What are the characteristics of euphemism?

Characteristics of Graceful School in Song Poetry

1, the first is "singing". Graceful words are a new style of poetry that is sung with music. Since its birth, it has formed an indissoluble bond with music. Old Tang book? Wen Chuan once recorded that Fei Qing "can sing songs one by one, which is a beautiful word". Genius writers have both literary attainments and musical knowledge. Every time I fill in a stroke, I often hammer words to refine sentences, judge the sound and set the tone, and closely combine picturesque artistic conception, refined language and wonderful music, which is not only vivid, but also pleasing to the ear and has touching artistic charm. Graceful words are developed on this basis. "A new word, a glass of wine", these gentle and fragrant songs, with a farewell tone, are mostly played and sung by geisha dancers in the flowers and in front of the bottle in a light singing and dancing way. After a song, the lingering sound is refreshing. "Yang Liuan, Xiaofeng is dying." ("Liu Yong" Lin Yuling ") only married 178 girls, with red teeth, singing softly. This new music of "charming and close to love, telling stories and spreading stories" often fascinates listeners. Graceful words are harmonious in syllables, and "words enter the law". Soft tone, easy to be accepted. Pronouns in Tang and Five Dynasties have long had this feature. Ouyang Jiong said in "Introduction to Flowers": "... The son of a feast embroiders beauties, hands flowers and leaves, and paints beautiful flowers; Raise your delicate hand and pat sandalwood. There is no lack of words to help the enchanting state. "In the Song Dynasty, graceful words were unprecedentedly prosperous and swept the country. Liu Yong's words, "There is a well to drink", can be sung. It can be seen that it was widely circulated at that time. Until modern times, graceful words still have "singing". This is its outstanding feature.

2. Romance is the traditional theme and main feature of graceful words. It tells the joys and sorrows, joys and sorrows of the world with emotional people. Brilliant Flowers is a love story. Wei Ya, a five-pronoun person, is good at using various lyric techniques and successfully expresses his feelings about life. Yan Shu's lyrical euphemism of Zhu Yu's ci. As beautiful as pearls, sparkling. Ouyang Xiu is a leader, a scholar and a central figure shouldering cultural tradition and orthodoxy. In his poems, we can only see his serious face of protecting Tao, but his lyric poems are charming, gentle and touching. Nalan Xingde, a famous poet in Qing Dynasty, was skillful in riding and shooting, but his small words were euphemistic and moving. Gai "Love can't be expressed in words, and poetry can't be understood, but it can be euphemistically described in long and short sentences." (Ge Liang's "Flower Thorn Bronze Drum Hall"). Writers reveal their true feelings, joys and sorrows in a tortuous and delicate way through lyric euphemism, which has won the sympathy and admiration of countless readers in ancient and modern times.

Love is an important part of people's lives. Describing love is reflected in people's passionate pursuit of love, longing for a happy life, and sadness and sorrow when they are persecuted and frustrated under the rule of feudal ethics, which has become an important content of graceful words. First of all, it is manifested in the bold pursuit and praise of love. The author of the Dunhuang tune "Bodhisattva Man" boldly, frankly and tactfully wrote, "I want to rest before my pillow, and I want to wait for the green hills to rot ..." Expressed my eternal desire for love. Feng Yansi's Long Life Girl wrote a toast for the couple, and they will never part. Wei Zhuang's Four Hometowns "I'm going to get married and rest for a lifetime. Even if it is ruthlessly abandoned, it cannot be ashamed. " Praise the innocent girl's passionate pursuit of love. Li Qingzhao's masterpiece "Drunken Flowers" is a kind of expression of love and describes her happy love life.

Affectionate poets often praise the sincerity of love by expressing their sadness and hatred of parting.

