What was the main content of Cairo Conference? Except Cairo Declaration ~ ~ Thank you! !

At the Cairo meeting, the leaders of the United States and Britain disputed whether to invite Chiang Kai-shek to attend in advance. Churchill looked down on China people with stubborn colonialists' eyes and opposed the participation of China leaders. President Roosevelt was bent on making China one of the "four cornerstones" of the post-war world order, and wanted hundreds of millions of China people to stand on the side of Western allies, especially the United States, so he tried his best to persuade Britain to finally agree and invite Chiang Kai-shek to attend the meeting.

On the other hand, from the autumn of this year, the Japanese invaders launched the famous Changde campaign, trying to occupy Central and South China in one fell swoop and get through the Beijing-Guangzhou line. Then more than 300,000 troops were sent to Tongguan, Shaanxi Province in the north, fenglingdu and the Yellow River in the south, Guangxi in the south, and Shashi, Yichang in the west, which formed a strategic situation of attacking the Chongqing government on three sides and made the situation in China suddenly severe. According to some data, the Tokyo base camp has named the future battle as "1 Battle", aiming at destroying the China people's anti-Japanese will and forcing the Chongqing government to land. Chongqing is in a panic. Where the Kuomintang people go will have a great impact on the situation in Asia and even the entire Pacific battlefield. In order to strengthen Chongqing's anti-Japanese war determination and coordinate the strategic actions of Asian allies, Roosevelt thought it necessary to invite Chiang Kai-shek to attend the meeting of allied giants to show respect and love.

However, Comrade Stalin, disguised as a marshal, with deep contempt for the dictator of China, resolutely refused to sit with the generalissimo in the meeting. At the same time, because the Soviet Union has not declared war on Japan, he is inconvenient to attend this meeting. President Roosevelt had to compromise and divide the original four conferences into two places: one was to discuss the war against Japan in Cairo, Egypt (the US-UK-China conference), and the other was to discuss the war against Germany in Tehran, Iran (the US-UK-Soviet conference). After the Cairo Conference ended on 1654381October 27th, Chiang Kai-shek returned home via the Middle East, while Roosevelt and Churchill risked sandstorms and being intercepted by enemy planes and flew to the Iranian capital 1000 miles away to meet Stalin, the ruler from the Kremlin.

Can the battle plan of "Champion Guardian" prepared by mountbatten before his departure be adopted by the meeting? He doesn't know. Since the outbreak of World War II, mountbatten hasn't fought any major battles, and people don't appreciate his actual command ability. His skill lies in the negotiation table, in coordinating the complex relations in all aspects and concocting one battle plan after another. This is different from MacArthur, Barton and Montgomery, and similar to Eisenhower. Mountbatten knows that if he can't succeed at this point, what else can he do? Whether his battle plan can be passed depends on the opinions of the people of China. Because in his view, President Roosevelt was partial to the people of China, and his Prime Minister always regarded the battlefield in Myanmar as a "bastard" and a "bastard", which would only bring trouble to Britain and not bring any practical benefits. Only China people really value it.

Mountbatten and several of his main assistants arrived in Cairo ahead of schedule. The Egyptians prepared luxurious and comfortable accommodation for them. The dry climate and bright sunshine here are also very pleasant. Mountbatten, however, has no mood to appreciate these. He waited anxiously for the arrival of China people. ...

Chiang Kai-shek was even more sleepy when the plane hit the high-altitude airflow. He thought of Myanmar and mountbatten, which is closely related to this matter. ...

After the fall of Myanmar, the Chinese expeditionary force also failed in its operations in the border areas of Yunnan and Myanmar: Myitkyina was occupied, the only air route was forced to move northward, and the air transport had to pass through the Himalayas, making everything more difficult and dangerous; Yunnan was also attacked by the Japanese army, and it was overcast for a time. 1942 10 He proposed to his allies the outline of a joint counter-offensive against Myanmar, which required the British side to do: first, the British army will participate in the war by land and sea, and second, it will send enough air force to provide effective support. At that time, mountbatten had not yet come to Southeast Asia. So he asked Stilwell to hold a series of talks with British Admiral Wavell in the Far East on his behalf.

