Various types of explanatory texts

On the Ming Fengshan, about seven kilometers east of Kunming, there is a magnificent temple made of pure copper, commonly known as Jin Dian, also known as Tongwa Temple.

The bronze hall is located in Taihe Palace, which is like an exquisite Forbidden City, surrounded by the gates of the city walls. The bronze hall is placed on a two-story square stone platform, with one floor made of marble and the bottom made of white granite. The fence is engraved with flowers and trees, birds and animals, dragon moire and relief of twenty-four filial piety pictures. On the second floor, the abutment is paved with marble, carved with patterns such as dragon flying clouds and unicorn exultation.

The whole building of the Copper Hall imitates the classical wooden structure of China very finely and realistically, with double eaves and the style built by mountains. It has strict structure, precise connection and integration. The bronze hall is 6.7 meters high, 6.2 meters deep and weighs about 256 tons. The four corners of the temple are supported by four panlong square columns. The temple is supported by sixteen pillars. The temple wall consists of 36 carved lattice fans and workshops, with front and rear walls 10 and left and right walls 8. On each lattice fan, the patterns are interconnected. Embedding 1 1 deformed longevity characters; The middle part is a pattern of flowers, plants, fish and insects, and the lower part is mostly a circular Yunlong diagram, and some are hexagonal Kirin diagrams. These patterns are vividly carved, with harmonious layout, soft lines and exquisite casting.

There are five gilded statues in the temple. In the middle is Emperor Zhenwu, with long hair, wearing royal robes, robes lined with armor and sitting on his knees; The side plastic golden boy holds the roll, and the jade girl holds the seal; Both sides are two generals, like veterans on the battlefield. Clothing pattern armor, finely carved, strong texture, more human expression, more solemn and vivid than the real martial arts sitting. The statues, altars, tables and curtains in the temple are all made of copper. Four tall golden dragon pillars in the four corners of the temple hold octagonal golden dragon algae wells. In the middle of the beam above the caisson, it is engraved with "Wu Sangui, Prince of Heaven, 10th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi, 6th day of Xinhai Road". All the statues, dragon pillars, caissons, girders and temple walls in the temple have been covered with gold foil, and some parts still have gold remnants.

On both sides of the platform in front of the temple, there are two bronze pavilions with mighty bronze statues of protectors; On the right front stands a flag of the sun, the moon and the seven stars. The pennant reads "The world is peaceful, the weather is good, the country is peaceful and the people are safe". This 10-meter-high black flag porch and flag are also made of pure copper. Jin Dian is a Taoist group. In addition to the Hall of Supreme Harmony, there used to be three palaces and ten halls. The layout art of the whole building complex is a set of four-character formulas summed up by China architects through thousands of years of practical exploration, namely "release, collection, promotion and suppression".

Release: The section from the stone archway of Kongqu at the foot of the mountain to Santianmen is the word "release". The mountains are wide and the trees are wide, and the three gates stand alternately along the mountain. People walk in between, but the mountains are big, the sky is high, the trees are deep, unrestrained, relaxed and happy, and the mood is open.

X: Three days later, I passed Xingxingmen and entered the Taihe Palace. The space suddenly shrinks. The hatchback is an annex hall, forming a quadrilateral. When walking, the sight and expression also converge, and the courtyard is dense, which makes people feel solemn.

Yang: Leaving the quadrangle and climbing into the Forbidden City, the space has shrunk dramatically, and people's eyes and attention can only be focused on the bronze hall standing on the white jade platform. In front of this great building with carved Sheva, upturned cornices, solemn majesty and myriad manners, people can't help but admire and praise.

Suppression: stop, this is the ending, but it's memorable. Out of the Forbidden City, there are winding cloisters that let you walk out slowly. One is to relieve the stiff mood in front of the statue in the main hall, and the other is to reminisce about the flowers and trees in the garden, which makes people reluctant to part until they leave. This layout is like a beautiful music with a clear rhythm.

Jin Dian's main god worships Zhenwu, so the architectural layout and statues are related to doctrine and Zhenwu. Zhenwu, also known as Xuanwu, was originally one of the four great (Qinglong, Baihu, Suzaku and Xuanwu). In the Song Dynasty, Zhenwu became a taboo and a great god in the north, and Zhenwu became his name. The 28-night Big Dipper has also become a symbol of Zhenwu. Therefore, the Seven-Star Sword and Seven-Star Flag displayed in Kanatonouchi are special instruments of Zhenwu. According to the five elements, it is still dark in the north, and Zhenwu wears black clothes and flags soap.

