Flower-loving habit of peony in Luoyang and the best time for watering, fertilizing and changing boxes of peony in soil

Peony can be cultivated in the open field or potted for viewing. The best planting season is September -65438+ 10. Potted peony should choose varieties with strong adaptability, early flowering and good flower pattern, such as Luoyanghong, Hong Hu and Zhao Fen. Plants should choose peony as rootstock, 3-4-year-old peony or 3-5 branch seedlings.

When potted, the bottom of the basin can be covered with 3-5 cm thick coarse sand or pebbles to facilitate drainage. Potted soil should be a mixture of yellow sand and cake fertilizer, or a culture soil mixed with fully decomposed manure, garden soil and coarse sand at the ratio of1:1. Filling makes the roots stretch, not curl; After covering the soil, it should be compacted by hand, so that the roots are in close contact with the soil and easy to survive. After the pot is put on, water it once and put it in the shade to slow down the seedlings. After it is transferred to normal management, it can be placed in a sunny place to ensure sufficient sunshine. Always loosen the soil during the growing period and apply compound fertilizer every half a month or so. Peony in the new pot should not be fertilized, especially avoid applying thick fertilizer, otherwise the fleshy roots will rot and die. After half a year, you can gradually apply some thin fertilizer, such as decomposed chicken manure water or bean water, with a ratio of fertilizer to water of 20%-30%. The peony in the new pot may not bloom well in the first year, but it can bloom every year after 1-2 years. Peony blooms in the middle and late April of a year, and liquid fertilizer can be applied 1-2 times before flowering; Topdressing liquid fertilizer 1-2 times half a month after flowering; In dog days, sesame sauce residue (about 40-50g per pot) can be applied with 1 times dry fertilizer, which is beneficial to flower bud differentiation.

Peony is a fleshy root, which is slightly drought-resistant and most afraid of water accumulation, so whether it is properly watered is the key to the success or failure of potted peony. Peony leaving the house in early spring should be watered and fertilized first, then watered, and then loosened after the water is slightly dry. In the future, it is necessary to water the soil timely and properly according to the weather and soil conditions, and keep the soil moist frequently, which is beneficial to the growth and flowering of peony. Reasonable watering should be dry but not wet, and should not be watered to prevent water accumulation, so as to avoid rotten roots and fallen leaves.

When peony blossoms, it can be covered in the shed or temporarily placed indoors to avoid direct sunlight and prolong the flowering period. The terminal bud of the main branch is a leaf bud, so it should be picked to avoid unnecessary growth and affect flowering. In order to make peony bloom brightly, it can be sprayed on leaves with 0.5%- 1% dihydrogen phosphate solution for 2-3 times during flowering. After the peony flower withers, it should be pruned once, and the residual flowers and pedicels should be cut off in time to prevent fruiting, and the 1-2 lateral buds in the stem should be reserved to make the plant grow vigorously and ensure the next year's flowering.

Peony is cold-resistant, but in cold areas such as North China and around beginning of winter, it should be moved indoors and placed in the sunny place indoors, and the room temperature can be kept at about 0 degrees. It is not advisable to leave the house early in the following year, and it is necessary to leave the house before and after Qingming. In the not-too-cold area, the flowerpot can be buried in the soil in the hidden wind, so that the surface of the flowerpot is flush with the ground, thus maintaining the humidity and temperature of the flowerpot soil and ensuring the peony to survive the winter safely. After the peony blooms in the next spring, the peony is dug out of the ground with a flowerpot for normal management.

Hanzhong is the earliest place where peonies were artificially cultivated in China, and it is a deciduous sub-shrub. Love cool and hate hot, suitable for dry and wet. I can tolerate the low temperature of -30℃ and grow normally in areas with an annual average relative humidity of about 45%. Like light, but also a little tolerant of shade. Loose, fertile and well-drained neutral loam or sandy loam is required, and it is forbidden to stick heavy soil or plant at low temperature. The flowering period is April-May. Grafting is often used for cultivation, because it belongs to Paeonia genus with Paeonia lactiflora, and Paeonia lactiflora is often used as rootstock.

I. Soil

1. Soil quality: Peony is suitable for loose and fertile loam with deep soil layer. Soil drainage capacity must be good. Potted plants can be planted in ordinary soil.

