The biogeography exam is about to take place. Can anyone provide some outlines for the questions?

1. Asia is mainly located in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres

2. Asia covers an area of ??44 million square kilometers. The largest of the seven continents. It is the continent with the widest latitude in the world. It is the continent with the longest east-west distance.

3． Asia can be divided into six regions based on geographical location: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, North Asia, and Central Asia.

4. Asia borders the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Indian Ocean to the south, and the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Greater Caucasus Mountains, and the Turkish Strait to the west and borders Europe. ; Adjacent to Africa to the southwest through the Suez Canal. It is separated from North America by the Bering Strait to the northeast. Facing Oceania across the sea to the south

5. The terrain in Asia is complex and diverse, with the central plateau and mountains covering a vast area. Plains are distributed around the continent.

6． The highest peak, Mount Everest, is 8,844 meters, and the lowest sea, the Dead Sea, is -400 meters. The central part is high and the surrounding terrain is relatively low.

7. Asian climate characteristics: complex and diverse, with prominent monsoon climate and wide distribution of continental climate. The climate with the largest distribution area is the temperate continental climate.

8． The highest plateau in the world

The highest plateau in the world: the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Known as the roof of the world. The largest plateau in the world is the Brazilian Plateau.

The largest plain in Asia is the West Siberian Plain. The largest plain in the world is the Amazon.

The Dead Sea is 400 meters below sea level and is the lowest point on land in the world.

The Himalayas are the tallest mountains in the world. Mount Everest is the world's highest peak.

The tallest mountain system in the world is the Cordillera Mountains.

The largest peninsula in the world is the Arabian Peninsula. The Malay Archipelago is the largest archipelago in the world.

The largest lake in the world and the largest saltwater lake is the Caspian Sea. The largest freshwater lake in the world is Lake Superior.

The world's deepest freshwater lake with the largest water storage capacity is Lake Baikal.

The Nile is the longest river in the world. The Amazon River is the largest river in the world.

1.1 Asia and Europe

"Asia" and "Europa": Asia: the place where the sun rises in the east Europa: the place where the sun sets in the west

Asia and Europe The continental parts were connected together to form the Eurasian continent. Asia borders the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Arctic Ocean to the east, south, and north, is connected to Europe to the west, is adjacent to Africa to the southwest, and faces North America across the Bering Strait to the east. Asia covers an area of ??approximately 44 million square kilometers and is the largest continent in the world. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north, west, and south, is connected to Asia to the east, and faces Africa to the south.

The Asian terrain is dominated by plateaus and mountains: three major characteristics: 1. The terrain is dominated by plateaus and mountains, with high average altitude;

2. The ground is undulating and the heights vary widely.

3. The terrain is high in the middle and low on the surrounding sides.

Topographic differences:

Asia and Europe

High average altitude, the continent with the lowest altitude in the world

Relatively high, with large undulations on the ground, high and low The disparity is small

The main terrain is plateaus, mountains and plains

The terrain is high in the middle, and the surrounding plains and mountains are mainly distributed in the south and north sides

Complex and diverse Asian climate : Complex and diverse: significant continental characteristics; the monsoon is the strongest, most typical, and has the widest range of influence.

Asia has many large rivers: large rivers mostly originate from the central plateau and mountains, and flow radially along the terrain into the sea;

The inner flow area is vast

Asia Population and countries: Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with a total population of 3.672 billion in 2000, accounting for approximately 60% of the world's total population. Most of the countries in the world with a population of more than 100 million are in Asia

1.2 Africa

The continent with the most countries: "Africa" ??is "scorched by the sun". Africa is located in the western part of the Eastern Hemisphere, stretching north and south of the equator. It borders the Indian Ocean to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, faces Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar to the north, and is separated from Asia by the narrow Red Sea in the northeast, with the Suez Canal as its land boundary. Africa has 54 independent countries, making it the country with the most countries in the world. The African continent has a vast plateau area and is called the "plateau continent".

The Sahara Desert in northern Africa is the largest desert in the world, accounting for approximately the entire continent.

Hot climate: Africa is the continent with the largest arid area in the world.

The African savanna is the largest in area among all continents.

Climate characteristics: high temperature; wide arid areas; climate types distributed symmetrically from north to south.

Abundant resources: Africa has a vast territory and rich and diverse products, and is known as the "rich continent".