After entering the stone archway from the foot of the mountain, climb 72 steps and arrive at Tianmen. There are thirty-six steps between the second and third heaven gates, which is a metaphor for seventy-two demons and thirty-six days. According to Taoist records, the top of the earth is in Qixing District, which belongs to Xuanwu. Therefore, stepping on the top of the earth means entering the practice of Zhenwu Emperor.

Santianmen represents the highest realm of Taoism, that is, Sanqing Day over 33 days. Santianmen implies that people can enter the highest fairyland as long as they are not afraid of difficulties and climb for the Tao. Before entering the Hall of Supreme Harmony, there is a star gate, also known as Tianhou Star. The use of the gate in Taoist temple means that respecting heaven means respecting Tao, and respecting Tao means respecting heaven.

Jin Dian was built in the year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1602). It was cast by Chen Yongbing, the Taoist governor of Yunnan, according to the pattern of Taihe Palace Copper Hall in Wudang Mountain. In the late Ming Dynasty, the situation in the country was turbulent, and the Mu family ruling Yunnan declined gradually. It is not good for Mu to judge the copper buttock as a "Western genus". So, in the tenth year of Chongzhen (187 1), Wu Sangui, the king of the day, recast the bronze hall at the Zhu site. During the Dingfeng period in Xi 'an (1857), the Hui people in Yunnan revolted, and bees and fires broke out everywhere, and bronze temples, bricks and tiles, statues and so on were damaged by the war disaster.

After 1949, it was repaired many times. Tianmen, Gongmen, Lingxing Gate and Gate Tower have now taken on a new look. The original Jingle Palace, Shitian Palace, Huanzu Palace and Wenchang Palace were transformed into showrooms (including a broadsword and seven-star sword used by Wu Sangui), snack bars, teahouses and hotel lounges. In addition, wing rooms, pavilions and flower beds were built, and the six pillars of the destroyed bronze temple were repaired. It has an octagonal bell tower with Yongle Bell built in. It weighs 14 tons, is 2. 1 meter high and has a bell mouth circumference of 6.7 meters. It is one of the precious cultural relics in Yunnan. Jin Dian was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit in 1982.

Make handicrafts

Zheng Longcheng, Class 2, Grade 6, Quanzhou Normal Primary School, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province

Whenever I see those exquisite handicrafts, I always envy them. I always hope that one day I can make a proud work with my own hands.

Finally, this opportunity came. Last week, our school organized us to go to the labor base to experience the hard life of the base. We experienced the hardships of military training and the fun of paper cutting in the base. What makes me most happy is that I finally made a handicraft by myself.

I remember that morning, under the leadership of our teacher, we came to the classroom of "craft production", only to see the teacher take out a bag of gypsum powder, two cups and a mold. The teacher first mixed water and gypsum powder evenly, and then poured gypsum into the mold. When loading the mold, gently shake the mold to make the gypsum evenly distributed in the mold. After about 4 to 5 minutes, the artwork can be taken out of the mold, which means that an unpainted artwork is "baked".

After seeing the teacher's demonstration, we did it ourselves. At first, I forgot that the ratio of water to gypsum is 1: 2. If a cup is filled with water and gypsum powder at the same time, there is no way to keep the water in the cup from overflowing. Later, after I adjusted the ratio of water to gypsum powder, I poured water into gypsum. This time, I was in trouble again-I didn't mix evenly. What happened? At first, I thought the water was poured too fast, so I tried it again and the result was the same as last time. I have no choice but to ask the teacher. After I explained to the teacher why the mixing was uneven. The teacher smiled and told me, "One of your steps is wrong. Instead of pouring water into gypsum powder, you should pour gypsum into water. " After listening to the teacher's explanation, I suddenly realized that it was true. I quickly mixed the gypsum, then I poured it into the mold and finally shook it well. After waiting for a long time, my work came out. Although I haven't painted it, I'm still very happy.

In the afternoon, we can't wait to come to another classroom to color my morning work. When the teacher arranges seats for us, we will hold a brush in our hands and color this work. Because my work depicts two small fish swimming in the water, light blue must be used as the base color, but among the five pigments on the table, there is no light blue. What shall we do? At this moment, the teacher came, and I asked the teacher again. The teacher still smiled and told me: "You can mix these five colors together, so that new colors will appear." Sure enough, I mixed white with dark blue, and light blue really appeared. Later, I used the same method to bring out many colorful colors. After a while, my work finally really came out. You see, the gray lace sets off the light blue "sea water". Two small fish swim freely in the water, and there are two small conchs and a small starfish beside them, which gives people a pleasing feeling. Seeing this work, I can't help feeling very proud.

Making handicrafts, as long as you master the method and be careful, you will succeed. How's it going? Come and have a try!

That's all.