2. Soil properties: neutral or neutral slightly alkaline soil.

Second, water.

As the saying goes, "Peony should be dry but not wet." Peony is a deep-rooted fleshy root, afraid of long-term water accumulation. Usually it is not advisable to water too much, just dry it properly.

Third, fertilization.

Proverbs Proverbs say: "Clear peony" and "muddy peony". The base fertilizer for cultivating peony must be sufficient. The base fertilizer can be compost, cake fertilizer or manure. Usually it is better to apply fertilizer three times a year, that is, use phosphate water first half a month before flowering; Apply compound fertilizer once half a month after flowering; Apply compost once before winter to ensure the next year's flowering.

Fourth, temperature.

Peony is cold-resistant and not high-temperature-resistant. In East China and Central China, you can spend the winter in the open air. When the temperature reaches 4℃, the bud begins to expand gradually. Suitable temperature: 16~20℃, no flowering below 16℃. When the weather is hot in summer, plants are in a semi-dormant state.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) lighting

As the saying goes, as the saying goes, "Camellia is cloudy, peony is sunny." Peony likes the sun, but doesn't like the sun. When planting in the field, you should choose a place with higher terrain facing the east and the sun. Potted plants should be placed on the sunny east balcony, such as Nanyang terrace or roof platform, and the west side should be shaded.

Six, common diseases

Brown spot, erythema and rust; Common pests are nematodes, grubs and cutworms.

(1) Leaf spot: also known as erythema, this disease is a fungal infection of polychaetes. Pathogens mainly infect leaves and also new branches. The initial stage of the disease is usually about 15 days after anthesis, and it gets worse with the increase of temperature in mid-July. In the early stage, there were brown spots on the back of leaves, and the edge color was slightly darker, forming irregular annular withered spots with thick outside and light inside, which merged with each other and made the leaves wither and wither. The petiole is damaged, resulting in a dark green fluff layer; Stem and stalk are infected to produce raised lesions; Pathogens overwinter in stems, leaves and soil of diseased plants.

Prevention and control methods: ① Around the beginning of165438+10 (beginning of winter), clean the leaves in the ground and burn them centrally to eliminate pathogenic bacteria; ② Before the onset of the disease (in May), the bordeaux mixture was sprayed once every 10 to 15 days until the end of July; (3) At the initial stage of the disease, 500-800 times of thiophanate methyl and carbendazim were sprayed every 7- 10 day for 3-4 consecutive times.

(2) Purple feather disease: It is a fungal disease. Spread through soil. The disease occurs in the root neck and roots, especially in the root neck. There are purple or white cotton-wool hyphae in the victim's body, which are yellow-brown at first and dark brown later, commonly known as "black pimples". In light cases, patches are formed, no new roots are produced, the branches are withered and thin, the leaves are yellow, and the scales and buds are small; In severe cases, the whole root neck and system rot and plants die. This disease usually occurs in the hot and rainy season from June to August. After September, with the decrease of temperature and rain, the disease spots stopped spreading.

Prevention and control methods: ① Choose Gao Qian plot with good drainage for planting; ② timely intertillage in rainy season to reduce soil moisture; ③ Rotation every 4-5 years; ④ Cultivate disease-resistant varieties; ⑤ When planting alone, before planting, apply 500 times of pentachloronitrobenzene liquid medicine to the affected area, or water the roots with 5% amobam 1000 times of liquid medicine; ⑥ Disinfect infected plants with lime or sulfur.

(3) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Also known as stem rot. The pathogen is Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. At the onset, water stains appeared on the stems near the ground, which gradually expanded and rotted, and white cotton appeared. You can also dip the leaves and buds.

Prevention and control methods: choose Gao Qian plot with good drainage for planting; Dig out the diseased plants in time and disinfect the soil; Rotation every 4-5 years.

Anthrax and rust are also common. There are round or irregular light brown pits on the surface of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides leaves, and the spreading edges are purple-brown. Rust produces yellow spores on the back of leaves, which leads to green leaves and columnar hairs on the diseased leaves in the later stage. The control method is the same as leaf spot.

