat. But just halfway through the voyage, most young children are used to squeezing bread. "Everyone is sitting in a big plate, a spoon and a fork; On the one hand, the foreign cloth towel has a white copper ring. " Qi described foods such as beef, mutton, fish, sweet and salty cakes, and drinks such as milk tea and ice water. "After drinking, put it into a four-legged porcelain basin, which is filled with fruits and dried fruits, and everyone can eat it at will."

In Qi's diary, we can also see his account of the restraint and education of urchins. He once "scolded" three unruly children and disciplined several people who "talked" and bickered. One day, several children picked up a map abandoned by foreigners from the deck. After seeing them, he severely reprimanded them and ordered them to return to their original places. Not only that, he also called the young children together to give lectures and warned them: "If you use the things on the boat, you must put them back;" Exquisite things must not be damaged; Only in this way will people say that you are smart and won't hate you. You remember it for me! "

The 30-day voyage is finally over. Before going ashore in San Francisco, Qi Zhao Xi opened the suitcase and asked the young children to change into the clothes they wore when they went ashore. That's a brand-new suit: "blue crepe jacket, soybean crepe gown, satin boots".

"For the glory of landing in Jinshan." -I think of the image of the Qing Dynasty.

A young country moving at full speed.

1872 September 15, San Francisco The New York Times reported:

The 30 China students who arrived yesterday are all very young. They are all excellent and intelligent ladies and gentlemen, and their appearance is neater than that of their compatriots who visited the United States before. Three guards from the Manchu official class walked with them. The government of China allocated 654.38 million dollars for their education. The government of China plans to send 30 students to this country every year.

The new world has opened children's eyes.

Children are most interested in "trains".

To ask what the United States was like in the 1970s from 65438 to 2009, the "train age" is undoubtedly the best summary. When the first children arrived in America, the young country had just built a transcontinental railway trunk line. More than a decade ago, this land was still in the pastoral era, and smoke billowed from east to west overnight. This country, founded less than 100 years ago, is full of vitality, and something called "American spirit" attracts new immigrants from all over the world.

The terminal of "Children Studying in America" arrived in Springfield, Connecticut by train. China people gave the city a new name: "Springfield". The great writer Mark Twain lives here. Not only will his two daughters become classmates of young children studying in the United States in the future, but they are also writers, and they have forged an indissoluble bond with the Bureau of Study Abroad. (We will talk about it later) In order to let these young children in China learn the language as soon as possible and get the care of their families, with Yung's active running, the Kangzhou authorities decided to assign them to American families in the Connecticut Valley in groups of 35/kloc-0.

News came out that American families willing to accept young children from China enthusiastically signed up. By the time the first group of children arrived, 122 families had expressed their wishes.

For this lucky "host family" (the family in charge of reception), the director of Kangzhou Education Bureau, Nosob, specially wrote a letter. He asked parents to master their children's timetable. Children are still young, so we should be strict with ourselves, pay attention to moral cultivation and review Chinese. He also specifically mentioned the health of young children:

Let China students know the way of hygiene, and let them take a bath frequently. When the weather changes, you must avoid the cold, especially after sweating, so as to avoid accidents!

college student

How many "children studying in the United States" have been admitted to American universities? Which universities did they go to? When we began to pursue this history, the relevant information was not detailed and accurate enough. Although there are still gaps and doubts, our investigation has taken a step forward-at least 50 "young children studying in the United States" have entered universities.

Twenty-two children entered Hong Rong's alma mater, Yale University. They are: Zhan Tianyou, Ouyang Geng,, Liang Dunyan,, Zhong,,, Rongxingqiao, Ceng Pu, Chen Peihu, Liu Jiazhao, Chen Jurong, Lu Yongquan, Qi Zuyi, Lu Zuhua, Xu Zhenpeng, Chung Ching Shing and Mon Fay Chin.

Yung Kwai and Tan Yew Fun resisted the "recall" and stayed at Yale University to complete their studies after a large number of young children returned to China. Enfu Li and Lu Yongquan were recalled and returned to the United States to complete Yale University.

At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, there are eight China "children studying in the United States": Kuang Yongzhong, Kuang Xianzhuo, Kong Jingyang, Deng Shicong and Yang.

In the archives of Harvard University, we found the registration card of Ding Chongji, a young Chinese child studying in the United States.

There are three students who entered Columbia University: Tang,,.

Five "young children studying in the United States" entered Rizal Institute of Technology:,,,,,. Chia Chew Paun/KLOC-entered the university at the age of 0/5, and was known as a "gifted boy". However, he died of illness one year after he entered the university. We visited Chia Chew Paun's Tomb in Hartford. In the grass, the small tombstone cracked. ...

To be sure, this is by no means a complete record of "young children studying in the United States" entering universities.

