Cultivation techniques of cucumber seed tangchun 302f 1

Cucumber roots are mainly concentrated in 0-30 cm, and the main root depth can reach 1 m, with strong aerobic capacity, weak cold resistance and fertilizer absorption capacity, and shallow cultivation, which is suitable for fertile and loose soil. The root cambium is shallow, easy to age, and the seedling stage occurs quickly, so the seedling raising time should not be too long, so the root system should be protected.

The thickness and color of cucumber stems and the hardness of thorns on the stems are important signs of plant growth and yield. Generally, the stem diameter is 0.6- 1.2 cm, and the internodes are 5-9 cm.

Nutrients stored and manufactured by cotyledons are the main source of early nutrition for seedlings, and cotyledons are also an important index to judge the growth environment of cucumbers, so it is necessary to keep the cotyledons intact during cultivation. True leaves are large and thin, with large transpiration, which is easy to wilt when lacking water.

Monoecious flowers, with the characteristics of single-line fruit. The flower bud differentiation of cucumber began when the first true leaf appeared, and the growth point differentiation reached 12 nodes when the first true leaf unfolded. There are flower bud differentiation in all 9 axils, but the sex type is uncertain. When the second true leaf is unfolded, the flower bud differentiation has reached 12- 16 nodes, and the sex type of nodes 3-5 has been determined. Therefore, when the seventh true leaf is unfolded, at the end of the seedling stage, it has been decided whether each node in the middle and lower parts of the plant is a female flower or a male flower. The number of male and female flowers is directly related to environmental conditions. Proper temperature during the day and proper temperature reduction at night are beneficial to the formation of female flowers. When the first true leaf is unfolded, the second true leaf is not unfolded, and the night temperature is 12- 14℃. When the second true leaf is unfolded, it can be reduced to 10- 12℃, which is beneficial to the formation of female melon. When there are 1-5 true leaves, 8 hours of light every day is beneficial to the formation of female flowers, and the number of female flowers decreases when it exceeds 12 hours. High water content is beneficial to the formation of female flowers, but too high is easy to grow white, which is not conducive to the formation of female flowers. One-time application of nitrogen and phosphorus is not conducive to the formation of female flowers, and more female flowers are applied in stages. For example, the male-female ratio of one-time application is1:91; The ratio of male to female in the third application is 1: 65. Timely use of ethephon or zenggualing can reduce male flowers, and silver nitrate treatment can reduce female flowers.

(2) the birth cycle

1, germination period

It usually takes 5-7 days from sowing to the appearance of the first real leaf. At this stage, the growth is small and slow, which requires high temperature, high humidity and sufficient illumination to promote early emergence, orderly emergence and prevent virtual growth.

2. Seedling stage

It usually takes about 30 days to expand from 1 true leaf to 4-5 true leaf. At this stage, flower buds begin to differentiate, but the growth centers are still vegetative organs such as roots, stems and leaves. The management goal is to promote the combination of control and cultivate strong seedlings.

3. Initial flowering period (flowering and vine extension period)

It takes about 20 days from the 4-5 real leaves to the first female melon. At this time, vegetative growth and reproductive growth are carried out simultaneously, and the growth center gradually changes from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the combination of promotion and control, promote the growth of sitting melons and control the virtual length.

4. Fruiting period

The duration from the first female sitting on the melon to pulling out the seedlings varies with different cultivation methods. At this stage, the growth rate of plants slows down, focusing on the development of fruits and flower buds. Adequate water and fertilizer should be provided to promote fruit and prevent premature aging.

Second, the cultivation techniques of cucumber

(1) Cucumber Cultivation Techniques in Open Field

1, variety selection

Varieties with high yield, strong disease resistance and good commodity should be selected, such as Jinchun 4, Zhongnongda 1 1, Zhongnongda 12, Bomei 4, Deruite 902 and Zhongnongda 12. The varieties suitable for autumn cultivation are Jinyou No.3, Jin Yan No.2 and Tangshan Qiugua.

Step 2 raise seedlings

The seedling age is about 35 days, and the standard of strong seedling is: complete cotyledons, 3-5 true leaves, short internodes, 45-degree angle between petiole and main vine, dark green leaves, thick leaves, stout stems, developed roots and no pests and diseases.