The propagation and cultivation of fresh and refined peony flowers are usually propagated by branching and grafting, or by sowing and cutting. The suitable period of transplantation is from late September of 10 to early October of 10, neither too early nor too late. If you like fertilizer, you should fertilize it at least three times a year, namely "flower fertilizer", "bud fertilizer" and "winter fertilizer". Pruning should be carried out after 2-3 years of cultivation. For varieties with vigorous growth and strong branching ability, it is only necessary to cut off the weak branches, keep all the strong branches, and remove the new buds at the base in time to maintain a beautiful plant shape. Bud removal is also an extremely important job. In order to make plants produce bright flowers and keep plants strong, the number of flowers should be controlled according to the age of trees. In the early stage of budding, a certain number of fully developed flower buds should be selected, and excessive flower buds and weak buds should be removed as soon as possible. Generally, 5-6 year-old plants keep 3-5 flower buds. For newly planted plants, all buds should be removed in the spring of the following year to prevent flowering, so as to concentrate nutrition and promote plant development.

Peony is a deciduous shrub with deep roots, which likes sunshine, cold resistance, cool environment and avoids high temperature and sultry weather. It is suitable for growing on loose, fertile and well-drained sandy soil. Therefore, it is appropriate to use the mixed soil of sand and cake fertilizer as the pot soil for cultivating peony flowers, or to mix it with fully decomposed manure, garden soil and coarse sand at the ratio of1:1. If the cultivated soil contains too much water, its fleshy roots will rot easily. Therefore, when it rains continuously, it should be drained in time, and water must not accumulate at the roots. Peony is not resistant to high temperature, so it needs to take timely cooling measures in hot summer. It's better to build a gazebo to give it shade. Cover with straw curtains or reeds before noon and remove them at night. This measure, if implemented in time, can prevent defoliation. If it is left to heat the fallen leaves, it will seriously affect the future flowering. Peony has long roots and large plants, which is suitable for ground planting. If you want to plant a pot, you should choose a large, permeable soil basin with a depth of more than 30 cm. It is best to use a crock 60-70 cm deep. The propagation of peony flowers can be accomplished by sowing, branching and grafting.

Potting technique of peony

1, preparation before potted plants

Before cutting peony pots, the preparation of soil and flowerpots should be done well. Peony is a kind of precious flower with deep roots and thick flesh. As a potted plant, there are few fibrous roots, but the volume of potted plants is relatively small, which leads to the relative reduction of root nutrient area and easy malnutrition of underground and aboveground parts, thus affecting the normal growth and development of potted peony. Therefore, in order to cut potted plants into living flowers, not only the cultivation management technology is strict, but also the cultivation soil needs to be scientifically prepared. Prepare the culture soil one month before potted plants. It can only be used after decomposition. According to the growth characteristics of peony. The cultivated soil should be loose, fertile, with high humus content, lasting fertilizer effect and easy drainage. The ideal formula of culture soil is that humus soil, horse manure, garden soil, coarse sand or slag are mixed in the ratio of 2: 1: 2: 1. And use human excrement to seal the rape and decompose it into a boat for later use. When planting for the first time, you can choose a smaller pottery pot with a diameter of 30 cm and a depth of 25 cm. When flowering, it can be changed to a caliber of 35 cm; A large earthen basin with a depth of 30 cm.

2. Time and method of potted plants

The suitable time for potted peony is the same as that for field planting. Heze and Luoyang are generally suitable from the end of September to the beginning of 10, and premature planting is easy to "fall down"; It's too late, roots grow slowly, plants grow slowly, and even die easily after flowering the next year. Before potted peony, the seedlings should be dug out and aired for 1-2 days to dehydrate and soften the roots, which is convenient for pruning and planting; Before planting, put the flowerpot into the pool to absorb enough water; When planting, first lay tiles on the drainage holes at the bottom of the basin to prevent soil leakage; Then spread pebbles or waste brown rope with a thickness of 2-5 cm to facilitate drainage. Prune peony seedlings before planting to balance the above-ground and underground parts; Beautiful and generous appearance; But also convenient for cultivation management. First, cut off the dead leaves and excessively long roots, and disinfect the roots with 1% copper sulfate solution for 5- 10 minutes. Then put the seedlings in the center of the basin for planting, and compact them by hand while filling the soil until they are 3-5 cm away from the upper edge of the basin.