Mediation between Mark Twain and Grant

Li Hongzhang originally intended to send young children studying abroad to military academies and naval academies, but when some young children graduated from American high schools to prepare for college, the US government did not accept the request of the China government. They allow Japanese students to study in military schools, but they don't give children in China the same rights. At the same time, a wave of "Chinese exclusion" appeared on the west coast of the United States, which cast a shadow over Sino-US relations.

In the dispute between Yung Wing and Chen Lanbin and Wu Zideng on the westernization of overseas students, the emperor also gave instructions on the memorial at this time, demanding strict rectification of the overseas study bureau. In this situation, Li Hongzhang felt that the Bureau of Overseas Studies had lost its motivation. On February 20, 188 1, he said in a telegram to Chen Lanbin, "If it really doesn't work, then withdraw the bureau as soon as possible to save money." But a few days later, he received two letters from Grant, president and former president of American universities, and he was deeply hesitant about "scrapping".

When Rong Rong felt that Wu Zideng threatened the survival of the Overseas Research Bureau, he immediately turned to his close friend and local church pastor Rachel for help. Tu Youyou first contacted the presidents of several famous American universities, and jointly sent a letter to the Prime Minister's Office of the Qing Dynasty. The letter, written by Yale University President Porter, said:

After coming to the United States, the young students sent by your country made full use of their time to study academically and achieved excellent results in all subjects. ..... Their morals are beautiful and noble. ..... They are worthy of being representatives of the nationals of big countries, enough to win honor for the country. Although young, everyone knows that their words and deeds are related to the honor of the motherland, so they are too adults to be cautious. Their good behavior has achieved good results, and the prejudice against China people by a few ignorant people in the United States is gradually disappearing. And Americans' feelings for China are getting more and more harmonious. It's a pity to hear that the students will be recalled to China today. This is the most important period for students. ..... They are like trees cultivated by long-term irrigation. When they germinate and grow, they will blossom and bear fruit. Do they want their previous achievements to be destroyed once they are abandoned?

Principals sternly refuted the rumor that "China students study at school, but they suffer instead of benefit", believing that this rumor has cast a bad name on American education and American image. They criticized the China government for suddenly recalling students from schools to China, without making a detailed investigation and formal explanation of the study abroad programs officially agreed by the two governments in those years. Such a move can only damage China's national system.

Pastor Tü chell and his good friend Mark Twain also decided to go to new york to meet former President Grant and ask for his help.

Mark Twain described the scene that day like this: The process was very interesting. Pushing Cher didn't sleep a wink all night, ready to read Grant's forceful words and irrefutable facts and memorize them. All his efforts are only to trembling to ask Grant to sign a petition to China Governor Li Hongzhang. As a result, before Rachel officially began his sermon, Grant immediately said, "I will write a letter to the governor, and write a separate letter to give him some more powerful evidence. I know him very well, and my words carry a lot of weight to him. I will write it right away. " In a blink of an eye, all the efforts made by Tosher became zero. It's like he borrowed 1 USD from someone, and when he was puzzled, someone gave him 1 000 USD.

188 1 On February 24th, Li Hongzhang called Chen Lanbin: Grant wrote that young children have made great progress in the United States, such as building roads, mining mines, building castles and making machines, so they can learn in time. It would be a great pity if they were abolished.

Li Hongzhang is a smooth veteran who has experienced political storms. In his letter, he did not stand up to protect Yung Wing, but said that Yung Wing had laid particular stress on western learning for many years, which made children's middle schools deserted. He has written down admonitions many times. He also said that most students were born in Guangdong, and it was inevitable to go abroad when they were young. Woods climbed the rope too strictly, which led to contradictions, so that he was almost stubborn to "completely quit." He said it was expected that Yung Wing would not abolish it. Chen Lanbin's insistence on full cutting is not without reason. However, Wu Zideng's later proposal of "half withdrawal and half stay" is worth considering. Li Hongzhang's opinion: students who enter the university should continue to complete their studies, and among the remaining students, those who choose to be smart and talented should keep some as appropriate and gradually withdraw; The personnel of the Bureau of Study Abroad may reduce or waive the fees as appropriate. Because nearly 60 children had entered the university at that time, and "taking time off as appropriate", only a few programs really quit. This shows Li Hongzhang's painstaking efforts.

However, he didn't expect that the Prime Minister's yamen just used the topic to say that Li Hongzhang had the intention of "withdrawing without withdrawing" and presented the throne of "Please recall all overseas students" to the emperor. 1881June 8, the Prime Minister's yamen played:

I found that this student, at a childish age, is far from being suitable for a foreign country, and the road is confused and silky, but it is a change of heart ... If Chen Lanbin said foreign skills that were not known at that time, his family's education had already been learned, which greatly lost the initial intention of the bureau ... I thought it would be better to stop directly instead of gradually withdrawing. Accordingly, the Minister of Southern Beiyang was ordered to take advantage of the convenience of various bureaus to transfer all the international students back.