3. Fertilize the seedbed

5 cubic meters of organic fertilizer for soil preparation and fertilization, 25-30 kg of calcium superphosphate or 0/0-/0/5 kg of diammonium phosphate. Before planting, plough the border, the width of the border is 1.2m, and the height is above 15cm, and cover it with plastic film.

Step 4 plant

Determination of (1) Planting Time

Plant as soon as possible under the premise of ensuring that it will not be frozen after planting. Chengde area is generally planted at the end of April and the beginning of May. Temperature index requirements: the minimum temperature at night is higher than 5℃, and the soil temperature at 0- 10 cm is higher than 12.

In autumn, cucumber in the open field is broadcast directly.

(2) Planting density

4000-4500 plants/mu, planted in large and small rows, with small row spacing of 40 cm, large row spacing of 80 cm, plant spacing of 25-30 cm, and planted in dark water.

(3) Site management

First, check the home

Chajia should be planted as soon as possible, and the seedlings should be pulled out of the wind. In the tea nail, the flower stand or herringbone stand can be used, which is about 8- 10 cm away from the root.

B, tie the vines

Use the "8" character system to hold the vines to prevent them from wearing and sagging. Play every 2 ~ 3 quarters and play in the afternoon. The stems and vines are easy to break in the morning, so the tightness of the vines should be restrained. For plants with great growth potential, tie them properly to make the growing points highly consistent.

C, pruning and coring

The main vine should remove all the lateral branches, and the lateral vine should leave one or two leaves behind the melon to pinch the tip and destroy all the tendrils. When the stem exceeds the frame head, pinch the tip in time to promote the growth of the lower melon, or twist the tip to inhibit the growth of the upper melon.

D, fertilizer and water management

Timely watering and intertillage, the amount and frequency of watering depend on the weather and growth period. Irrigation with slow seedling water is carried out 5-7 days after planting; Control water, intertillage and squat seedlings before sitting on melons; When the root melon grows to 10 ~ 12 cm, water it to promote the melon; Water every 5 ~ 7 days in the fruiting period. The principle of topdressing is light before heavy, with a small amount for many times, so as to make the melon fertilizer topdressing after the root melon is seated, and then irrigate the melon fertilizer after the root melon is harvested. Advocate the use of organic fertilizer topdressing.

Cultivation techniques of plastic greenhouse

1, variety selection

Varieties cultivated in early spring should choose varieties with early maturity, strong cold tolerance and fast fruit development. The suitable varieties are Jinyou 10, Bojie 10, Deruite 72 1, Zhongnongda 2 1, Zhongnongda 22, Zhongnongda 16. Varieties with strong disease resistance and concentrated fruit setting should be selected for late maturity in autumn, and the suitable varieties are Nongda 23 and Deruite 166.

, Zhongnong 12, Jinyou 1, Jinyou 5, etc.

Step 2 raise seedlings

Seedlings should be older in early spring, fully exercised at low temperature before planting, and raised in nutrition cups or paper bags. Live broadcast can be used in autumn.

3. Preparation before planting

Buckle the shed and bake the ground early, and cover the shed film 20 ~ 30 days before planting. The old shed should be disinfected, and the columns and shed membranes can be sprayed with trisodium phosphate or sodium hypochlorite, or fumigated with smoke agents such as chlorothalonil. After thawing, plough the land in time and apply base fertilizer. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, and the ridge cultivation is covered with plastic film.

Step 4 plant

Plant the seedlings as soon as possible under the premise of ensuring that the seedlings are not damaged by freezing. The indoor temperature in the shed is higher than 12℃ 10cm, and the minimum temperature at night is not lower than 5℃. Moderately close planting, about 4000 plants per mu, moderately shallow planting.

5. Post-colonial management

(1) Temperature management: Cucumber cultivated in early spring is mainly used for heat preservation and cold protection. Generally, seedlings are delayed for about 7 days without outdoor air. Take various measures to increase the temperature at night and promote slow seedling growth. It takes about 20 days from seedling delay to root melon fruiting, and the temperature should be properly controlled, 20 ~ 25℃ during the day and 12 ~ 16 at night.

0℃, to prevent excessive growth. The temperature in the full fruit stage should be controlled at 25 ~ 30℃ during the day and 16 ~ 18℃ at night.