"Xicheng willow makes spring soft. Tears can't be collected when you are away from troubles. I still remember my feelings. I once went back to the boat for the department. ..... "(Jiangchengzi by Qin Guan) is a touching song. Liu Yong's masterpiece Yulinling expresses a wanderer's strong and touching emotion. "Holding hands and looking at tears, I was speechless." It vividly depicts the painful state of mind of being separated from my lover and living in rivers and lakes. Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi" is "Ten Years of Life and Death", which expresses his "unforgettable and incredible" true feelings for his dead wife. "After parting, remember to meet each other and dream of being with you several times" (Yan's Partridge Sky) is about loving each other that day and thinking of the lovesickness after parting, which is sad, charming, gentle and natural. Ouyang Xiu's lyric poems, such as Walking on the Sand, Waiting for Plums in the Pavilion and How Deep the Courtyard is, are beautiful and charming, although they are thoughts of children's affair and parting. "I miss you more every night, and I worry about the moon. I miss you, I'm cold ... "(Wei Zhuang's" Huanxisha ") wrote the memories of love life, the pain of parting from acacia, full of true feelings.

In the long feudal society, women's misfortunes, especially those of prostitutes oppressed in the lower classes, and the frustration of literati are often expressed in graceful words. Liu Yong's career was bumpy, and he lingered in the lower classes for a long time.

His poems often show the pain and mental outlook of geisha and their love with great sympathy. "When I hate my fickle feelings, there are no books." "I regret not locking the carved saddle." "Guard and follow, don't hide, and the color line sits with Iraq." The words "Ding Fengbo" not only describe the physical and mental torture suffered by geisha, but also show their passionate pursuit of love and yearning for a free and happy life. "In this ecstatic moment, the sachet is hidden, the ribbon is lightly divided, and it is fortunate for the brothel." The whole word is devoted to the infinite feelings of "ecstasy". It shows the artistic effect of graceful words "difficult scenery, difficult feelings and nature"

Graceful words often express feelings that hurt heaven and earth. The writer put the hatred of home and country, the feeling of life experience, either into eroticism or into chanting things. On the surface, it seems that they are expressing love and describing things, but in fact they have other hopes. "How annoying, dreaming last night. Just like going to the garden in the past ... "("Looking at Jiangnan ") When is the spring flowers and the autumn moon? What do you know about the past? The small building was easterly again last night, so my country could not bear to look back at the middle of next year. "(Yu Meiren)" If you keep cutting, you will still be confused. This is separation. Especially the general taste is in my heart. " "Meet each other"), "Running water in spring is heaven and earth." (Langtaosha) Li Yu's ci expressed his hatred of national subjugation with vivid images and passionate feelings. Song Huizong's "Yanshan Pavilion" euphemistically and sadly wrote the infinite emotion after the country was captured. Xin Qiji's "Fishing" "can save several storms, and spring will rush back." Using comparative methods, we use "beauty vanilla" to describe gentlemen and sages; Describe the affairs of home and country, the feelings of body and mind and men and women, touching, sad and implicit.

Poets often express their feelings of life by chanting Yan, Liu, and Yan, which is difficult to express. For example, the word "Yongmei" written by Lu You is a metaphor for plum blossoms, which is intended to be beyond words and thought-provoking. Writers often take flowers and plants, boudoir, seeing off spring and cherishing spring as themes to express their interest in life, their love for beautiful things and their sadness when they are frustrated. "There is nothing to do, but Yan Gui feels deja vu" (Yan Shu's "Huanxisha"), which expresses the feelings of cherishing spring and hurting singers, and shows the author's faint sadness. This word is warm and elegant, romantic and elegant, but not frivolous. Its beauty is not obscene, and it is most appreciated by people. Well-organized, open and close freely, romantic though lingering but not frivolous, flowery but flashy.

The war destroyed a peaceful and stable life and brought great disasters to the people. The hatred of the country's ruin and the feelings of where you will go are constantly reflected in the graceful words. Jiang Xingzu's "Broken Magnolia" is "near Yanshan Mountain, it is difficult to return home", which shows the infinite pain of her exile to the north and vividly reflects the social life and people's sufferings in that chaotic era.

3. Another feature of graceful words is "winning by beauty". It expresses the beauty of nature and life with beautiful language, beautiful image and beautiful artistic conception, and praises the spiritual beauty of characters.

