Rabies problem! ! !

Rabies

The contents of this entry should not be regarded as medical advice. Any health issues should be consulted by professional medical staff. ——Contributor’s Notice

△Human Symptoms

Rabies is mad dog disease, also known as hydrophobia. It is an acute viral infectious disease that attacks the central nervous system. All warm-blooded Animals, including humans, can become infected. It is mostly acquired by bites from infected animals. It is generally believed that the disease is transmitted through the bite of a mad dog with white foam around its mouth. In fact, cats, stoats, raccoons, skunks, foxes or bats may also become sick and transmit the disease. Sick animals often become very ferocious, and viruses in their saliva pass from bite wounds to the next patient.

It is extremely rare for rabies to be transmitted from one person to another. Most human patients with rabies will become ill and die. There was one case of recovery in 1971. In 2004, after the death of a patient with undiagnosed rabies in the United States, the organs were donated. Three people who received the donation died from rabies.

Pathogen: The pathogen that causes rabies is the rabies virus RabiesVirus of the genus Rabies in the family Rhabdoviridae. The complete rabies virus is bullet-shaped, about 200 nanometers in length and 70 nanometers in diameter. The entire virus is composed of the outermost lipid bilayer outer membrane, a structural protein coat, and RNA molecules carrying genetic information. It is generally accepted that there are four different serotypes of rabies virus. The rabies virus has very weak resistance and will die quickly in the environment of surfactants, formaldehyde, mercury chloride, acid and alkali, and is extremely sensitive to heat and ultraviolet rays.

Clinical stages and manifestations: The clinical manifestations of rabies can be divided into four stages.

1. Incubation period: (average about 4-6 weeks, the shortest and longest ranges are 10 days to 8 months), the incubation period ranges from a few days to several years depending on the individual's physical constitution , the infected person does not have any symptoms during the incubation period.

2. Prodromal stage: The infected person begins to experience symptoms such as general malaise, fever, fatigue, restlessness, pain at the bite site, and abnormal sensation.

3. Exciting period: Humans: The patient's various symptoms reach their peak, and symptoms such as mental stress, general spasm, hallucinations, delirium, fear of light, sound, water, and wind occur. Therefore, rabies is also called hydrophobia. The patient often suffocates to death due to spasms in the throat.

4. Coma period: If the patient can survive the excitement period, he will enter the coma period. In this period, the patients are deeply comatose, but the various symptoms of rabies are no longer obvious, and most of them enter the coma period. Patients at this stage eventually die of exhaustion.

Pathology: After entering the human body, rabies virus first infects muscle cells, spends the incubation period in muscle cells, and then enters nerve cells through the acetylcholine receptor between muscle cells and nerve cells, and then follows the same pathway. It enters the spinal cord and then the brain without spreading through the blood. The virus infects the hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem and even the entire central nervous system in the brain, replicates in large quantities in the gray matter, and travels down the nerves to reach the salivary glands, cornea, nasal mucosa, lungs, skin and other parts. The main damage caused by rabies virus to the host comes from endosomes, which are eosinophilic particles formed by the accumulation of its discarded protein coats in cells. Endosomes are widely distributed in the central nervous cells of patients and are also the laboratory diagnosis of this disease. an indicator of.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis of rabies can be based on clinical symptoms or laboratory tests.

1. Clinical diagnosis: Mainly based on the clinical symptoms mentioned above.

2. Laboratory diagnosis:

Examination of endosomes in brain tissue;

Fluorescence immunoassay method to detect antibodies;

Secretions Animal vaccination experiment;

Serological antibody test;

Reverse transcription PCR method to detect viral RNA.

Prevention and treatment:

1. Control the spread among wild animals;

2. Achieve by feeding bait containing oral rabies vaccine;

3. Control the spread among pets;

4. Compulsory rabies vaccination for pets;

5. Preventive vaccination of susceptible people;

6. Vaccinate rabies vaccines for people who are susceptible to rabies virus.

Post-exposure prophylactic treatment: Use 3%-5% soapy water or 0.1% chlormethionine or wash thoroughly with clean water. When rinsing a deep wound, use a syringe to insert into the deep part of the wound for irrigation and cleaning. Complete and thorough. Then disinfect with 75% ethanol, and then apply concentrated iodine tincture. The earlier the local wound treatment, the better. Even if it is delayed for 1-2 days or even 3-4 days, local treatment should not be ignored. If the wound has scabs at this time, the scabs should be removed and treated according to the above method; vaccinate against rabies and Infiltrate and inject rabies virus immune serum near the wound.