(2) Fertilizer and water management and intertillage: In early spring, the soil temperature is low, so the planting water should be less. Water the seedlings after delaying, then intertillage and squat. Water the root melons after harvest, and then water them every five days. It's best to water it in the sunny morning and water it again after the rainstorm in summer. Ventilation in time after watering to reduce the air humidity in the shed.

Top dressing can be applied 1-2 times from planting to root melon harvesting, and once every 7- 10 days at the peak of fruit setting. Diammonium phosphate and ammonium nitrate are used alternately and can also be applied with irrigation.

(3) Pruning by hanging vines: when the cucumber grows to 5 nodes, hang seedlings or chajia in time, then pack or tie seedlings every 2-3 days, and remove all the lateral branches and tendrils in time. When cucumber seedlings approach the plastic film, pinch or twist the tip. Knock out the diseased old leaves at the lower part in time.

(3) Cultivation techniques in sunlight greenhouse in winter and spring

1, variety selection

Cucumber should be a variety with low temperature tolerance, low light tolerance, vigorous plant growth, few branches, low node position of female melon, good melon saving performance, moderate melon strip size, good appearance and flavor, high yield and strong disease resistance. Such as: Jinyou 35, Jinyou 38, Zhongnong 16, Zhongnong 29, Zhongnong 3 1, Zhongnong 32, and Deret 943.

Rootstock should be selected with strong affinity, low temperature resistance and strong stress resistance, and the produced cucumber has no peculiar smell and good quality.

Step 2 raise seedlings

Seedling time arrangement (taking black-spotted pumpkin as an example)

Day 1 Day 4 Day 12 Day 22 Day 35

Sowing cucumber and pumpkin, grafting, rooting and planting.

3. Preparation before planting

(1) Cover with plastic film to disinfect the greenhouse. Cover with plastic film one month before planting to disinfect the greenhouse. Disinfection can use 200 ml of dichlorvos, add sulfur 1.5-2 kg, mix with sawdust and ignite, and close the greenhouse 1-2 days, which can effectively kill sick eggs in the greenhouse. In the greenhouse with serious root-knot nematodes, 80 kilograms of lime nitrogen can be applied per mu and fully mixed.

(2) Soil preparation and base fertilizer application: the base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, and fully decomposed organic fertilizer 10000kg is applied per mu, turned over 40 cm and mixed evenly. Fermented broken grass, wheat straw, rice husk and other organic matter can also be applied year after year. The best measure is the application of straw bioreactor technology, which can not only effectively increase the ground temperature, increase soil organic matter and improve the soil environment, but also reduce the occurrence of diseases, improve product quality and achieve outstanding yield increase effect.

(3) Bed-making and film mulching: Cucumber is cultivated in greenhouse in winter, and drip irrigation or subsurface irrigation under film is adopted. Bed width 1.2m and height 15cm should be covered with plastic film. You can also plant it first and then cover it with plastic film.

(4) Determination of planting date: Cucumber planting in winter and spring usually starts in late1October and early165438+February.

(5) Planting method and density: about 3500 plants are planted per mu. Seedling planting should be strictly screened to eliminate sick seedlings, weak seedlings and unqualified seedlings. Planting holes should be opened at a spacing of 28-30 cm, and seedlings should be planted in the holes, watered and covered with plastic film.

4. Post-colonial management

(1) Pre-management: The management in this period is called pre-management, and the center of pre-management is root promotion and seedling control. Although the temperature and light in this period have obviously decreased, they have not reached the lowest point. It is necessary to make full use of the favorable climatic conditions in this period, strengthen management, promote root development and enhance the adaptability of plants to low temperature, weak light and special weather. The technical level of early management has an important influence on plant growth, disease resistance, cold tolerance and yield in the middle and late stage.

Watering the first three waters well: first, water should be poured well to prevent the soil from being layered with the surrounding soil, which will affect the slow seedling. During the period of 10- 15 days after planting, slow seedling water should be thoroughly poured from the culvert in the middle of the border to the planting hole. After the root melon is harvested, water it for the third time on a sunny morning, which is also called melon urging water.