After potted, the pot surface can be matched with plants such as Taihu stone, quartz stone, bamboo shoots, peony, etc., which not only increases the aesthetic feeling of potted peony, but also makes the pot surface green and full of vitality, and can also play a role in moisturizing and keeping warm.

water

Potted plants must be watered in time to maintain the normal water demand of snake gall because of their small capacity, little soil and limited water holding capacity. Water once after cutting, and water once every 3-4 days after pulling the soil wet to keep the potted soil moist. If the amount of water. The soil is too wet. It is easy to make the branches and leaves white and long, too wet or stagnant for a long time will rot the roots. Especially in summer and autumn, we should control the humidity of the basin soil, do not dry it, and do not water it. When it is dry in summer, boil water in the morning or at night, and don't water it as long as it is not too dry in autumn. Too wet buds flourish in autumn and will not bloom in spring.

Step 4 apply fertilizer

The nutrients in the basin are limited, and only timely topdressing can ensure the normal growth and development of peony. After soaking fermented sesame, peanut and bean cake, topdressing can be started from the following spring. When applying water, apply water 1-2 times a week during the growth period; Water can be poured once a day before and during flowering; After the flowers wither, they should be cultivated and lightly fertilized or sprayed on the leaves, and no topdressing is needed during winter dormancy.

5. Drainage in summer

Peony should avoid long-term rain, excessive humidity and hot summer. If it encounters long-term hot and humid weather, its leaves will be burnt and its roots will rot. In hot summer, potted peony can be moved under the seedling shed for shade, or buried in the soil for heatstroke prevention and cooling, and good drainage and ventilation can be maintained. When there is no rain, water should be sprayed on the branches and leaves every day to increase the air humidity to ensure the water supply during the flower bud differentiation period of peony. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season, and pour down the flowerpot in rainy day to prevent water from accumulating in the flowerpot. After flowering, spray 10- 15 days with bordeaux solution 150 times or Tobuzin solution/800- 1000 times to prevent and control diseases at that time. Peony root is sweet and vulnerable to ants or grubs. It can be killed by 1000 times dichlorvos solution instead of water.

6. Pruning and wintering

In order to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of peony and concentrate nutrients, it is also necessary to carry out plastic pruning after falling leaves in autumn and winter. Cut off too dense branches such as parallel mouth, cross mouth, introversion and insect-proof mouth to keep the plant in a beautiful shape. In late autumn and early winter, potted plants can be buried in the soil, with branches exposed outside the ground and protected by grass or soil. Others put the flowerpots directly in the cellar for the winter, remove the plastic film the next spring, move out of the kiln and put them in a ventilated and sunny place to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water; Let it bloom naturally. Others are placed in greenhouses or plastic greenhouses to promote early flowering according to holiday needs. In order to make potted peony more beautiful and elegant in decorative modeling; When the flowers are about to bloom, you can put painted pottery and porcelain pots outside the original pottery pots; Put it in the spacious and bright hall or the exquisite basin frame or case in the main hall, which can better reflect the straightforwardness and luxury of peony.

7. local

Peony likes light and high dryness, so it should be placed in a place with sunny ventilation and sufficient light. It is hot and rainy in summer, so it should be placed under the pavilion to prevent the leaves from being burned. In winter, it can be moved indoors or even buried in sunny places, and the surface is covered with sawdust to ensure safe wintering. In March-April of the following year, the weather turned warmer and then moved to a sunny place.

Follow-up: What can be used instead of the mixture of the enemy and Bordeaux? The raw materials of Bordeaux mixture are: copper sulfate, quicklime and water. The proportion of raw materials varies with tree species. Its basic proportion is: 1: 2 ~ 3: 200 ~ 500, that is, copper sulfate 1 part, calcium lime 2 ~ 3 parts and water 200 ~ 500 parts. The preparation method is as follows: put copper sulfate and quicklime into nonmetallic containers respectively, melt them with a small amount of hot water, cool them, then pour one-third of the water into the lime solution, two-thirds into the copper sulfate solution, and then slowly pour the copper sulfate solution into the lime milk, stirring while pouring, so that the liquid is sky blue. Bordeaux mixture should be used together and should not be left for more than 24 hours. What are the commonly used pesticides? What are the performance characteristics of these pesticides? (1) parathion: also known as 1605, is a widely effective and highly toxic pesticide. It has strong contact killing, stomach toxicity and fumigation effects, and has good egg killing effect, but it has no absorption and transport in vivo. Parathion is a brownish-yellow oily liquid, which is unstable to ultraviolet rays and air. In living plants, it will decompose rapidly due to the action of sunlight and enzymes. Stay on inanimate objects for a long time. The residue on the leaves is 4 ~ 5 days. correct

