Papers on geographical natural disasters

China has a vast territory and changeable weather, and irresistible disasters such as floods, hurricanes, tornadoes and earthquakes occur frequently. Wenchuan earthquake has caused great harm to people's lives and property. In the past 50 years, the direct economic losses caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes, geology, droughts and floods, oceans and epidemics accounted for about 4% of the gross national product. Natural disasters have become an important factor affecting China's economic development and social security, and it is urgent to improve China's comprehensive ability of disaster prevention and reduction by relying on scientific and technological progress.

First, the current situation of the application and construction of disaster prevention and mitigation technology in China

At present, China has established a relatively complete and wide-ranging ground monitoring and observation network for meteorology, ocean, earthquake, hydrology, forest fires, pests and diseases, and established meteorological satellites, marine satellites and land satellites, and is building a small satellite constellation system for disaster reduction. In terms of meteorological monitoring and forecasting, an advanced atmospheric detection system consisting of ground meteorological observation stations, space stations, various weather radars and meteorological satellites has been built, and a meteorological satellite data receiving and processing system, a modern meteorological communication system and a medium-term numerical forecasting operational system have been established. China has formed a basic meteorological information processing, analysis and forecasting system with reasonable division of labor, organic combination and step-by-step guidance. In order to monitor river floods, the state has established a hydrological monitoring network consisting of a large number of hydrological stations, water level stations and rainfall stations, and established remote sensing databases of early warning waters in seven flood-prone areas of rivers, and applied remote sensing technology to flood monitoring during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period. Significant progress has been made in flood control and drought relief engineering technology, and some areas have reached the world advanced level. In addition, modern science and technology are used to actively carry out comprehensive management of small watersheds, such as artificial precipitation enhancement, artificial hail suppression and drip irrigation projects in agricultural areas. These technical measures have played a very positive role in disaster prevention and mitigation to a certain extent. In earthquake monitoring and earthquake resistance, more than 400 earthquake observation stations have been established and digitized during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period. The China Digital Seismological System is composed of the National Digital Seismological Network composed of 48 national digital seismographic stations, 20 regional digital seismographic networks composed of more than 300 regional digital seismographic stations, several mobile digital seismographic networks and digital strong earthquake networks, and a strong earthquake early warning system and an earthquake precursor observation system have been established. A relatively complete monitoring and forecasting system has been formed, the national seismic intensity zoning map and earthquake damage prediction map have been compiled, 52 cities have been identified as national key cities for seismic fortification, comprehensive earthquake damage prevention has been carried out for engineering buildings in areas with national seismic intensity above 6 degrees, seismic fortification has been carried out for new projects in cities and large and medium-sized industrial and mining enterprises, and several railway trunk lines, main oil pipelines, several backbone power plants, large refineries, a number of key backbone iron and steel enterprises, super-large ethylene projects and large reservoirs have been strengthened. In the prevention and control of geological disasters, we have strengthened the investigation and prevention of geological disasters such as landslides, mudslides, collapses, ground subsidence and ground fissures, and adopted a comprehensive defense system including engineering defense system, biological soil and water conservation defense system, management protection system, social management system and prediction and alarm system, which has achieved certain results. At the same time, we should combine ecological construction with disaster prevention and mitigation, and implement closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, returning farmland to forests and returning farmland to lakes. Twenty-five national key prevention and control areas of soil erosion have been established, soil and water conservation projects have been implemented in seven major river basins, and comprehensive management of landscape fields and forests has been carried out in more than 1 10,000 small river basins with serious soil erosion. Ten major forestry ecological projects have been built successively, including "Three North" shelterbelts, shelterbelts in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, coastal shelterbelts, plain farmland shelterbelts, shelterbelts in the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake basins, shelterbelts in the Pearl River basin, shelterbelts in the Liaohe River basin, shelterbelts in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, Taihang Mountain greening projects and desertification control projects. In addition, "Resource 1" and "Resource 2" satellites have been launched, which are widely used in resource exploration, disaster prevention and mitigation, geological disaster monitoring and scientific experiments.