The serum treatment method began in 1899, and the effective treatment time is within 24 hours after being bitten.

The preparation methods of rabies vaccine include animal brain tissue culture and human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV). Vaccines produced from animal brain tissue have a greater immune response in the human body and may cause encephalitis.

△Canine symptoms

Rabies, also known as mad dog disease and hydrophobia. It is a direct contact infectious disease of humans and all warm-blooded animals (humans, dogs, cats, etc.) caused by rabies virus. Once a person is bitten by a dog containing rabies virus, the mortality rate is 100%.

Therefore, dogs as pets must pay attention to rabies immunity. The clinical manifestations of rabies dogs are extreme excitement, mania, salivation and loss of consciousness, and eventually general paralysis and death.

Symptoms: The incubation period of this disease varies, usually 15 days, and can last several months or more than a year in the elderly. The length of the incubation period is related to the virulence and location of the infection.

Clinical manifestations are divided into two types: one is the violent type, and the other is the paralytic type.

Violent type: divided into three stages, prodromal stage, excitement stage and paralysis stage.

In the prodromal stage, symptoms include depression, fear of light and darkness, slow reaction, unwillingness to listen to the owner's calls, unwillingness to touch people, abnormal appetite, tendency to bite foreign objects, difficulty in swallowing and neck extension, increased salivation, and weakness in posterior drive. Pupils are dilated. This period usually takes 1-2 days. After the prodromal stage, the patient enters the excitement stage, which manifests as violent restlessness, active attacks on people and other animals, confusion of consciousness, and paralysis of the laryngeal muscles. After the violent rage, he becomes depressed and appears tired and unwilling to move. After a slight recovery of physical strength, he will stand up and go crazy again with a slight external stimulus. His eyes will squint and he bites his limbs and hindquarters. Once the dog leaves the house, it does not recognize its home and wanders around with hoarse barking, paralysis of the jaw, and drooling. This kind of sick dog is very harmful to people and other livestock. Once discovered, the relevant departments should be notified immediately and executed.

Paralysis stage: The main symptoms are paralysis, with general muscle paralysis, difficulty in standing up, lying on the ground, twitching, tongue protrusion, salivation, and finally respiratory center paralysis or failure and death.

Prevention: Rabies can be prevented by immunizing with inactivated or modified live virus rabies vaccine. The immunization procedure is that dogs aged 3-4 months are first immunized with the live vaccine, and then immunized again at one year old, and then at intervals. Immunization is given every 2-3 years. The inactivated vaccine is administered to dogs aged 3-4 months after the first vaccination, and the second vaccination is administered 3-4 weeks after the first vaccination. After the second vaccination, the vaccine is administered every other year.

Rabies is very harmful to people. Once a person is bitten by a rabies dog, if the person is not vaccinated within 24 hours, once rabies symptoms appear, the mortality rate is 10O%), so animal owners must Regularly inject rabies vaccines into other animals according to the vaccination schedule to prevent being bitten by dogs. Large domestic dogs must be kept in captivity and tethered to prevent them from biting others. Once a person is bitten by an unknown dog, he should immediately go to the epidemic prevention department for emergency vaccination. Control measures should be taken immediately after ownerless and wild dogs are discovered.

Treatment: There is currently no drug that can treat this disease.

△Rabies Knowledge Questions and Answers

1. What is rabies?

Rabies, also known as hydrophobia, is an acute infectious disease caused by rabies virus that mainly invades the central nervous system of humans and animals.

2. What is the resistance to rabies virus?

Generally speaking, the resistance of mad viruses is not strong and can be destroyed by sunlight, ultraviolet rays and ultrasonic waves. Strong alkali, strong acid, potassium permanganate and iodine can cause death. It will die quickly in 1% formalin or 70% alcohol. It gradually loses its infectivity after drying.

It is sensitive to the effect of temperature. One hour at 56°C, 10-15 minutes at 60°C, and only 2 minutes at 100°C can completely kill the virus. But low temperature is a good survival condition for viruses. Viruses in brain blocks can be stored for several months at 4°C, and can still maintain their infectious properties for several years at -70°C. .

3. How many types of rabies virus are there?

There are two types of rabies virus:

1. Rabies virus isolated from patients and sick animals has the characteristics of neurotropism and salivary gland tropism, and can cause rabies in humans or animals. Its symptoms are mainly madness, which is called manic rabies.