Writers have harmoniously unified beautiful language, beautiful image and beautiful artistic conception, and created a large number of wonderful and poetic words. "Ask how sad you are? Just like a river flowing eastward (Yu Meiren), the traffic in Ma Rulong is busy, the flowers and flowers in the spring breeze are blooming every month (Li Yu's Looking at the South of the Yangtze River), the rain outside the curtain is gurgling, the spring is fading away (Li Yu's "Langtaosha Ling"), the willows are dancing low, and the peach blossom fans are singing (Yan) at the bottom. " Yan's "Recent Flowers" are all beautiful and colorful. It is often a good time to stay in one sentence; All emotions, spit out one word. A sentence can last forever because of a wonderful sentence. Song Qi, the author of "Red Apricot Blossoms in Spring" ("Jade House Spring"), has won the reputation of "History of Red Apricot Blossoms Out of the Wall"! "Clouds break through the moon to make a shadow" ("Xian Zai"), the author Zhang Xiansui is known as "Zhang Sanying"; "A stream of smoke flies all over the city, Huang Meiyu" (jade case), so Zhu He is called "He".

There are also Li Qingzhao's "Mo Tao is not charming, the curtain is wrapped in the west wind, and people are thinner than yellow flowers" ("Drunken Flowers Shadow"), "Wild geese return, and the moon is full of west buildings", "a kind of acacia, two places of leisure", "Just frown, but go to my heart" ("Cut Plum Blossoms") and "Indus even drizzle, dripping at dusk" ("Sound").

It is human nature to love beauty. The artistic form of beauty is a bridge to communicate human feelings. Creating beautiful artistic conception is the basic feature of graceful words. Li Qingzhao's Dream and Sunset in Xiting are beautiful pictures, which bring readers into a beautiful artistic conception. "Going to the West Building alone has nothing to say, the moon is like a hook, the phoenix tree is in a deep courtyard, and the autumn color is locked" (Li Yu's Meet You Huan), creating a desolate and beautiful artistic conception. "There is no trace of spring, unless you ask the oriole, no one can understand, because the wind blows over the rose" (Huang Tingjian's "Qing Ping Le"). Through wonderful imagination, the author combines the feeling of cherishing spring with the meaning of seeking spring, and the artistic conception is beautiful. Su Shi's "Butterfly Loves Flowers" "Flowers wither, red and green apricots are small. Swallows fly, and green water people go around. " The whole poem depicts the scenery in late spring, and it contains the feeling of hurting spring in the artistic conception of beauty. Wang Yuyang once praised "Liu Mian on the branch" in Flowers and Trees, and worried that the fate of the wasteland (Liu Yong) might not pass. "

Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi" "Xiao Xuan window, dressing up, caring for each other without words, only a thousand lines of tears".

The beauty of the image and life of the characters reappears in this beautiful artistic conception, vivid and true, as if it were just in front of us. "It is expected that every year will be heartbroken, moonlit and short matsuoka." The bleak mood is fascinating and heartbreaking. The author creates artistic conception beauty with beautiful language and beautiful image, which makes readers intoxicated with the enjoyment of beauty. Nalan Xingde is nostalgic for his loved ones and sings poems of nature, which are fresh and graceful, elegant and profound, full of affection and beautiful. His "Sauvignon Blanc", "Mountain Tour, Water Tour, Guanyubian Tour, ……", in the description of the scenery beyond the Great Wall, reveals feelings of parting from sorrow and not hating, a feeling of homesickness and a beautiful artistic conception.

Beautiful words reflect life according to the law of beauty. Writers use refined language, sincere feelings and beautiful artistic images to reflect the social life with certain typical significance, and have created a large number of excellent works, which are colorful and loved by our people and passed down from generation to generation.

Drunken Flowers is also called Double Ninth Festival or Nine Days.

Li Qingzhao,no. Yi 'an Jushi, was born in Jinan. Youcaizao,/kloc-Zhao Mingcheng, a family of 0/8 years old.

The fog is thick and the clouds are light, and it will always be sad. The brain sells golden beasts.

Double Ninth Festival, lying in bed, in the middle of the night, the cold on my body has just been soaked.