Root promotion and seedling control: within one week after planting, the temperature is 25-32℃ during the day and 15- 17℃ at night. After delaying the emergence of seedlings, the air release should be increased, and the maximum air release should not exceed 30℃ at noon on sunny days, 15- 12℃ at night, and it should be maintained at 10℃ before the curtain is lifted in the morning to increase the temperature difference between day and night and control the growth of aboveground parts. The temperature management is too high, the plants grow too vigorously, and the ability to resist low temperature and cold current decreases in the coldest 1 and February. At the same time, the leaves will be too large, the ground will be seriously shaded, and it will also affect the increase of ground temperature and the development of roots.

Plant vine hanging and adjustment: when the plant grows to 6-7 leaves and begins to swing vines, pull the wire to hang vines in time. With the growth of the stems and vines, the stems and vines are wound on the lanyard, and then every 2-3 days.

(2) Mid-term management: the management from harvesting root melons to early March is called mid-term management. This period is the lowest temperature and the weakest light in winter cucumber production, which is a difficult period of management and the peak of output value formation.

Temperature management: During this period, temperature management is the core. During the day, we should extend the lighting time as much as possible. Under the premise of not affecting the indoor temperature, open the straw curtain as soon as possible and implement four-level temperature change management. At 8: 00 am-13: 00 am, the temperature is controlled between 25-32℃, and the outdoor air is turned on when it exceeds 32℃. In the afternoon 13: 00- 15: 30, the photosynthetic capacity decreased obviously, and the temperature was maintained at 20-30℃. After the curtain is covered, the indoor temperature drops gently, and the temperature is maintained at 20- 15℃ in the first half of the night and at 12- 10℃ in the second half of the night, which is beneficial. The ground temperature should be kept above 65438 05℃. In the middle and late February, with the increase of temperature, sunshine hours and light intensity, the nutrients produced by plants increased, and the temperature at night also increased, from 22- 16℃ in the first half of the night to 15- 12℃ in the second half of the night, which was beneficial to the transportation of nutrients and the growth of melons.

Humidity management: due to the low temperature in winter and small indoor ventilation, it is easy to form a high humidity environment and various diseases occur. In view of this feature, low temperature and low humidity management measures should be implemented. The air humidity is controlled at 60-80% during the day and 85-90% at night. Try not to drip the leaves in the morning. Try to reduce the number of watering, do not water without drought, let the air out after watering, and try to choose aerosol and dust when using drugs.

Topdressing: With the increase of melon harvest, timely supplement nutrients. According to the harvest and plant performance, determine the variety and quantity of topdressing. Generally, topdressing starts from the water in the fourth water. If the leaves and melon strips are dark, nitrogen fertilizer should be the main topdressing, supplemented by phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and attention should be paid to the supplement of trace elements such as calcium and magnesium. When applying fertilizer, the fertilizer should be dissolved first, and then topdressing with water. If the plants are light in color and have large leaves, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are mainly applied. The amount of topdressing should follow the principle of "eat less and eat more meals" to avoid excessive topdressing at one time. After March, dilute manure and biogas slurry residue can be combined with water for topdressing, but attention should be paid to full decomposition and fermentation.

(3) post-management

Descending vines and picking leaves: With the growth of plants and the continuous harvest of melon strips, descending vines should be used when the growing point is close to the roof. The method is to untie the plastic rope tied to the wire above the falling vine, so that the growing point of cucumber can be lowered to a suitable height and then tied. Removing the old leaves and diseased leaves in time before the vine falls can reduce nutrient consumption, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions and avoid the spread of diseases.

Strengthen water and fertilizer management and extend the harvest period: after April, in order to prevent the plants from aging and fertilizing, the harvest period should be extended as much as possible. At this time, we should pay attention to strengthening fertilizer and water management, generally watering once every 5-7 days and topdressing once every 7- 10 days to ensure the quality of irrigation and fertilization. If there are flowers topping and shrinking, you can take boring tips and picking the heart to promote the growth of melons. In order to improve the commodity rate of melon strips, we should interplant curved melons, diseased melons and redundant small melons in time. Harvest must be timely, and the commodity rate and total output of melon strips should not be affected because of delayed harvest.

(4) management of special weather

In the case of cold current, cloudy to snow or even cloudy days, special management measures should be implemented to reduce or avoid the losses caused by disastrous weather to production.