2． Rabies viruses isolated from bats in Central and South America can cause rabies after infecting humans and animals. But its symptoms are mainly paralysis. It is called paralytic rabies. The characteristics of this virus are that it is neurotropic and visceral, and its invasive power is relatively weak. However, it can be spread through the air, and the formation of endogenous Guillotine bodies in the brain is atypical.

4. What are the sources of infection of rabies?

There are two sources of rabies infection.

1. Rabies-infected animals and rabid humans

All warm-blooded animals can be infected with rabies, but their sensitivity varies, with mammals being the most sensitive. In nature, rabies has been seen in domestic dogs, wild dogs, cats, wolves, foxes, jackals, badgers, pigs, cattle, sheep, horses, camels, bears, deer, elephants, hares, squirrels, weasels and other animals. Poultry are not sensitive. Rabies can also occur in chickens, ducks, geese, peacocks, etc., but the disease develops slowly and usually takes the form of paralysis. Ducks are highly resistant to rabies virus, with only 29% developing neurological symptoms and many of them still surviving. All cold-blooded animals such as fish, frogs, turtles, etc. can resist rabies virus infection.

The virus can be isolated from the saliva of people with rabies. Although cases of human-to-human transmission are rare, attention should be paid to the fact that infection through corneal transplantation also occurs.

2． "Healthy" dogs and animals with rabies virus

Some animals do not become sick, show no symptoms, and do not die after being bitten by a rabid dog. However, there is a large amount of rabies virus in the saliva, and if you bite someone, you will become seriously ill and die. And this "healthy" animal is still alive and well. This type of latent virus-carrying animals accounts for 15.2%. The virus-carrying rate of domestic animals is not high. Among dogs, puppies are the most common, which is the most dangerous source of infection.

Because these are often not taken seriously by people, they are more powerful than the typical mad dog. The most harmful ones should be taken seriously.

5. Why are dogs the main source of infection in rabies epidemics?

Because of the habit of raising dogs all over the world, among animals, dogs have the closest contact with people. In addition, dogs are highly mobile and possess the characteristics of biting behavior, so dogs have become the main link in the epidemic of rabies. According to statistics, the proportion of people bitten by various animals who contract rabies is: 80.07% are bitten by dogs, 9.25% are bitten by cats, 0.64% are bitten by wolves, and 0.64% are bitten by foxes. Injuries accounted for 0.03%, and bites by farm animals accounted for 0.64%. Among them, dogs account for the highest proportion, so dogs are the main source of infection.

6. What are the ways of transmitting rabies?

There are three ways of transmission of rabies:

1. Infection caused by bites or scratches on the skin or licking of mucous membranes by dogs or other animals. Rabies virus invades nerves through wounds and mucous membranes and causes disease. This is the main mode of infection.

2． Infection occurs when the hand is accidentally stabbed during slaughtering or skinning. According to statistics, among the 86 cases of rabies, 78 were bitten and 8 were infected by skinning and stabbing hands of slaughtered dogs.

3． Infection through the digestive tract. Animals that died of rabies were buried underground, frozen in the winter, and then picked out by wild dogs or other animals, whose meat was eaten and infected with rabies.

7. Meat from rabid dogs, pigs and livestock, processed into mature meat. Can you become infected after eating it?

Humans cannot get rabies if they eat the cooked meat of rabid animals, because the rabies virus has died after being boiled at 100°C and is not contagious. However, rabid animals are forbidden to be slaughtered, skinned and eaten. In order to prevent skinning or cutting and stabbing hands or infecting dry and cracked hands, contact with the blood and saliva of infected animals is very easy to become infected.

8. Who is susceptible to rabies infection?

People are generally susceptible to rabies, but different groups of people have different chances of infection. There are more males than females, and more people are under 14 years old, accounting for about 52% of the total. Among people under 14 years old, the male to female ratio is 2.37:1. The reason why boys are taller than girls is generally believed to be that men are active, have more opportunities to go out and are more likely to be bitten. Children between the ages of 5 and 14, especially boys, are active, like playing with dogs, teasing dogs, and love to pick fights, so they are prone to being bitten. This age is also called the "accident age" and they are susceptible to rabies.

9. After being bitten by mad dogs and animals, what factors are related to the incidence rate?

The incidence of being bitten by a crazy dog ??or other animal is related to the following six factors:

1. The location of the bite. Among children aged 1 to 14 years old who were bitten, the incidence rate of bite sites was: 25.6% on the head, 29.7% on the upper limbs, 2.1% on the trunk, and 27.8% on the lower limbs. , multiple bites accounted for 14.8%. The highest incidence is in the head and extremities.