According to the outline of this plan, China can reopen the main traffic routes passing through Yangon, while Britain can re-establish its sea power in the Bay of Bengal, recover andaman islands and recover Yangon. This is in consideration of the interests of Britain. But at that time, Britain had no intention of recovering Myanmar in the near future. They're worried. First, Egypt lost in North Africa; Second, India's national independence movement is on the rise, and Britain's colonial rule in India is facing a real crisis; Third, Britain joined the battlefield in North Africa, and the sea power in the Indian Ocean was out of control. The transport fleet has invested heavily in North Africa, so it is impossible to take into account the counterattack against Myanmar, let alone invest a large number of navies to attack Yangon Port. At the same time, Britain not only does not want to do it, but also does not want China to get involved. 10 10 On October 27th, when Stilwell talked with Wavell, Wavell refused to let China's Indian-trained troops advance to Myanmar from Impala via Davu and Gariwa, on the grounds that "Manipur Highway and Assam Railway from the Bay of Bengal could not support China and Britain at the same time". He only stipulated that the Kanghu River Valley in northern Myanmar should be owned by Stilwell. After consultation, "the two commanders agreed that Stilwell's task was to occupy Myitkyina-Ba Maw, so as to use Myitkyina airport to get in touch with the China army marching from Yunnan." Wavell left the relatively flat route from Imphal to Wuwu for the British army's own use, and let the China army enter Myanmar from the rugged Hukang River to Meng Gong. Obviously, they hope that the Chinese Expeditionary Force will only occupy Myitkyina at most, but oppose the capture of Yangon.

As China's army will be based in Dore and advance from the Kang Hu Valley, the United States and Britain agreed that "the United States will be responsible for building a road from Dore to Myitkyina via the Kanghu River and the Meng Gong Valley, and finally connect with the Burma Road". However, this is not what the British really agree with. As Stilwell said, "Britain doesn't need or like this project. They would rather leave the front line with no way out to help Britain maintain its monopoly position in transportation. More importantly, the British don't want China people to enter India and Myanmar. Because of Washington's insistence, and because public refusal will cause more intense confrontation among China people, British people obviously agree to the road construction plan. "

Later, after some discussion, Britain reluctantly accepted Chiang Kai-shek's idea of counterattacking Myanmar as soon as possible, but changed it to "launch a small-scale offensive to recover Sittwe in Rakhine State, a narrow coastal area of Myanmar, and establish a fighter base for future attacks." Wavell suggested that the attack should start in the spring of 1943, code-named "Anna Jim", and promised Britain to invest seven divisions. "The three of them set out from Imfarr and passed through the Wanhe River basin in northwest Kaleva, with the aim of making progress after the Kata, Shui Bo and Monwa lines. In addition, 1 division attacked Achabu from Chittagong and occupied it as a preparation for eastward development. The other three divisions are reserved for backup. In the battle, China's army, based in Dore, attacked the Meng Gong Valley and Myitkyina, occupied them and joined forces with the British in Kata. " . Although this action plan greatly changed Chiang Kai-shek's plan of comprehensively attacking Myanmar, considering the actual situation in Britain, Chiang Kai-shek agreed.

After the "Anna Jim" action plan is determined, all parties concerned will start preparations as planned. 1942 65438+On February 8th, Roosevelt approved the proposal of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States to allocate 63,000 tons of materials to Stilwell and 6,000 service troops engaged in road construction and other tasks; Chiang Kai-shek assembled the 15 division in Yunnan alone, "some of which can be put into the offensive in Myanmar in mid-February", and China's troops trained in India are also ready to go. However, the British side suddenly changed its mind. They are worried that logistics and medical care cannot be supplied, the risk of attacking northern Myanmar is too great, and the Bay of Bengal lacks destroyers to cover coastal attacks. In fact, I am more worried that China's troops attacking Myanmar will be difficult to clear. Wavell broke his word, claiming that only three of his seven divisions could take part in the operation, and they could only play for three or four months, "because they couldn't stand the rainy weather in Myanmar when summer came."