Dongli drinks until dusk, and faint chrysanthemum fragrance overflows his sleeves.

Don't die? West wind blinds, people are thinner than yellow flowers.

Forever day: a long day. Ruinao: namely borneol, the name of spice. Golden Beast: A bronze censer carved with animal shapes.

Jade pillow: the laudatory name of porcelain pillow. Yarn chef: yarn account, called blue yarn account.

Dongli: Tao Yuanming's "Drinking" poem: "Picking chrysanthemums under the Dongli, leisurely seeing Nanshan". After that, the east column refers to the chrysanthemum viewing place. Dim fragrance: fragrance. This refers to the fragrance of chrysanthemum.

Dim fragrance: refers to the elegant fragrance of chrysanthemum. Ecstasy: describes extreme sadness and sadness.

Window curtain rolling west wind: the inverted text of "West Wind Rolling Door", here refers to the autumn wind. Yellow flower: refers to chrysanthemum. "

translate

Fog and thick clouds covered a long day, and sadness suppressed my heart. The whole day is gloomy and depressed. The spices in the bronze furnace carved with animal shapes have gradually burned out. It's the annual Double Ninth Festival. In the middle of the night, the jade pillow with the screen window feels light and cool.

After dusk, I drank alone under the east hedge, and the faint chrysanthemum fragrance filled my skirt. Don't say this scene is not sad. The autumn wind blows the curtain, and suddenly I find that the people in the house are thinner than Huang Juhua outside.

Touch the fish and you can get rid of several storms.

Xin Qiji, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, was born in You 'an, Jiaxuan and Licheng (now Jinan, Shandong).

How many storms can you save? In a hurry, spring is back. Cherish spring for fear of early blooming, not to mention countless red flowers. Live in spring. See, there is no turning back at the end of the world. Hate spring and have no words. It's just diligent, and it's doing everything in Yogyakarta.

Nagato, quasi-quasi-rituals and mistakes. Moth eyebrows used to be enviable. A thousand dollars to buy each other is like buying a gift, but who complains about this situation? Stop dancing, can't you see, Yan Feiyu's ring is covered with dust! Leisure is the hardest. Don't lean on the dangerous fence, the sunset is there, and the flowers are bright.

Enjoy 1

This was written by Xin Qiji when he was forty years old, that is, in the late spring of Song Xiaozong's sixth year of Xichun (1 179). Xin Qiji crossed the Huai River to the Southern Song Dynasty in the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1 162). In seventeen years, his idea of fighting against the Jin Army and restoring the Central Plains was never adopted by the Southern Song Dynasty court. We can't realize our ambition of resisting gold and killing the enemy and cleaning up mountains and rivers, but just do some idleness away from war. This time, I was transferred from Jinghu North Road to Jinghu South Road to continue to be an ambassador. The transshipment ambassador, also known as Cao Si, is an official position that is mainly in charge of all financial and tax revenues. For Xin Qiji, of course, he can't display his talent and ambition as soon as possible. Besides, it is even more disappointing for him to be transferred to Hunan, which is farther from the front line. He knew that the imperial court had no ambition to go north. When his colleagues bought wine for him to see him off, he wrote this poem to express his depression and emotion.

The last film mainly expresses the author's love for spring.

How many times can the wind and rain be eliminated? I hurried back in spring. "It's said that it's late spring now, and we can't afford to have a few more storms. Spring really has to go. The phrase "cherishing spring for a long time is afraid of flowering early" tells his psychological activity of cherishing spring: he is even afraid of flowering too early because he is afraid of spring, which is a profound description of cherishing spring psychology. " Spring is alive ",for the author of" Spring "who is about to leave, I affectionately shout to it: Spring, stop, I heard that grass has grown to the ends of the earth, blocking your way home! But spring didn't answer, or slipped away quietly. "Complaining about the silence of spring", the frustrated author can't stay in spring, but it's still a spider under the eaves, working tirelessly all day to stick the Liufeihua, a symbol of the last spring scene. Therefore, in the author's opinion, it seems that this diligent insect is more rewarding than himself, and his feelings are too pitiful.