2． It depends on the order of being bitten. Those bitten first have a greater chance of getting sick than those bitten later, which may be related to the amount of virus being infected. For example, a rabid dog in a certain place bit 12 people, and the 3 people bitten first became ill and died.

3． It depends on the depth of the wound and the number of wounds. Deep wounds, large wounds, and large numbers of wounds have a higher incidence.

4. Depends on the presence or absence of clothing. The incidence rate is highest when wearing no clothes; the incidence rate is higher when wearing unlined clothes in summer than wearing cotton-padded clothes in winter. This is because the teeth and saliva stained with the virus enter the wound after being wiped with clothes, which reduces the chance of infection.

5. It depends on whether the wound is treated promptly. Those who treat wounds in a timely manner have significantly lower morbidity rates than those who do not.

6． Related to vaccination. Those who get rabies vaccine promptly on the day of being bitten and follow the entire procedure have the lowest morbidity rate.

10. What factors are related to the epidemic of rabies?

The epidemic of rabies is mainly related to the following three factors.

1. The incidence of rabies in humans is mainly related to the surrounding dog-raising environment. Since dogs are the main source of infection of rabies, if there are many dogs and the density of dogs increases, it is very easy to cause the spread of infectious diseases among dogs, directly posing a great threat to humans and increasing the possibility of epidemics.

2． Depends on region and season. In southern areas with a warmer climate, rabies epidemics can occur throughout the year. In the cold northern areas, although rabies occurs all year round, the incidence rate is higher in warmer seasons due to less clothing. In the cold season, when dogs are reluctant to go out and people wear cotton-padded clothes, the incidence rate decreases.

3. It is related to the attention paid by the local government and the preventive measures taken. If the local government vigorously hunts wild dogs or adopts measures to restrict dog breeding and greatly reduce the density of dogs, the prevalence of rabies can be reduced. Or stipulating that dogs must be vaccinated against veterinary rabies vaccines on a regular basis can also effectively control the epidemic of rabies.

11. What is the pathogenesis of rabies?

There are a lot of viruses in the saliva of sick animals. When they bite people, the virus invades the wound and causes infection, and multiplies in the surrounding tissues. To a certain extent, it is transmitted along the peripheral nerves to the central nervous system and brain. The virus spreads from person to person at about 3 nanometers per hour. When the virus reaches the nerve roots on the dorsal side of the spinal cord, it begins to multiply.

It invades relevant joint segments of the spinal cord and spreads throughout the central nervous system within 24 hours. The virus mainly invades neurons in many parts. Recently, it has been proven that in addition to centripetal nerve spread, rabies virus also has centrifugal nerve spread, causing many peripheral nerve tissues to be affected. The olfactory nerves are more severely infected than the salivary glands. The virus can also be isolated from the cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, lungs, liver, kidneys and other internal organs of the deceased, which may be related to centrifugal transmission. Many organs of patients may be damaged to varying degrees.

12. What is the incubation period? What is the incubation period of rabies?

After any infectious disease is infected by bacteria or viruses, it will take a period of time to develop. This period is called the incubation period.

The incubation period of rabies fluctuates the most, ranging from 6 days or 12 days to 1 year or more than 5 years. The shortest is 6 days and the longest is 10 years, and some are even as long as 30 years. to 40 years. According to statistics, about 84.4% of cases have an incubation period of 12-99 days.

13. What are the symptoms of rabies?

The symptoms of rabies can be divided into: prodromal stage. Manic period. There are three stages of paralysis.

Prodromal stage: At the beginning of the disease, children often complain of headaches, restlessness, fear and other neurological symptoms, and may also experience nausea, vomiting and other symptoms. The body temperature is as high as 37.5--38℃. Children's personality or behavior may change, such as low mood, depression and restlessness, and some are prone to anger. The bitten area will be red, there will be tingling or numbness around the wound, and there will be swelling, accompanied by a crawling sensation and strong itching. Changes in wounds are an important indicator of serious illness and are very helpful in early diagnosis. Further symptoms of laryngeal tightness, anorexia, and dysphagia may occur. At this time, it usually takes 1-3 days, and sometimes it can take 7 days.

