1954 flood control in the Yangtze River

The focus of flood control in the Yangtze River is in the middle and lower reaches, and this area is more prominent in the middle reaches. At that time, the goal of flood control and flood fighting was to rely on dikes to resist various stations and ensure the water level; In case of large flood, flood diversion measures will be taken in a planned way, local key points will be sacrificed, disasters will be reduced to the maximum extent, and flood control safety in Jingjiang levee and Wuhan and other key areas will be ensured.

From June 65438 to June 0954, affected by the strong "Meiyu", the water systems of Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake rose one after another, and the water levels of each station rose frequently, exceeding the warning water level one after another. On July 2nd, the water level in Hankou exceeded 1.949, and the highest water level was 27.1.2m.. The dam is already tense. At that time, the upper reaches had not yet entered the rainy season, and the water level of Shashi Station in Jingjiang reach was still below 43.00 meters. However, according to the general law, the rain area may move upstream in July, the water level in the middle and lower reaches will further rise, and the flood control in Jingjiang will also enter a tense stage. Therefore, in order to protect Jingjiang levee and Wuhan city, it is decided to raise Hankou levee on the one hand and take flood diversion measures when necessary. The first-stage dike heightening project in Wuhan is based on the water level of Hankou Station, which is slightly higher than 193 1 the actual maximum water level of 28.28 meters. The first phase of heightening task was completed around July 20th. During this period, due to the continuous meiyu, the upper reaches entered the rainy season and the water level of the main stream continued to rise. In order to buy time for heightening the levee, the estuary near Jiangjia Wharf was used for flood diversion, which had the same effect as the breach of Laowan and slowed down the rise of water level. In addition, in order to ensure the safety of the north main dike and tail dike in the lower reaches of the Han River, the flood was diverted at Yu Palace in the Han River on July 19, which also slowed down the rise of the water level in Wuhan. In late July, the upstream flood moved down to the middle reaches, and the water level of Hankou Station was 28.48m on July 27, and the first-stage heightening project played an obvious role. Nervously, Wuhan has already carried out the second and third heightening. The second phase of the project is based on the defense of Hankou water level of 29.0m, and the third phase is based on the defense of 29.5m superelevation 1 m.. The second and third phases of the project are extremely difficult. At that time, Hankou was basically surrounded by water, and it was very difficult to transport and transport. In order to win the time of heightening the levee, we divided our troops into Panjiawan, Xingang and Sanjiangkou. With the correct command of leaders at all levels and the efforts of 300,000 soldiers and civilians, the second and third heightening projects completed their tasks before the flood, resisting the historical highest water level of Hankou Station of 29.73m, which was 28.28m higher than the highest water level of 193 1.45m, and the water level was 193 1. In early July, the situation in Jingjiang reach was tense. It is predicted that there will be a flood peak in Yichang on July 22nd, and it will meet the flood peaks in Qingjiang and Zhang Ju in the middle reaches. Without flood diversion, the water level in Shashi will be close to 45 meters, which is about 0.5 meters higher than the design defense water level of Jingjiang levee and the operation water level of Jingjiang flood diversion project. At this time, although the northern part of Beijing has been partially affected, once the dam breaks, it will suffer a devastating disaster and threaten the flood control safety of Wuhan. Therefore, after reporting to the central authorities for approval, the North Gate opened at 2 o'clock on July 22nd to divert flood water. After the first flood peak, the sluice was closed on July 27th 13: 00. The maximum flood diversion flow is about 6700 cubic meters per second, and the total flood volume is about 2.35 billion cubic meters, which reduces the highest water level in Shashi by about 0.47 meters and the actual highest water level is 44.38 meters.

According to the forecast, the flow of Zhicheng Station on July 29th and 3 1 is 63,000 cubic meters per second and 65,000 cubic meters per second respectively, so it is necessary to open the floodgates again for flood diversion. With the approval of the superior, the floodgate was opened for the second time at 6: 00 13 on July 29th, with the maximum flood diversion flow of 6,900 cubic meters per second. The floodgate was closed on August 29th 1 hour 15: 55, with a total flood diversion of1700 million cubic meters, which made the water level in Shashi drop by 0.64 meters and the actual highest water level was 44.39 meters. After the second flood diversion, the water level in the flood diversion area has reached 40.32 meters, which is 4 1 meter higher than the original water level, and the remaining volume is only 500-600 million cubic meters.