That's the imperial edict of Japan: according to the discussion, I respect this.

These four words are exactly the same as the imperial edict that approved the study abroad program in those years.

return

Kaijia Huang, a student of Yale University, once wrote to his American "parents" Mrs. Batra. 1882,65438+1October 28th This letter from Shanghai made future generations feel as if they were there, and saw the situation of "young children studying in the United States" after returning to China.

..... you must be surprised that we are treated severely by the motherland government. You may have heard about it, but I want to repeat what happened and put it on record.

When we boarded the "Japan" and went upstream, we saw Shanghai for the first time ... We once imagined that there was a warm welcome waiting for us, as well as familiar people and warm arms extended by the motherland to hug us. But oh, my God! Everything went up in smoke. The aquatic plants are becoming clearer and clearer, and the imaginary welcoming ceremony makes us more and more excited. The bow of the boat cut through the calm yellow water waves, and when we approached the dock, the loud noise of the ship's side hitting the shore awakened our utopian dream.

The crowd is surrounded, but there is no relative. A group of people who didn't smile to meet our disappointment. On the dock, there are coolies with wheelbarrows and rickshaws, pointing fingers and making noise for business.

Only one person came on board to meet us-Mr. Lu, who is in charge of our letters, a fool who is not as good as China's mediocre people. He didn't hire a carriage or a boat to take us to our destination-China Customs Daotai Yamen, but hired a wheelbarrow to load us. ..... Some unicycles don't have "French Concession" passes, so we have to get off and get our luggage. In the eyes of China scholar-officials, this is a shame. ..... Arrived at the yamen of the customs platform ... After the roll call, we enjoyed a simple dinner. In order to prevent us from escaping, a group of China sailors escorted us to the "Knowledge College" behind the Shanghai Daotai yamen. If you use the imagination of westerners, you can't describe this place called school. You may know about the Turk's prison, or "Andersonville's nightmare", but compared with this place, they are so lucky.

Let me use my bald pen to describe the "prison" I lived in after I returned to my hometown. You can imagine how bad this place is, even if the words don't convey the meaning.

The "Learning College" has been closed for ten years ... the door has not been opened for ten years, the walls are peeling off, the floor is dirty, the stone steps are covered with moss, and the doors and windows are damp and rotten. As soon as we stepped on the threshold, we immediately smelled a musty smell, which seemed to symbolize our fate. At night, we can clearly see the moisture rising from the brick seam Ran Ran on the ground, which makes our clothes all wet. A kind of lethargy hangs over us, and this insult stings everyone's heart. The most terrible thing is that the absurd idea in the head of the overseas study supervisor made us return in vain. ……

Six days later, Kaijia Huang boarded the British ship "Lucy Tower" and left for Hongkong. After Hong Kong, he returned to his hometown of Shantou. On the day I arrived in Shantou, my parents didn't get the news. Because of the poor postal service, the letter sent a week ago arrived with him.

It is not easy for Kaijia Huang to find his home because he is completely unfamiliar with the local dialect. His father is an interpreter of Shantou Customs, which is an important position in government business. With the help of an English businessman, the customs officer knew who he was looking for. After many twists and turns, he was taken to a deep house compound, where his parents lived for nine years respectively:

This servant has a bad attitude. He thought I was a poor man who came to intercede and wouldn't let me in. I can understand that he said that my father got up at 9 o'clock and didn't receive guests until 10. I am eager to see my parents and family close at hand, but the servant insists that I must wait. I've tried everything, even begged him with finger-pointing sign language, but he was still indifferent.

When all failed, I suddenly remembered that all barbarians, civilized people, men, women and children in the world called their parents "dad" and "mom", so I began to shout.

"dad! ———"

"mom! ———"

This is Kaijia Huang's cry, and it is also the cry of all "young children studying in the United States" facing their relatives in their hometown. All the thoughts, all the confidences, all the grievances and regrets are vented in this cry!

A favorable change

During the Gengzi Incident, Cixi escaped from Beijing with Guangxu and ran to xi 'an. After experiencing the catastrophe of national subjugation, Cixi had to consider implementing the "New Deal" in order to maintain her shaky rule and repair the riddled state machine, and also under the pressure of foreign powers. On the way to the Western Expedition, Cixi once said to Guangxu: "I have always advocated political reform. In the early years of Tongzhi, I adopted Zeng Guofan's suggestion and sent my children to study abroad. I support shipbuilding and building machines, not just for the prosperity of the country! "

After Cixi returned to Beijing, the Qing government issued a series of "New Deal" encyclicals, which mainly included salary increase and training, business revitalization, education and learning, and official system reform.