Second, the main problems existing in the application and construction of disaster prevention and mitigation technologies in China

1. Lack of comprehensive coordination in management.

For a long time, China's disaster management system is basically a single disaster-oriented and departmental management model, and each disaster-related management department has its own system and its own way. Because there is no permanent comprehensive management organization, there is a lack of unified coordination among disasters, and there is a lack of communication and linkage between departments, resulting in the lack of comprehensive and systematic laws and regulations, technical system policies and overall scientific and technological development plans for disaster prevention and mitigation. Lack of systematic and continuous ideological guidance on disaster prevention and mitigation is not conducive to inter-departmental coordination; Lack of comprehensive emergency technical system for disaster prevention and mitigation; Lack of comprehensive rescue experts and technical teams specializing in disaster relief; A relatively complete scientific and technological system for disaster prevention and mitigation has not yet been formed; Poor information disclosure and communication channels; Resources and information cannot be enjoyed; Scientific decision-making evaluation support system and financial guarantee system have not been established, which directly affects the effectiveness of disaster prevention and mitigation.

2. Insufficient investment and single funding channel.

China's annual investment in research and development and application of disaster prevention and mitigation technologies is very limited, and the investment in disaster prevention and mitigation infrastructure construction, scientific research equipment purchase, disaster prevention engineering construction, basic research on disaster prevention and mitigation and popularization and application of advanced technologies is insufficient. The main reason is that China's scientific research on disaster prevention and mitigation basically depends on financial allocation, and the source of funds is single. Because the social benefits of scientific research on disaster prevention and mitigation are far greater than the recent economic benefits, it is difficult to attract active investment from enterprises and social funds, which leads to the lag of scientific development and technology promotion of disaster prevention and mitigation. In addition, the promotion of scientific research results lacks intermediate links and operating mechanisms suitable for disaster prevention and mitigation laws, and the conversion rate of scientific research results for disaster prevention and mitigation is low. The popularization and application rate of some scientific research achievements in disaster prevention and mitigation is not enough 10%, which seriously affects the in-depth development of disaster prevention and mitigation work and the further improvement of the national disaster prevention and mitigation level.

3. The allocation of scientific and technological resources needs to be optimized.

The scientific and technological resources for disaster prevention and reduction in China are mainly concentrated in the fields of meteorology, earthquake, geology and environmental protection. Due to the lack of macro-coordinated management and traditional compartmentalization, on the one hand, all fields mainly focus on the development of disaster prevention and mitigation technology in this field, and research and development work is mainly limited to solving technical problems in this field. In different disasters and different links of disaster prevention and mitigation, the allocation of scientific and technological resources is unreasonable, and the level of scientific and technological development and application is uneven, which leads to serious low-level redundant construction in basic geographic information, disaster relief equipment and team building. On the other hand, instruments, equipment, materials, data, etc. All of them are owned by departments, units and even individuals, so it is impossible to realize the * * * utilization of resources, to systematically integrate resource conditions to form an efficient * * * shared social service system, and to form joint forces and overall innovation advantages.

4. The development of science and technology for disaster prevention and mitigation is slow.

First, in different types of disasters and different links of disaster prevention and mitigation, the level of scientific and technological development and application is very uneven; Second, the level of emergency research and operation of various disasters is quite different, and there are many low-level repeated studies; Third, the technical means and equipment are backward, the monitoring ability is not strong, and the short-term forecasting ability is still low; Fourth, there is a lack of scientific evaluation models and methods for various disasters, and the technology of disaster information sharing and evaluation needs to be improved urgently; Fifth, the understanding and prevention technology of some major disasters have been lingering for a long time; Sixth, the existing scientific research is not closely integrated with the actual situation of the country, and the overall supporting capacity of science and technology needs to be improved.

5. Lack of high-level scientific and technological talents for disaster prevention and mitigation.

China's scientific and technological talents for disaster prevention and reduction are mainly concentrated in professional management departments and scientific research institutions. Grass-roots disaster prevention and mitigation institutions generally lack technical applied talents, which are not closely integrated with China's disaster prevention and mitigation work, especially high-level academic and technical leaders and engineering applied talents in the field of disaster prevention and mitigation. In addition, the poor scientific research funds and treatment conditions have affected the stability and development of scientific and technological personnel for disaster prevention and reduction in China.

6. Science popularization is not strong enough

The lack of unified science popularization planning, fixed science popularization education base and regular science popularization activities makes the science popularization of disaster prevention and mitigation lack systematicness and continuity, which leads to the low level of science popularization education of public knowledge and awareness of disaster prevention and mitigation, and the poor awareness of ecological environment protection of the whole society, which ultimately affects our countermeasures and suggestions for scientific support of disaster prevention and mitigation.

1. Establish a unified and perfect organizational guarantee system for disaster prevention and mitigation.

Establish a unified comprehensive disaster prevention and mitigation management organization with crisis management nature, be responsible for major policy decisions of national disaster prevention and mitigation work, and gradually realize the transformation from a single disaster management system led by departments to a comprehensive emergency management system linked by the government and departments.

