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Jiang Xue, a five-character quatrain, is one of Liu Zongyuan's representative works, and it is a masterpiece that has been passed down through the ages. Former fans? The article commented: "There are few excellent works in the Tang Dynasty except Liu Zihou's Fishing for Snow." Gu? Comment: "Farewell, the snow scene is as it is now." Zhu thought: "Thousands, thousands, loneliness, pairs, wonderful. Fish lurks in the cold river, and you can't catch it. This is not for the fish. If you can catch fish, you can catch it alone! " Contemporary scholars have also conducted in-depth discussions on this poem from different angles. Some people think that "fishing alone in the cold river" represents the spirit of "knowing it is impossible to do it"; Some people think that "Jiang Xue's whole poems show ethereal freedom without obstacles" and "show an ineffable Zen".

Let's learn about Jiang Xue's writing background. Jiang Xue was written in Yongzhou, which is located in southern Hunan and belongs to subtropical monsoon humid climate. The frost-free period is more than 300 days, and the average temperature is 65438 07.8℃. It can be seen that it is rare that there are no birds and no footprints in the mountains. Born and raised in Yongzhou, the author has never seen small water freeze. And there is no fishing in the snow in southern Hunan. There have been many droughts and floods in Yongzhou history, and earthquakes have also been recorded. According to the meteorological conditions around Liu Zongyuan's immortal life, Chronology of Historical Events in Lingling Area (2 1986, 1 version, Hunan People's Publishing House) (2 14- 1 version, BC). The following year, heavy rains caused disasters. "In 808, there was a drought. According to the book Disaster Meteorological Data since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Yongzhou is severely frozen except for frequent droughts and floods. For example, 1969, "The freezing is the strongest since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the extreme minimum temperature is MINUS 7. 1 degree." 1972 moderate-intensity freezing occurred in early February. ""1974 year of freezing drought "" Strong freezing year 1977. From 1 month to February, due to the frequent invasion of strong cold waves ... more than 6,300 cattle in the whole region were frozen to death, and citrus and trees were seriously lost. ""1early February, 982, a strong freezing occurred, overwhelming a large number of trees, bamboos and telephone poles, causing road collapse, traffic jam, communication interruption and serious losses. " This shows that the climate in Yongzhou is sometimes very cold because of the cold wave. Before and after the Spring Festival in 2003, there were two large-scale snowfalls in the south of the Yangtze River, which affected Fujian and Guangdong. Yongzhou is no exception, even Xiufeng in Guilin is covered with snow. CCTV News Network made a special report. Standing on a high place overlooking the wilderness of Yongzhou, it is white; Standing on the shore, looking at the cold current of num, wisps of white fog filled. We seem to see the snow scene written by Liu Zongyuan. According to Liu Zongyuan's account, there was a heavy snow in Yongzhou in the second year of Yuanhe (807). "Before 67, the servant came to the south, and in the winter of two years, fortunately, the snow crossed the ridge and was in several States in South Vietnam. Dogs in several States are yellow, and people who walk are tired and there is no snow. "(Answer to Wei Zhongli's book" Teacher's Way ") This wonder of nature is probably the trigger and fuse of Jiang Xue's conception.

After Liu Zongyuan failed to participate in the "Yongzhen Innovation", he was demoted to Shaozhou Secretariat in September and "Dao demoted to Yongzhou Sima" and arrived in Yongzhou in November. This is undoubtedly a heavy blow to the 33-year-old reformers who are in their prime. In the first month of the first year of Yuanhe (806), Ling Zhun, one of the eight sons of Sima, died of anger, and Liu's mother Lu died less than half a year after coming to Yongzhou. The fire in Liu Mansion really linked national worries, family disasters and physical worries. This political storm made him "isolated", angry and sentimental, which was the key to Jiang Xue's thought.

Jiang Xue has only 20 words: "There are no birds in hundreds of mountains, and there are no footprints in thousands of roads. A boat, a bamboo cloak, an old man fishing in the cold river-snow. " They are all ordinary words and sentences, simple and clear. However, it is these common words and expressions that outline a lonely fishing map in a cold river with an open artistic conception and cold air, render a desolate atmosphere, create a lonely and unyielding state of mind, and contain profound connotations. At first glance, this poem seems to be Snow Scene in Yongjiang Township, which is about working people. It's actually a political lyric poem. The image of a fisherman struggling with the cold and snow entrusted the poet's ideals and ambitions and reflected the poet's own shadow. First of all, the first two sentences use "Qian Shan" and "Wanjing" to describe mountains and roads, which means a broad background. Looking around, all the mountains can't see the shadow of birds, and there are no traces of pedestrians on every path. The hills in the south are in an extremely quiet background, as if the whole world is dominated by ice and snow. This reminds us of the great man Mao Zedong's "Northland scenery, thousands of miles frozen, Wan Li snow drifting". Poets use "birds fly away" and "people disappear" to render the vastness of heaven and earth and set off the cold weather. The last two sentences are like close-ups in movies, focusing on a boat and a fisherman wearing a Li hat, fishing on the snow-covered river. It seems inviolable to use "loneliness" and "independence" to describe a fisherman's lofty aloof, regardless of the ice and snow, not afraid of the cold, and concentrate on fishing. Fishermen don't just catch fish, but Cold Jiang Xue and Cold Jiang Xue, like a stroke of genius, organically connect "river" and "snow", and combine reality with reality to make the whole picture seamless. At the same time, it beautifies the image of fishermen and embodies the spirit of struggle not to yield to harsh environment. In writing, the fisherman who resolutely fishes is highlighted with a static background and a cold and dead picture; The coldness of the hot and cold environment reflects the poet's childlike innocence in fighting against the harsh political climate. His inner world is warm and full of yearning.