When the strong cold current comes, it is necessary to strictly prevent cold and keep warm, increase paper covers, grass curtains and other coverings, and take temporary heating, lighting stoves, lighting bulbs and other measures indoors.

When it snows, it should be cleaned up in time to prevent the skeleton from collapsing due to excessive load caused by snow in the shed area.

Harvest melon sticks as early as possible on cloudy days to reduce the consumption of nutrients by melon sticks, and try to open the straw curtain that scatters light for a certain period of time without obviously affecting the indoor cooling. After the weather suddenly clears up, foliar topdressing should be carried out to quickly replenish nutrients and increase the humidity in the shed. If the leaves are severely wilted, temporary greening can be properly carried out.

Step 5 harvest

Cucumber is suitable for early harvest. The weight of single melon is 100- 150g in the early stage and 150-250g in the middle and late stage. In particular, the root melons must be harvested early, so that the melons and vines on them can grow at the same time. Early harvest should be carried out on cloudy days to prevent plants from premature aging or getting sick.

Three, cucumber physiological disorders

1, melon

After flowering in full bloom, when the melon is about 8 ~ 10 cm long, the melon strips no longer elongate and swell, the front end gradually wilts and turns yellow, and then the whole melon gradually dries up. The main reasons are improper cultivation management measures and insufficient supply of water and fertilizer; Too many melons; Harvesting is not timely; Poor plant growth; Insufficient light; The temperature is too low or too high, etc.

2. Bitter gourd and its causes

It is mainly caused by cucurbitacin, a bitter substance in fruit, and the main reasons of bitter gourd are partial application of nitrogen fertilizer and insufficient watering. Inappropriate environmental conditions can also cause the formation of bitter gourd, such as continuous low temperature, weak light and poor soil texture.

3, deformed melon

The main symptoms are honeycombed melon, pointed-billed melon, pot-bellied melon, curved melon and stiff melon. The reason is that improper cultivation management measures, such as improper management of water and fertilizer, lead to weak plant growth; Improper handling of ethephon, etc. Too high or too low temperature leads to poor pollination and fertilization; High temperature, drought and air drying can also form deformed melons. In addition, when the soil lacks B and K, deformed melons can be formed.

4. Low temperature disorder

symptom

Cucumber has weak tolerance to low temperature, and continuous low temperature will cause many symptoms: low ground temperature during sowing, delayed germination and emergence of seeds, yellowing of seedlings, retting of seeds, damping-off and root rot. Some unearthed seedlings have white leaves, leaves turn yellow and roots don't grow; If the ground temperature is lower than 12℃ for a long time, the root tip will turn yellow or rot, and the aboveground part will turn yellow. After planting, the leaves are dark green, slightly rolled outward, and yellow and white spots appear between large veins, which expand and connect after the frost damage is aggravated. Or plants take root slowly, or don't take root, or flower buds don't differentiate, and the whole plant grows thin, with flowers topping, and even leaves die until the whole plant dies.

The control method (1) was used to select low-temperature tolerant varieties with fast germination, rapid emergence and rapid seedling growth.

(2) Seeds that germinate quickly after soaking can be frozen at 0℃ for 24 ~ 36 hours before sowing, which can enhance the cold resistance. (3) Avoid cold period for seedling raising and field planting. Heating measures, such as building a stove in the shed or building a hotline in Kiga. (4) applying compost made of enzyme bacteria or fully decomposed organic fertilizer.

(5) Spraying plant cold-resistant agent before the cold current strikes, and spraying with100 ~ 200ml 10% 400-fold solution of Baolifeng antifreeze or 7500-fold solution of 3.4% Bihu wettable powder or 50g of brown sugar in a bucket with water and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate. (6) If the temperature is too low and freezing injury has occurred, slow heating measures should be taken. If you cover the shade with a straw curtain after a long cloudy day, the physiological function of cucumber will recover slowly, so you must not eat it rashly.

5. Element deficiency

(1) Potassium deficiency: A yellowish flower appears at the leaf margin, then the leaf margin dies, and the leaf curls outward with the growth of the leaf. The control method is to supplement potassium fertilizer in time, and then supplement potassium fertilizer and iron at the same time.