According to the upstream water regime, it is estimated that the flow of Zhicheng Station will reach 63,000 cubic meters per second on August 2. With the approval of the superior, it was decided to open the floodgate for the third time at 265,438+0: 40 on August 65,438+0. In August, the peak flow of Zhicheng reached 7 1.900 cubic meters per second. According to the forecast, if only the north gate is opened for flood discharge, the flood diversion is insufficient and the water level in Shashi cannot be effectively reduced. Therefore, on August 8, the flood was basically diverted in Lalinzhou and Bamu Beach (the lower end of Bailizhou). Seeing the drainage outlet in Linzhou, the entrance is 250 meters long, the maximum flood flow is10.8 million cubic meters per second, and the flood flow is10.70 million cubic meters. The north gate was flooded until 7: 50 on August 22nd, and the third flood diversion was 2 1.5 days, with the maximum inflow of 7700 cubic meters per second.

The total amount of three flood diversions in Jingjiang flood diversion area is 65.438+02.256 billion cubic meters, which reduces the water level in Shashi by 0.96 meters at the maximum. The highest flood peak water level in Shashi on August 8th was 44.67m, which was 0.18m higher than 1949. Jingjiang flood diversion reduced the inflow of water from four ports (Songzikou, Taipingkou, Ouchikou and Diaoxiankou) by 5.42 billion cubic meters. During the second flood diversion, on July 29th, Linjiang levee and Lujiadi levee of Renmin Dayuan burst, and the flood inflow was about 600 million cubic meters. At 24: 00 on August 6, the Guojiayao dike section in Jingjiang flood diversion area burst and the flood flooded into Jingjiang. Due to the increase of flood inflow from the People's Embankment, the section of Dongxihu Street in the Embankment vomited into Jingjiang River one after another. At this time, the water level in Jianli rose rapidly, the whole line was tight, and the Jingjiang reach was completely tense. The water level in the south of Jianli City is 36.57 meters. In view of the fact that the eastern part of Honghu flood diversion and storage area has been used for flood diversion, it is decided to divert the flood at Shangchewan riverbank at 0: 00 on August 8, with a mouth width of about 1 1,000m. In order to prevent excessive expansion of the mouth, the two ends of the head are temporarily wrapped. The maximum inflow is 8930 cubic meters per second, and the total inflow reaches 29 1 100 million cubic meters. The flood diversion backwater here can be traced back to the vicinity of Haodong, expanding the submerged area 1 1,000 square kilometers. The water level in Jianli and Shashi decreased by about 0.7m and 0. 1-0.2m, respectively. At the same time, the flood control pressure in Chenglingji reach was relieved, and the tension in Wuhan reach was temporarily relieved. However, the flood control situation in Jingjiang reach is still very severe. To this end, the Xiaojiazui dike section of Hudong dike was grilled to spit the flood into Hudu River. In order to increase the flood discharge in the flood diversion area, the drainage gate of Huangtian Lake was opened and discharged into the lake to cross the river.

By adopting the above-mentioned series of measures of heightening and strengthening dikes and flood diversion, the flood control safety of Jingjiang levee and Wuhan and other key areas is ensured, and the loss of people's lives and property is minimized.

1954 during the flood control of the Yangtze river, there were nearly100000 officers and men involved in flood control in the middle and lower reaches, covering five provinces and one city. Hubei Province alone has 3.85 million participants, including 300,000 in Wuhan. These officers and men fought day and night, made contributions, and some comrades gave their precious lives, finally winning a major victory in fighting floods and saving the safety of key areas and cities. Compared with the flood situation of 193 1, the flood peak and flood volume of 1954 are much larger than that of 193 1, but the flood loss is much smaller. Without the heroic struggle of the military and civilians and reliable water and weather forecasts as the basis for decision-making measures, it is impossible to achieve such a victory. For this reason, Chairman Mao wrote an inscription for Wuhan's victory over the 1954 flood: "Celebrate Wuhan people's victory over the 1954 flood, and prepare to overcome the equally serious floods that may occur in the future".