Strengthen the cooperation between science and technology authorities and disaster-related management departments, and form cross-departmental, cross-regional, interdisciplinary, multi-level and distributed collaborative management functions and mechanisms.

Set up an advisory group to gather experts from various disasters, professions and relevant management departments; Establish an expert consultation system for disaster prevention and mitigation decision-making, and provide intellectual support for the government's decision-making on disaster prevention and mitigation.

2. Improve scientific and technological progress policies and innovation mechanisms for disaster prevention and mitigation.

Formulate disaster prevention and mitigation measures and policies supported by science and technology, increase investment in science and technology, and give support in scientific research, technology development, science and technology infrastructure construction, and training and selection of scientific and technological talents; Incorporate popular science knowledge of disaster prevention and mitigation into the national quality education system and work plan, improve the awareness and ability of disaster prevention and mitigation of the whole people, and appropriately incorporate disaster prevention and mitigation courses and reading materials into school education at all levels.

Establish an efficient and reasonable allocation mechanism of scientific and technological innovation resources, scientific and technological investment mechanism, achievement transformation mechanism, policy incentive mechanism and personnel training mechanism for disaster prevention and mitigation; Strengthen the research of basic science and applied science, and carry out joint research on key technologies and processes; Accelerate the popularization and application of scientific and technological achievements in the field of disaster prevention and mitigation.

3. Increase investment in science and technology for disaster prevention and mitigation through multiple channels.

Incorporate the investment required for disaster prevention and mitigation into the annual science and technology budget, and support research and development, science and technology infrastructure construction, technical equipment improvement, and participation in international exchanges according to a certain proportion. And make the growth rate of science and technology investment in disaster prevention and mitigation not lower than the overall level of science and technology funding growth.

Establish a social disaster prevention and mitigation fund to absorb donations from enterprises, social organizations, citizens and overseas people, and use part of the fund for scientific and technological investment in proportion.

By giving guidance funds, we will urge local governments to increase investment in science and technology for disaster prevention and mitigation, and guide technology development institutions and enterprises to invest in the research and development and industrialization of disaster prevention and mitigation technologies and products.

4. Promote the construction of a platform for sharing scientific and technological resources for disaster prevention and reduction.

With the help of the construction of the national science and technology basic platform, by formulating unified standards and norms, we will integrate the classified disaster information resources of various disaster management departments across the country and monitor the all-weather operation of the network; With network technology as the link, we will actively promote the application of geographic information system (GIS), remote control system (RS) and global positioning system (GPS) technologies to build a real-time monitoring and early warning system for major disasters covering all villages in China; Make full use of digital technology and network technology, comprehensively integrate disaster information reported by disaster prevention and mitigation units, and build a disaster prevention and mitigation technology and information resource platform including disaster emergency response, disaster information analysis, disaster rescue decision-making, and rescue information feedback.

5. Strengthen scientific and technological capacity and team building for disaster prevention and reduction.

Through the reform of scientific research system and the construction of modern research institute system, the scientific research management system of disaster prevention and mitigation scientific and technological institutions such as subject system, chief expert responsibility system and scientific research fund budget will be constructed; Encourage scientific research to be closely integrated with local disaster prevention and mitigation needs, and carry out comprehensive research and management of natural disasters; Encourage scientific research institutions and enterprises to jointly develop disaster prevention and mitigation technologies and equipment to realize industrialization; Cooperate with management departments, try to popularize advanced disaster prevention and mitigation technologies and management methods, and explore the comprehensive management model of regional disaster prevention and mitigation; Participate in key disaster prevention and mitigation projects, infrastructure construction and experimental demonstration area construction.

On the basis of training and selecting high-level talents, we will vigorously train technicians and managers of disaster prevention and reduction in front-line work and improve the working and living conditions of grassroots technicians; Attract and stabilize the talent team through scientific research projects, incentive measures, distribution system, assessment and selection, cultivate competitive research groups and strengthen the construction of innovative teams; Cultivate reserve talents for disaster prevention and mitigation, and gradually set up professional education for disaster prevention and mitigation in colleges and universities across the country.

6. Strengthen scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation in disaster prevention and reduction at home and abroad.

Encourage scientific research institutions and management departments of disaster prevention and reduction to carry out exchanges and cooperation at home and abroad, acquire advanced application technology and management experience, and follow up the latest technology. In the construction of transnational and trans-regional disaster prevention and mitigation projects, the government should actively coordinate and provide help and guarantee for the implementation of the projects.