(2) Magnesium deficiency: The mesophyll of the lower leaves of cucumber gradually turns green and yellow, and further develops, except the leaf edge turns yellow, and turns yellow from inside to outside in severe cases. The control method is to increase the application of organic fertilizer and formula fertilization to avoid the influence of soil acidity caused by partial application of nitrogen fertilizer on calcium and magnesium absorption. When magnesium is deficient, 1%-2% magnesium sulfate can be sprayed. And pay attention to supplement magnesium with potassium and zinc.

(3) Boron deficiency: When boron is deficient, the growing point is necrotic, the flower organ is not fully developed, the leaves, stems and fruits stop growing, the leaf edge turns yellow, the yellow part is wide, and the peel is cracked. Prevention and control measures: increase the use of manure, do not use too much lime, and water it reasonably. Supplement boron fertilizer in time and use chelated boron series to avoid the damage of borax fertilizer to soil.

6, soil salinization obstacles

Symptoms: In the solar greenhouse or greenhouse, a large amount of chemical fertilizer is applied year after year, and the high temperature in the greenhouse promotes a large amount of evaporation of surface water, resulting in the accumulation of soil mineral nutrients on the soil surface with the increase of water. In addition, the greenhouse film is covered all the year round, and the indoor soil is not washed by rain, which leads to secondary salinization of the soil, and the surface salt accumulates for a long time to form a thick layer of green moss. It not only affects root growth and absorption of water and nutrients, but also induces element deficiency, such as magnesium deficiency, calcium deficiency and boron deficiency. Plants are short, grow slowly, and the roots are not rooted but gathered around the main roots, with small dark green leaves and no luster; There are fewer flowers and fruits, smaller melons and more deformed melons, and the yield is obviously reduced. In severe cases, the seedlings will wither.

Prevention and control methods: increase the application of organic fertilizer, dig deep into the soil, and try not to use or use less chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, which are easy to form salt in the soil. During the slack season, a lot of water is poured to suppress salt, or in summer, the film is uncovered to let the rain shower to suppress salt. Cucumber grafted with black-seeded pumpkin can improve salt tolerance and reduce or avoid salt damage; Plastic film mulching in greenhouse can obviously inhibit surface evaporation and play a certain role in inhibiting salt.

Four, the main diseases of cucumber control technology

1, downy mildew

It is a fungal disease, which occurs in the middle and upper leaves of cucumber. When observing in the field, we should master the following points: at about 8 am every day, observe whether there are polygonal spots on the back of the leaves and whether there is gray mold layer on the spots. If you have these three points, you can diagnose downy mildew. The suitable environment is 16℃ ~ 22℃.

The temperature and relative humidity are above 83%. The pathogen of the disease has two fears, one is afraid of dryness and the other is afraid of high temperature. After drying, the bacteria died naturally within 3 ~ 5 days. Under the condition of high humidity in the shed, the temperature can be controlled at 45℃ for 2 hours, and the disease can be easily controlled by spraying appropriate chemicals.

Chemical control: Encore, Pulik, Mike, Frost-urea-manganese-zinc, Yikuaijing, Jin Lei Domil and Amista can be selected. In addition, when controlling downy mildew, we should pay attention to the occurrence of bacterial angular leaf spot, and we can add the agent for controlling bacterial angular leaf spot to the agent for controlling downy mildew.

2. Gray mold

Symptoms: It can hurt melons, leaves and stems. In order to harm the melon strips, the fallen flowers are infected first, so that the flowers rot, and after growing a light grayish brown mold layer, the young melons are further infected, and the injured young melons quickly soften, shrink and rot, and a grayish white mold layer grows densely on them. Leaf diseases are mostly round, nearly round to irregular lesions, with a diameter of 20 ~ 50 mm, obvious edge, light reddish brown surface and a small amount of gray mold. Injured stems and vines will lead to local rot. In severe cases, diseased stems will break and the whole plant will die. Diseases caused by fungal infection often occur in greenhouses when the humidity is high, the outdoor air is not timely and the temperature is low after winter. The temperature is about 20℃, the light is insufficient on cloudy days, the relative humidity is above 90%, and the coagulation time is long, which is an important condition for the occurrence and spread of gray mold. If the temperature is higher than 30℃ and the relative humidity is lower than 90%, the disease will stop spreading.