Bees and natural enemies insects are also very powerful. The common concentration is 50% EC 1000 ~ 1500 times. Generally, the effect of controlling jujube koji and jujube armyworm is very good. (2) Methyl parathion: also known as methyl 1605. Brown oily liquid, insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol and acetone. It is stable in neutral and acidic media and decomposes rapidly when it meets alkaline substances. It has contact toxicity and stomach toxicity, and has certain steaming use. The residue period of methyl parathion on green leaves is 12 ~ 36 hours, and it can remain on inanimate objects for several days, which is mainly used for prevention and control.

The treatment targets are jujube armyworm, jujube inchworm and so on. (3) Phoxim: light yellow oily liquid, stable in medium and acidic medium, and easy to decompose in case of alkali. Degradation is faster in the sun and slower in the dark. The remaining period is 2 ~ 3 days. Phoxim has strong contact toxicity and stomach toxicity, and has no systemic effect. It has contact and fumigation effects on bees. It is a highly effective and low toxic pesticide. It has the best killing effect on jujube armyworm, has special effect on Lepidoptera larvae, and has good control effect on ladybug, fruit fly and warehouse pests. frequently-used

The concentration of 50% phoxim is 1000 ~ 1500 times. (4) Malathion: The pure adduct is a colorless liquid, stable in neutral medium, rapidly decomposed when it meets copper and aluminum, easily soluble in organic solvents and slightly soluble in water. The drug mainly has contact toxicity and stomach toxicity, and can be oxidized into malathion with higher toxicity in pests, thus exerting stronger insecticidal performance. The main control targets are LEPIDOPTERA pests, such as fruit eaters and leaf eaters. Use 1000 ~ 1500 times of 50% malathion EC. (5) Dimethoate is an organophosphorus pesticide with high efficiency and low toxicity. It is a common systemic insecticide. When the drug is absorbed by the plant, it is transported to the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and other organs with the flow of water in the tree, but it does not affect the normal physiological functions of the plant. When pests eat plant organs, they will be killed by medicine and poisoned to death. Dimethoate not only has strong insecticidal effect by internal inhalation, but also has good contact toxicity and stomach toxicity. It is a broad-spectrum, high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticide commonly used by fruit farmers. However, dimethoate on jujube trees is very sensitive to jujube leaves, and it is easy to produce medicinal effects.

Harm, so generally do not use dimethoate on jujube trees, but use omethoate. The control targets of omethoate are leaf rollers and mites, and the common concentration is 2000 times that of 40% omethoate. In order to prevent pests from developing drug resistance, it should be used alternately with other pesticides. (6) carbaryl: also known as aminomethylnaphthalene. The medicine is non-irritating, tasteless, non-polluting, stable in nature and long in duration. Carbaryl has contact toxicity, stomach toxicity and weak systemic action, which can control 150 kinds of pests and can be mixed with many pesticides. Can not be mixed with alkaline drugs. The common concentration of 50% carbaryl solution is 400 times. The control object is scale insects. (7) Deltamethrin: It is an efficient insecticide that imitates pyrethrins in Compositae plants. It has the characteristics of quickly knocking down insects and low toxic residue. The drug is easy to decompose and fail in alkaline solution, stable in acid, neutral medium or light, and soluble in acetone, ethanol, benzene, etc. The drug has wide control target range, small dosage and quick insecticidal effect. Most of them are used in LEPIDOPTERA, Hemiptera, Homoptera and Hymenoptera, but the control effect on mites and cotton bollworm is poor. Generally used on jujube trees, it has excellent efficacy, and the dosage concentration is 6000 times for controlling jujube step, 5000 times for controlling peach fruit borer and 4000 times for controlling turtle streak. However, the long-term use of chrysanthemum vinegar pesticides not only has poor insecticidal effect on mites, but also kills their natural enemies, which is easy to cause mites and causes serious harm to jujube producing areas.