The reserves and output of diamonds, gold, chromite, phosphates, etc. are among the best in the world.

Economy in urgent need of development:

1.3 America

"New World": America is the abbreviation of "America".

Different natural environments in the north and south: North America has a higher average altitude and greater terrain undulations. The terrain is divided into three major north-south vertical belts: tall mountains in the west, vast plains in the middle, and vast plains in the east. The gentle high ground. Immigration and Economy

Chapter 2 Understanding the Region

2.1 Southeast Asia

Including Indochina and the Malay Archipelago.

Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of Asia, including Indochina and most of the Malay Archipelago. The northern part of Indochina Peninsula has a high terrain and is connected with the mountains and rivers of my country. The mountains and rivers extend from north to south, forming a surface pattern of alternating mountains and rivers arranged in columns. The Malay Archipelago is the collective name for more than 20,000 large and small islands scattered between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Most of the islands in the Malay Archipelago have rugged terrain, with many mountains and rivers, few plains, and rapid rivers. Indonesia is the country with the most volcanoes in the world and is known as the "Land of Volcanoes". Japan is known as the "Earthquake Country"

Region Terrain Features River Features

Indochina Peninsula alternating mountains and rivers from north to south

The Malay Archipelago has rugged terrain, short and rapid terrain.

Strait of Malacca: Southeast Asia is at the "crossroads" between Asia and the Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. It is an important hub for the world's ocean transportation and air transportation.

Rich mineral resources: an important producing area of ??natural rubber, oil palm, coconut and other tropical cash crops in the world. Thailand ranks first in the world in terms of production and export volume of natural rubber and palm olive oil. The Philippines is the country that produces the most coconuts and exports the most coconut oil in the world. Indonesia’s oil and Malaysia’s tin both rank first in the world.

The largest concentration of overseas Chinese: Southeast Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.

The population is concentrated in the alluvial plains, estuary deltas and coastal plains of large rivers, while the tropical rainforest areas of mountains and islands are sparsely populated.

2.2 South Asia

South Asian subcontinent: South Asia refers to the vast area between the central and western Himalayas in southern Asia and the Indian Ocean. It borders the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west, with a total area of ??approximately 4.3 million square kilometers.

Three major regions: Himalayas ↓ Ganges Plain ↓ Deccan Plateau

The year is divided into three seasons: the three seasons are divided into March to May as the hot season; June to October as the rainy season ;The cool season is from November to February of the following year

Religion and society: Buddhism; Hinduism; Islam in Pakistan.

Population and Economy: South Asia is one of the most densely populated regions in the world, with a population of approximately 1.3 billion, accounting for more than 1/5 of the world's population.

2.3 West Asia

A land of five seas and three continents: the Mediterranean; the Black Sea; the Caspian Sea; the Red Sea; and the Arabian Sea. Asia; Africa; Europe.

This is also the famous "Silk Road" in ancient China.

Agriculture and animal husbandry in arid environments: Crops require water for irrigation, and Israel does this most prominently.

Arab countries: Religion: the birthplace of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam

The world’s oil treasure trove: accounting for 25% of the world’s total production. Shipped via Persian Gulf. Oil export route:

2.5 Western Europe

1. Western Europe is densely populated and has many countries, most of which are developed countries. Its economy is diversified, with manufacturing-based industries, traditional animal husbandry and a prosperous tourism industry.

2. The European Union is a regional international organization with strong political and economic ties. Currently, the EU has 25 member countries and uses a single currency, the euro.

3. London, the capital of the United Kingdom, Paris, the capital of France, Rome, the capital of Italy, and Berlin, the capital of Germany.

4. Most of western Europe is in the north temperate zone, and temperate maritime climate is widespread. The terrain is mainly plains, and animal husbandry is developed. People call pasture "green gold". The British livestock industry accounts for 70% of the total agricultural output value. The Netherlands and Denmark are world-famous dairy livestock countries.

5. There are many tourist destinations in western Europe, such as the Tower Bridge of London in the UK, windmills in the Netherlands, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, bullfighting in Spain, and the fjord scenery in Norway.

Countries: Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy

Terrain, peninsula: Scandavia, Western European Plains, Pod Plains, Alps, ④ Apennine Peninsula

Ocean , Straits: ⑤Norwegian Sea⑥North Sea⑦Baltic Sea⑧English Channel⑨Mediterranean Sea⑩Strait of Gibraltar