Poetry cannot be expressed. At present, there are four representative views on Jiang Xue's artistic conception. Mr Wu Xiaoru thinks that "the poet's subjective intention is to write the fisherman's spiritual world calmly". "The old fisherman was not afraid of cold weather and heavy snow, forgot everything and devoted himself to fishing. Although it is lonely in form, it seems lofty and aloof in character, and even a little awe-inspiring. This illuminated and beautified image of the fisherman is actually the sustenance and portrayal of Liu Zongyuan's own thoughts and feelings (A Dictionary of Appreciation of Tang Poetry). First, it can be called "lofty and aloof theory". Xia Lu thinks: "Jiang Xue, a work of Yongzhou period, is a swan song of" taking everything from people in the environment ",which profoundly embodies the author's thought of worshipping Confucianism and Buddhism and the resulting Zen interest" ("From"

It stands to reason that the study of Jiang Xue's poems can come to an end. However, when we look back, we still have some unfinished words. Jiang Xue, written in Yuanhe two years, was a work in the early stage of relegation. At this time, Liu Zi lives in longxing temple, and her mentality is very contradictory, with a sense of loss, guilt and anxiety. He wants to seek sustenance from Buddhism, express his anguish during his trip, and look forward to returning to his hometown in Chang 'an. As for the snow scene near Chaoyangyan, it is the speculation of Yongzhou scholars, just like the setting of Chaoyangyan in Fisherman, which is still inconclusive. Is Jiang Xue realistic or freehand? I'm afraid it is mainly based on freehand brushwork, supplemented by realism, which is the bedding and carrier, the theme and the spirit. According to predecessors' comments, "Liu Zi was the only person who won the knowledge of Sao in the Tang Dynasty". Liu inspired himself with Qu Yuan's spirit, and wrote "Seventy Rhymes of Visiting Nanting Night" in the third year of Yuanhe (808): "Go to the landscape and sing" Li Sao "emotionally". There are also several references to fishermen in this poem, such as "Burmese wooden drums"? Weng, eat its bad ",drum? Weng refers to a fisherman paddling. "The Fisherman of the Songs of Chu": "The fisherman said,' A saint can understand the world without indulging in things. The world is muddy, why not spit its mud and make waves? Everyone is drunk, why not give them a drink? Why do you want to be thoughtful and far-sighted, and let yourself become? "... the fisherman went away with a smile. "I can't help admiring the fisherman who paddles. He can sing and dance, and he can drink and eat distiller's grains with others. "The rest of Panxi Yingbin Base, Acheng is connected with the old city." Panxi: A tributary of the Weihe River. According to legend, Jiang Ziya is a fishing place. Acheng: Epang Palace. So the address is in the west of Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province. The meaning of this poem is that the house in my hometown is close to the homestead left by Jiang Taigong, and it is also connected with the original ditch city of Epang Palace. At the end of Yuan He's four-year book "Reward Lou Xiucai to Huainan", he said: "Only stay on the westward journey, but be lonely, but be grateful." Xijian refers to Yuxi, which means: "In the future, I will fish alone beside Yuxi in the west of this city to solve my worries. This confirms with the self-report: in Yongzhou, "... digging ditches and ponds, artistic trees, singing and fishing, looking up at the sky and the sun, which is appropriate." (The second book with Yang Hui) At this time, Liu Zi's mind has adapted to the environment in Yongzhou, and the fisherman's mentality tends to be peaceful. The Fisherman was written in the seventh year of Yuanhe (8 12), which was a work in the later period of exile. In the indifferent and elegant picture scroll, the landscape is green and bright, and the mood is plain and leisurely. At the end, the white clouds chasing each other on the rocks are deliberately pointed out, which vaguely conveys that the poet's lonely high school is accompanied by loneliness.

To sum up, poetry, as an expression of the mystery of the soul, is often a synthesis of various emotions, not single, but three-dimensional. The fisherman's image in the poem Jiang Xue is a treasure of art and a reflection of the poet's personality, showing a diversified mentality: loneliness, lofty and stubborn, cold and biting, passion, disappointment and full of hope, both "sexual madness, immortality" and expectation of being quoted. For thousands of years, she has been amazing and controversial, showing the charm and immortality of art!