Manic phase: Also called the excited phase, unique symptoms of rabies may occur, such as hydrophobia, paroxysmal mania and episodes of salivation. When the patient wants to drink water, it causes severe spasm in the pharynx, making breathing difficult and very painful. In the future, whenever you see or hear water, or even think about water, it can cause a reflex attack, so it is also called "hydrophobia." Pharyngeal spasm can also spread to respiratory muscles, making breathing difficult, and the patient may become cyanotic and have dilated pupils. The patient was conscious during the intervals between attacks, but as the paroxysmal spasms intensified, the patient often exhibited manic behavior. Due to sympathetic nerve excitement, the patient experiences profuse sweating and salivation, coupled with vomiting and difficulty in eating and drinking, and soon becomes dehydrated. The body temperature is as high as 39--40℃. This period lasts for 1-3 days.

Paralysis stage: The patient passes through the manic stage and turns from manic to quiet. The spasms gradually stop, the reaction is slow, and the patient can eat a small amount. Generally, family members often think that the condition has improved. In fact, paralysis of the cranial nerves and limbs soon occurred, and eventually death occurred due to respiratory and circulatory failure. This period is short, usually 15--20 hours.

14. How to diagnose and differentially diagnose rabies?

When the prodromal symptoms are not obvious, it is generally difficult to diagnose. Asking about a history of bites or any unusual sensations at the wound can help with diagnosis. If there is a typical fear of water or pharyngeal spasm, it is not difficult to diagnose.

The following diseases need to be distinguished from other diseases in diagnosis:

(1) Rabies phobia: These patients are often people who have knowledge of rabies or have seen rabies patients attack. This kind of person is very afraid of rabies, and the pain at the bite site will cause psychological terror symptoms. However, this patient has no low-grade fever, no real spasm of throat muscles when exposed to water, and no hydrophobia.

(2) Tetanus: The symptoms of the two are similar, but the incubation period of tetanus is short, 6-14 days, and there is a history of trauma. Typical symptoms such as trismus, opisthotonus, and long-term tonic general spasm appear, while rabies is dominated by local spasms and is of short duration.

(3) Meningitis and encephalitis are often confused with the prodromal symptoms of rabies. However, there was no history of bites, and the mental state showed retardation, drowsiness, coma, and convulsions, which were different from the symptoms of rabies such as consciousness, panic, and restlessness. In addition, rabies should also be distinguished from poliomyelitis, central nervous system drug poisoning, uremia, etc.

15. How to prevent rabies?

To avoid rabies, you must do the following:

(1) Strengthen publicity and make every parent, especially children, aware of the dangers of rabies. To increase knowledge on rabies prevention. Children must be educated, especially young children, to be supervised and not to play with or tease dogs, or to have contact with dogs. Even seemingly healthy dogs and small animals that are not crazy may carry rabies. Children have weak resistance and are easily knocked down by dogs and bitten on the head and upper limbs. They have the highest incidence rate and are the most dangerous.

(2) Dogs are the main source of infection of rabies. If a rabid dog is found, it must be captured and isolated or killed and buried. Dog owners must lock up and take care of their dogs according to regulations to prevent infection and injury. And dogs should be vaccinated regularly.

(3) After being bitten, go to the hospital for treatment in time. Because wounds are the gateway for viruses to invade. Once treated, infection can be directly prevented or the incubation period can be extended.

(4) Rabies vaccine should be injected promptly after being bitten or after handling. Because once the disease occurs, there is no way to treat it. The vaccine must be injected according to the regulations. This is the most effective way to prevent the occurrence of rabies.

16. What are the ways to prevent being bitten by a crazy animal?

There are three prevention methods. Timely and thorough cleaning of wounds, use of immune serum, and vaccination are listed as the "three major steps". Each accounts for one-third of its importance and is indispensable. In actual work, wound treatment is often overlooked, followed by immune serum.

17. How to deal with wounds bitten by crazy animals?

In order to prevent the rabies virus in the saliva of crazy animals from contaminating the wound and entering the body to cause infection, it is recommended to wash the wound repeatedly with soapy water and squeeze the bleeding; other disinfectants can also be used, such as 40%-70% Wash with alcohol, vinegar, white wine, or directly rinse the wound with large amounts of water. Because the rabies virus is not resistant to strong acid, strong alkali and high temperature, it will be killed at 56°C for 15 minutes, 60°C for 5 minutes, and 100°C for 2 minutes, and will be torn apart by crazy animals. Clothing should be changed and boiled in time to prevent "non-bite contact infection" from contacting skin or mucous membranes again. It is strictly forbidden to skin and eat the meat of crazy animals that have been killed. They should be burned in time to prevent wild animals from digging up the soil and chewing the carcasses and polluting the environment.