At the beginning of the next movie, I used the allusion of Emperor Chen of the Han Dynasty to refer to my frustration. A passage from "Nagato incident" to "Who complains about this situation" shows that there are precedents of jealousy since ancient times. Empress Chen was put in a cold palace because she was jealous. Later, she took out her gold and bought an article by Sima Xiangru, The Long Door Fu. I hope to use it to impress the heart of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. However, the "ceremony" she expected has not yet arrived. Who should I tell this complicated and painful mood? The word "dance" in the sentence "you don't dance" is smug and complacent. "Jun" refers to a person who is jealous of other people's slanders and gains a good impression. Don't get carried away. Didn't you see that Zhao and he both died later? "All dust" is the meaning in Zhao Chuan and Autobiography of Ling Xuan. Fan Tongde, my concubine, will tell the story of Zhao sisters. Ling Xuan said to her, "The people of Sri Lanka are in ruins. At that time, I was exhausted and obsessed with things. I would rather know that Alatano will be grass after all! " The sentence "leisure is the most bitter" is the conclusion. Leisure, the author refers to the mental depression that he can't talk about. A dangerous fence is a high fence. The last three sentences mean don't try to get rid of depression by climbing high, because the setting sun is shining on the willows shrouded in dusk, which is a blur from a distance. Such a twilight scene will make people feel hurt and more sad.

Spring In Jade Pavilion；Song of Youth

Qi, word, Anlu Anzhou (now Hubei) people. Because of the sentence "Man Chun, the branch of an apricot" in his poem "The Spring on the Jade Tower", it is called the history of an apricot.

Dongcheng gradually felt that the scenery was good and its face was wrinkled to welcome guests.

Populus davidiana is lighter than Han Xiao, and the branches of red apricots are full of spring.

To annotate ...

(1) Hu wrinkle: that is, wrinkled yarn, which means water ripple.

② Zhao: Paddle, which means boat.

3 floating life: life is short, if bubbles float on the water. Refers to a short floating life.

4 willing to love: how to be stingy.

⑤ Afterglow: the afterglow of the sunset.

translate

The scenery outside Dongcheng is getting more and more beautiful. The waves like cotton yarn on the lake are full of pleasure of cruise ships and tourists. Green willows, as thick as smoke, are deep in spring, only in the early morning, and it is still light and cold. Red apricot branches, bees flying, butterflies flying, full of spring.

How little happiness there is in life! I am willing to trade my daughter for a smile. He picked up the full glass, invited Sunset, and persuaded Sunset to drink with him. I hope the golden sunset can stay in the beautiful flowers for a while!

Jiang ten years of life and death

Su Shi, whose word is profound and whose word is harmonious, is known internationally as "Dongpo Jushi" and "Su Dongpo". He is now a native of Meishan, Sichuan, and one of the four great calligraphers in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Ten Years of Life and Death of Jiangchengzi is Su Shi's mourning for his dead wife Wang Fu. Four years later, he married Wang Fu's cousin (Wang Runzhi), and Wang Runzhi spent 26 years with Su Shi. After leap's death, Su Shi stopped marrying, leaving only Wang Chaoyun (Su Shi's concubine) to accompany him to death.

Ten years of life and death are two boundless. Never think, never forget. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty.

At night, I suddenly dreamed of going home, and the window of Xiao Xuan was being decorated. There are no words to care about each other, only a thousand lines. It is estimated that the annual heartbroken place, moonlit night, short matsuoka.

Translation:

They have been dead for a lifetime, ten years apart, but they miss each other but are at a loss and can't meet each other. I don't want to miss myself, but I can't forget it. His wife's lonely grave is thousands of miles away, and there is no place to tell her sadness. Even if we meet, we shouldn't know each other, because I'm running around, dusty and cold.

At night, I suddenly returned to my hometown in a vague dream, only to see my wife dressing up in front of the mirror in the small window. The two men looked at each other, and they didn't know where to start with a thousand words, only tears fell thousands of lines in relative silence. It stands to reason that the grave mountain with the bright moon and small pine trees is where I miss my wife every year.