Chemical control: at the initial stage of the disease in the protected area, you can choose 10% sukeling smoke agent or 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent, 250g per mu each time, and smoke for 3-4 hours. You can also use 1500 times solution of 50% chlorpheniramine WP, 600 times solution of 2.5% Xerox WP, 500 times solution of 50% Ruimeikang, or 1500 times solution of 25% Asimida SC. Take the medicine once every 6-7 days and spray it on flowers and young melons for 3-4 times. Adding 0. 1% of 50% ZK WP or 25% ZK WP 200-300 times solution to dip or spray flowers at the initial flowering stage has obvious effect.

3. Powdery mildew

symptom

First, small and round white powdery mildew spots grow on the front or back of the lower leaves, which gradually expand, become thicker and denser, and soon become a piece. In the late stage of the disease, the whole leaves are covered with white powder, then turn gray, and finally the leaves are yellow-brown and dry. Stem and petiole also produce lesions similar to leaves, dense powdery mildew spots. In autumn, sometimes the sick class will produce small yellow-brown spots and then turn black. This disease is easily distinguished from other leaf diseases, because the leaves are covered with white powder, and in the early stage of the disease, the epidermis at the lower part of the mold layer remains green. The suitable temperature for the disease is 20 ~ 25℃.

The suitable relative humidity is 35 ~ 45%. Therefore, the requirement of powdery mildew on temperature and humidity is neither cold nor hot, and it is not dry or wet. Young and overgrown plants are susceptible to this disease.

Prevention and cure method

Powdery mildew is particularly sensitive to sulfur. Before planting, it can kill powdery mildew by igniting and fumigating with sulfur powder and sawdust or other combustion improvers per mu 1.8 kg, and then sowing or planting. During the growth of cucumber, sulfur powder can be reduced by half, the time can be reduced to one night, and it can be smoked again every 5 ~ 7 days, with good results.

When central disease plants occur in the field, pesticides should be sprayed in time to prevent and control them. You can choose 1000 times of 20% triadimefon wettable powder or 500 ~ 600 times of 75% dyclonine wettable powder, or 10% shikao 2500 times, or 2% carbofuran 400 times, and spray it every 5 ~ 7 days alternately. When spraying medicine, don't ignore the spraying on the ground.

4. Viral diseases

symptom

Cucumber virus disease mainly harms leaves and melons. Both seedling stage and adult stage can occur. At seedling stage, cotyledons turn yellow and wither, and the young leaves are flower-shaped, with dark green and light green colors. In the adult stage, the diseased plant is short and thick, the leaves are obviously shrunk and thickened, the new leaves are yellow-green and mosaic, and when the diseased leaves are serious, they roll back, and the old leaves at the lower part of the diseased plant gradually turn yellow. After the onset, the melon strips stopped growing and dark green spots appeared on the surface. In severe cases, the surface of the melon is uneven or deformed, and the internodes of the seriously ill plants become shorter, with small leaves and no melon, which leads to atrophy and death. It is mainly spread by aphids, planthoppers and field operations. Seriously ill under the conditions of high temperature, drought and strong sunshine. Lack of water and fertilizer, extensive management, aphids for a long time, and serious illness.

Prevention and cure method

When raising seedlings, use a sunshade net to cool down and shade away from diseased crops. Immediately after transplanting, the roots were sprayed with "Tianda 2116" 1000 times solution+Tianda Yufeng1000 times solution to promote seedlings and prevent diseases.

At the initial stage of onset, 20% Dukexing solution or 20% virus A500 solution can be sprayed 500 times, every 7 days 1 time.

5. Bacterial angular leaf spot

symptom

At seedling stage, the round or oval waterlogging spots on cotyledons were slightly depressed, and then turned brown and withered. In the adult stage, the leaves are soaked with water spots the size of primary needles, and the diseased spots expand into polygons and yellow-brown. When the humidity is high, milky white mucus is produced on the diseased spots on the back of leaves, which forms a layer of white film or white powder after drying, and the diseased spots are fragile and easy to be perforated in the later stage. The diseased spots on stems, petioles and young melon strips are soaked in water, nearly round to oval, and then light gray. Lesions often crack. When wet, the diseased spots on the melon strips overflow with pus, and the diseased spots turn inward, change color along the pulp of vascular bundles and extend to the seeds, so that the seeds carry bacteria. Sick melons rot and stink in the later stage, and young melons often rot and fall early after being killed. Bacteria in soil are spread in the field through irrigation, wind and rain, airflow, insects and farm work. Bacteria invade the host through stomata, wounds and water holes. The suitable onset temperature is 18-26℃ and the relative humidity is above 75%. The higher the humidity, the more serious the disease is, and the disease is easy to spread after the storm. Low-lying, poor drainage, continuous cropping, too much nitrogen fertilizer, insufficient potassium fertilizer, and serious diseases in densely planted plots.