At that time, China's education system was an official election system. Therefore, the educational system reform under the influence of political storm has a far-reaching impact on "young children studying in the United States".

Cixi's reform, which combined study abroad awards with school reform and the suspension of imperial examinations, set off a new whirlwind in China's education sector at the beginning of the century.

1September 905 12, Emperor Guangxu requested Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong to stop the imperial examination. This is an earth-shattering event: China's imperial examination system, which has been practiced for more than a thousand years, was abolished.

History takes a sharp turn here. The rural examination scheduled for 1906 was cancelled and changed to the examination for returned students. Ancient fame, such as juren and Jinshi, will be awarded to admitted international students.

Tang, a young child studying in the United States, served as the chief examiner, while Zhan Tianyou and Yan Fu, a young child studying in the United States, served as deputy examiners.

In the letter 1906 to his American "parent" Mrs. Nosob, Zhan Tianyou said: "In the past few days, I have assisted the department in selecting students from the United States, Europe and Japan. "* * * examination candidates 42 people, 32 people admitted. Among them, the most outstanding one is Chen Jintao, 1906, who received a doctorate from Yale University. ..... This is the first time to open the national examination. The eight-part essay that was valued in the past was finally abolished. "

Among the students who were appreciated by Tang, Zhan Tianyou and Yan Fu in this examination were Chen Jintao, who is about to become the financial chief of the Republic of China, and Yan Huiqing, the foreign minister and acting prime minister.

Yuan Shikai and "Young Children Studying in America"

190 1 year 1 1 month, when Li Hongzhang was dying, he dictated his will on his deathbed, saying that "there is no talent beyond Yuan Shikai's power in the room" and urged Yuan Shikai to succeed him. The 42-year-old Yuan Shikai took over the mantle of Li Hongzhang and naturally used this batch of overseas talents trained by Li Hongzhang.

Yuan Shikai showed his grand plan of "New Deal" in Tianjin: from setting up new schools to sending overseas students, from sorting out fiscal revenue to developing railway telephones, from training new troops to establishing a modern police system. In order to popularize education in the army, he sent people to "create new words with syncopation" according to Beijing dialect, which is the earliest pinyin of Chinese characters.

A group of "young children studying in America" gathered in Tianjin.

At the end of 190 1, Tang served as Tianjin Guanlu to 1904. In an extremely complicated environment, he took part in taking over occupied Tianjin from Eight-Nation Alliance, handling foreign affairs, supervising tax collection and cleaning up finance. In Tianjin, he also founded the telegraph school to recruit 15-year-old "children" to study.

Tang's successor is Liang Dunyan. After returning from the United States that year, he became Zhang Zhidong's translator by chance and was appreciated by Zhang Zhidong. It was promoted to "Jianghan Guanlu", and 1904 was changed to Tianjin Guanlu. Soon, he also served as the Beijing-Fengjing Railway General Office.

Liang Ruhao, studying at Stephen Institute of Technology in the United States, went to North Korea Customs with Tang, and then stayed with Yuan Shikai. After Yuan Shikai was appointed as the governor of Zhili, Liang Ruhao was appointed as the general manager of Beining Railway and Niuzhuang Customs Road, and later succeeded Liang Dunyan as Tianjin Customs Road. His successor is Tsai Shou Kee, who studied at Yale University.

During the Reform Period, Tsai Shou Kee participated in the establishment of Tianjin Chinese and Western School. 1in April, 903, Tianjin Chinese and Western School was changed to Beiyang University, with Tsai Shou Kee as the vice president first and then the general manager. He is the first university president among the "children studying in America".

Ka Hsiang Tsao, a former gunner of Zhenyuan, was appointed as Tianjin patrol by Yuan Shikai and became one of the founders of the new police in China. Because of his efforts, the "Beiyang police" in the New Deal period was famous all over the country.

Yuan Shikai was in power for a period of time, and soon after he became the governor of Zhili, he was appointed by the Qing court as the minister in charge of railways, commerce and electric power, and the key departments such as railways and telecommunications were under his jurisdiction. At that time, a group of "young children studying in America" who studied railways and telegrams became the backbone of Yuan Shikai, including Zhan Tianyou. In order to get this outstanding railway engineer, Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong also had an argument.

"Young children studying in the United States" suddenly became a contested treasure, and their fate took a dramatic turn.

One hundred years later, when people come to Tianjin, they can still see the "Guangdong Guild Hall" completed in1907, the most intact and largest hall building in Qing Dynasty. This is a big courtyard in Chaozhou style, with an ancient inn, a huge theater and an indoor theater that can accommodate 700 or 800 people. You can see a stone tablet with the donor's name engraved on it in Guangdong Guild Hall. Among them, Tang, Liang Dunyan, Liang Ruhao,, and other "young children studying in the United States". At the beginning of the 20th century, these middle-aged people were already prominent celebrities in Tianjin.