When Chiang Kai-shek learned of Britain's attitude, he angrily cancelled China's military action plan for Myanmar in the spring of 1943. After the "Anna Jim" plan failed, China, the United States and Britain came up with a smaller so-called "UFO" plan. Due to different understandings of its vague wording, it was not implemented until Cairo Conference.

Chiang Kai-shek thought of this, gnashing his teeth and hating the selfishness of the British. He has always believed that China's backwardness and poverty do not need to be found from the inside, all of which are caused by foreign powers, especially Britain, forcing China to sign a series of unequal treaties. This is one of his main viewpoints in his famous pamphlet The Destiny of China. Song Meiling doesn't like British people as much as Americans do. When she visited the United States last June 165438+ 10, she had an open debate with Churchill because her brother Song Ziwen represented China at the Trident Conference held in Washington in May. Roosevelt suggested that she take this opportunity to meet Churchill who also came to America. Churchill reluctantly agreed to meet Roosevelt, whose lower limbs were paralyzed, but Song Meiling refused to meet Churchill on the grounds that "I have nothing to talk about with him, and my American English will make him feel hard."

165438+1At dawn on October 22nd, Roosevelt arrived in Cairo by special plane Douglas C-54. On this trip, he first took the battleship "Iowa" to Oran Port, Algeria. On the way, the "Iowa" was mistakenly shot by a destroyer guarding itself. When he arrived in Oran, he flew here via Tunisia instead. The leaders of the United States, Britain and China have finally arrived. On the morning of 23rd, the Cairo Conference officially opened in the villa of American Ambassador Alexander Koch in Mende, a western suburb of Cairo.

Meeting in the study of the Far East War, according to the requirements of Roosevelt, first discussed the "champion guardian" battle plan brought by mountbatten. The first stage of this plan requires that the 22nd Division and the 38th Division of China set out from Dore (this action was already in progress at that time), and at the same time, it requires that in the middle of 0944, 65438+65438+ 10, the British army 15 advanced in Rakhine State and occupied the improved defense line; The British Fourth Army marched on Maogong, Mingta and Sidang, and pushed as far as possible to the southeast; In February, the above three long-distance breakthrough troops began to attack, and paratroopers will occupy Du Ying in mid-March, and then airlift the 26th Indian Division to defend the area. This operational plan also determines in principle the amphibious landing operation in the Bay of Bengal.

After mountbatten introduced his plan to the plenary session, he invited China to express his opinions. Chiang Kai-shek gently criticized that the plan did not specify the location and date of the amphibious attack, and he stressed that three points must be adhered to: 1. The north and south of Myanmar were attacked by land and sea at the same time; 2. Occupy Andaman Island at the same time; 3. British troops should enter Mandalay.

Because Chiang Kai-shek didn't agree with the plan, the meeting had to stop halfway, and mountbatten and Chiang Kai-shek had to settle it privately. Mountbatten went to see Chiang Kai-shek and explained that what you emphasized was actually part of an early plan to attack Mandalay, which was unrealistic and had been rejected. "In order to prove that we discussed this scheme in detail, I took out a map and listed the detailed technical details." Chiang Kai-shek replied, "But that's your veto, and we still have to implement it."

At the meeting, Chiang Kai-shek once again put forward an action plan for a comprehensive counterattack against Myanmar. It is divided into two parts. The first part is the Chongqing Action Plan, the main contents of which are:

Strengthen the effective force, equip and train 90 combat divisions, and divide them into 3 groups, each of which

30th Division and 1 2 Armored Division.