Prevention and cure method

Spraying neophytomycin 5 at the early stage of onset

000 times solution, or 500 times solution of 30% copper succinate (DT sterilization) wettable powder, or 400 times solution of 77% gram-killing wettable powder, or 600-800 times solution of 47% Jialenong wettable powder. The above agents are used alternately and sprayed once every 7- 10 day for 3-4 times continuously. Excessive use of copper preparation is easy to cause phytotoxicity, generally not more than 3 times. Spraying medicine carefully on the front and back of leaves can improve the control effect.

6. Root knot nematodes

Symptoms:

It is mainly harmful to the roots. After the root is damaged, it is stunted, with many lateral roots, and spherical or conical tumors of different sizes are formed at the root tip, sometimes in series. At first, it is white and soft, then it turns brown to dark brown, and the surface sometimes cracks. The above-ground parts of the damaged plants are stunted, their leaves are yellow, and they wither and die earlier in a day, which is easy to be mistaken for withered plants. The suitable temperature for the development of root-knot nematodes is 25-30℃, and it takes 25-30 days to breed at 27℃, and the larvae are at 10℃, 55.

He died at℃ after 10 minutes. Nematodes are mostly active in the depth of 20 cm soil layer, and the depth of 3- 10 cm soil layer is the most. Nematodes spread through soil, diseased seedlings, irrigation water and agricultural operations. The conditions of high terrain, loose soil and low salinity are suitable for nematode activity and are conducive to the occurrence of diseases, especially in sandy land and continuous cropping land. Nematodes can survive in soil without a host 1 year.

Prevention and cure method

Soil disinfection: Before planting, 80kg of lime nitrogen is applied with deep ploughing, and the soil is disinfected with 1- 1.5ml of 1.8% chlorfenapyr emulsifiable concentrate and 6 liters of water per square meter, or 4-6kg of Mi Le 3% granules and 50kg of fine soil are applied in a mixed way. Use 1.8% chlorfenapyr EC 1 in growth period.

000- 1

Root irrigation with 500 times liquid 1 ~ 2 times, with an interval of 10- 15 days. After harvesting, the diseased plants are completely removed in the field and can be composted by centralized incineration or deep burial. In addition, the application of two tons of biogas residue per mu can effectively control root-knot nematodes. Where conditions permit, it is best to plant a crop of rice after harvesting vegetables.

7.whitefly

Whitefly has a variety of eating habits, which can harm a variety of vegetables. It mainly harms nymphs, focusing on the back of cucumber leaves to absorb juice, which makes the leaves fade, turn yellow and wilt, and in severe cases, the plants die. When it is damaged, it will also secrete dense dew, pollute leaves, cause mold infection, affect plant photosynthesis, and seriously affect yield and quality.

Prevention and cure method

Try to avoid mixed planting, especially cucumbers, tomatoes and kidney beans. It is also an effective method to adjust the production stubble, that is, arrange celery, sweet pepper and other vegetables that are less harmful to whitefly in the previous stubble, and then plant cucumber and tomato in the next stubble.

Old nymphs are mostly distributed in the lower leaves, and the old leaves are removed and burned. Setting yellow board in greenhouse can effectively control whitefly.

1% deltamethrin or 2.5% permethrin (pyrethroid) oil agent is atomized into droplets with a backpack motor smoke machine and suspended in the air, which has a good effect on killing adults.

25% buprofezin wettable powder or 2.5% deltamethrin 2000-fold solution or 20% fenvalerate emulsifiable concentrate can be sprayed 1 time every 6-7 days, which can be continuously controlled for 3 times. It can also be fumigated continuously with aerosol for 2-3 times.