18. How to use immune serum?

First, perform an infiltrative injection in the injured area, no less than 5 mL, 0.5 mL per kilogram of body weight (for particularly serious bites, the injection may be increased to 1.0-1.5 mL as appropriate), divided into several muscles. Injection, vaccination can be started on the same day or the next day after the injection is completed. However, care must be taken to avoid injecting serum and vaccine at the same site.

19. How to do an allergy test before injecting immune serum?

Dilute the immune serum 10 times with physiological saline (0.1mL serum plus 0.9mL saline), inject 0.05mL intradermally on the volar side of the forearm, and observe for 30 minutes. If there is no obvious reaction at the injection site, it is considered negative. Immune serum can be used directly under observation. If there is enlargement, redness, swelling, or infiltration of the skin at the injection site, especially if it looks like pseudopodia or itches, it is a positive reaction and must be desensitized. If the local reaction of the injection is particularly severe or accompanied by systemic symptoms in addition to the local reaction; measles, nasopharyngeal itching, sneezing, etc., are positive reactions, and a desensitizing injection should be used; if anaphylactic shock occurs, immediately inject 1/1000 epinephrine 0.5 - 1.0mL, or other corresponding measures.

20. How to do a desensitization test?

Dilute the serum 10 times with normal saline, subcutaneously inject small amounts multiple times, and observe for 15-30 minutes after each injection. minute. Inject 1.0 mL for the first time. If there is no cyanosis, wheezing or significant shortness of breath, or accelerated pulse, you can inject 2.0 mL for the second time. If there is still no response after the injection volume reaches 4.0 mL, you can slowly inject the full amount. Outpatients must be observed for at least 30 minutes after being injected with immune serum before leaving.

21. How to use concentrated rabies vaccine?

The bitten person will be injected with 1 ampoule of concentrated rabies vaccine (liquid 2mL freeze-dried vaccine 1mL or 2mL) on days 0 (day 1), 3, 7, 14, and 30. The dosage for children is the same. Those with severe bites (more than 3 bites on the head, face, neck, fingers, multiple parts. Those who bite through the skin or lick the mucous membrane) should be injected with double the amount of vaccine on days 0 and 3, and at the same time as the vaccine on day 0 Combined with anti-rabies serum. Anyone who uses anti-rabies serum in combination must receive 2 to 3 booster shots after the full course of vaccine injection, that is, booster shots should be given 15 days, 75 days, or 10, 20, or 90 days after the full course of vaccination. The vaccine is injected intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle of the upper arm, and for children, it can be injected intramuscularly in the buttocks.

The incubation period of rabies ranges from 10 days to more than 10 years, usually 30 to 90 days. The course of the disease is generally within 6 days and rarely exceeds 10 days. The clinical course can be divided into three stages: prodromal stage, excitement stage and paralysis stage.

Humans are generally susceptible to rabies virus. For those bitten by sick dogs without vaccination, the incidence rate averages 15% to 20% and reaches a maximum of 70%.

The onset of rabies is related to factors such as the location of the bite, degree of trauma, local treatment, and vaccination status. Domestic reports indicate that the incidence rate after the full course of vaccination is 0.15%, and that of those who have not been fully vaccinated is 13.93%.

Our country currently uses tissue culture vaccines, which require the amount of antigen injected each time to be no less than 2.5 international units. The method of use is: Generally, bite patients should be administered on 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days. Inject one bottle of vaccine into each muscle.

Severe bites? Bites or deep bites on the head, face, neck, fingers and multiple parts? Massive bleeding, dysfunction or muscle bites. In addition to injecting the vaccine according to the above procedures, you should also be injected with antibiotics immediately. Rabies serum. The dose is calculated based on 40 international units per kilogram of body weight. In severe cases, it can be increased to 100 international units as appropriate. 50% is injected into the injured area by infiltration, and the rest is injected intramuscularly, and the injection is completed in several doses within 1 to 2 days. An allergy test must be done before using the serum, and desensitization therapy will be used for those who are positive. In order to avoid serum interference with the vaccine effect, the fifth dose of vaccine should be administered followed by two booster doses of vaccine.

Once bitten by a sick animal, the wound should be treated thoroughly and strictly immediately, and rabies vaccination should be carried out.

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