1. The first group consists of Indian divisions and Y troops assigned to Yunnan.

Composition. These branches should reach the stipulated full amount on June 1 944 65438+1October1day, and they should pay the full amount on June1day.

When to give satisfactory equipment.

2. In the second group, 30 teachers have been appointed and one school has been established. ...

When the road to India is opened, (the 30 divisions of the second group) should be re-equipped and

You can sail to the battlefield at any time.

3. The third group of 30 divisions will go through similar procedures after passing through Myanmar.

After the traffic is reopened, 1 or 2 armored divisions will be organized.

4. All available resources in China will be used to produce effective fighting.

The well-trained personnel in the existing troops will be enriched.

5. China will take part in the battle to recover Myanmar according to the agreed plan, X troops.

Attack from Duolei, and the Yunnan army attack from Baoshan. This military action will cause repercussions in Bangladesh.

Support naval operations in Gallas Bay. Before taking action, the British navy should immediately

Concentrate and be fully prepared for action.

The second part is what China wants its allies to do:

1. Before the rainy season of 1944 comes, the allied forces will use the army, navy and air force as soon as possible.

Efforts will be made to reopen the traffic between Myanmar and China.

2. The United States will provide equipment for three groups of 30 divisions and armored divisions.

3. maintain the us 14 air force as scheduled and provide sufficient supplies to make

Keep taking action.

China's air force will be rapidly strengthened to two fighter brigades and one medium bomb.

Bomber group, a reconnaissance squadron and a transport squadron, and keep it like this.

Power.

Mountbatten felt that Chiang Kai-shek seemed to be raising the asking price, and Chiang asked the United States to equip him with 90 divisions and armored forces successively, which was even more grand than the "Anna Jim" action plan of establishing 30 divisions for China implemented by the United States at the end of 1942. As before, Churchill decisively rejected Chiang Kai-shek's amphibious operations, which were equivalent to land operations. He is not enthusiastic about the suggestion of launching a large-scale campaign in Myanmar. In his view, Myanmar is only an outpost of the British Empire in Indian colonies, not a strategic region. "He doesn't like Americans, especially China people, to share the honor of liberating Myanmar." . When Chiang Kai-shek expounded his ideas at the meeting, Churchill repeatedly interrupted his speech without mercy.

Although Churchill was unwilling to use a large number of British troops in the proposed Burma campaign, Roosevelt supported Chiang Kai-shek's point of view at this time. He believes that China's task is simply such an indispensable task: "It is our great goal to make the China army contain the Japanese army." Although he also felt the corruption of Chiang Kai-shek's regime through contact with him, he was, after all, a symbol and representative of the China government. As he said to his son, "Although the Chiang family has many shortcomings, we still have to rely on them." At the same time, "the US Chief of Staff strongly advocated accepting Chiang Kai-shek's plan to attack North Myanmar and take military action in the Bay of Bengal". Therefore, Roosevelt promised: "In a month or two, a large-scale amphibious operation across the Bay of Bengal will be carried out"; And agreed to arm 90 divisions in China at some time in the future.

The reason why China insisted that the counter-offensive against Myanmar must go hand in hand by land and sea, and asked Britain to carry out amphibious operations on the south bank of Myanmar on a certain scale, rather than on a limited scale, was because Chiang Kai-shek thought: "... I firmly believe that the attempt to recover Myanmar must have joint action by land and sea. Unless the allied navy can stop the enemy from reinforcing from the sea, or the landing troops can defeat the Japanese in the rear of southern Myanmar, the enemy will be able to quickly gather and attack our troops in northern Myanmar. Because of the weakness of our supply line, no matter how many troops we have in the rear, we can't catch up with the Japanese army. Therefore, I believe that the offensive is limited to the offensive in northern Myanmar, and our army will eventually face the danger of defeat. " These reasons should be said to be valid.