Summary of geography knowledge points in grade one of junior high school

Geography is a subject about the relationship between people living on the earth and their geographical environment. Generally speaking, the scope of geography includes various environments in which human beings live, namely, natural environment and human environment. The following brings you some summaries of geography knowledge points in Grade One, hoping to help you.

Summary of geography knowledge points in Grade One of Senior High School 1

Earth and map

1. The country with windmills is the Netherlands.

2. The traditional costumes of Arabs are mostly white robes and headscarves. The reason for wearing this kind of clothes is to reflect the sun and resist the wind and sand.

There are four basic directions in the ground plane: East (E), West (W), South (S) and North (N). On this basis, there are eight directions: southeast, northeast, southwest, northwest and * * *.

4. On the map without direction signs, the direction should be determined according to the directions of going up north, down south, left west and right east.

5. Scale = distance on the map: actual distance.

6. The scale is divided into numerical scale, line scale and text scale.

7. The larger the scale, the smaller the scope and the finer the content; The smaller the scale, the larger the scope and the smaller the content.

8. The three elements of a map are scale, direction, annotation and legend.

9. Ways to collect geographic information: ① Consult a geographic dictionary; (2) consulting relevant personnel; (3) Internet access to information, etc.

Chapter II: Land and Sea

1 After measurement, the earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator.

2. In the past, there were two views on the shape of the earth, namely, the theory of "covering the sky" and the theory of "muddy the sky".

3. Magellan Round the World-The route is Spain → strait of magellan → Pacific Ocean → Philippine Islands → Indian Ocean → Cape of Good Hope → Spain.

4. The surface area of the earth is 565438+ 1 100 million square kilometers; The radius is 6371km; The circumference of the equator is 40 thousand kilometers.

5. The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east, and counterclockwise from the North Pole; Seen from above the South Pole, it rotates clockwise.

6. The equator and the circle parallel to the equator are called latitudes.

7. The latitude of the equator is 0, the north of the equator is called north latitude, the south is called south latitude, and the north latitude and south latitude are 90 respectively.

8. The North Pole and the South Pole are located at 90 degrees north latitude and 90 degrees south latitude respectively.

9. It is stipulated that 0 ~ 30 is a low latitude region, 30 ~ 60 is a middle latitude region, and 60 ~ 90 is a high latitude region.

10. The dividing line between the northern and southern hemispheres is the equator.

1 1. The arc connecting the north and south poles and perpendicular to the latitude is called the meridian.

12. The starting point of longitude is the prime meridian, or 0 meridian, and the degree of east-west longitude is 180.

13. The dividing line between the eastern and western hemispheres is 20 west longitude and160 east longitude. ..

14. There are seven continents in the world, namely Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania. The jingles of seven continents (from big to small) are: Asia, Africa, North America and South America; Antarctic European Ocean.

15. Antarctica is the continent with the longest longitude span.

16. Continental boundary: Asia and Europe: Urals, ural river, Caucasus, Turkish Strait (connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea), Black Sea and Caspian Sea; Asia and Africa: Suez Canal (connecting the Mediterranean and the Red Sea); Asia and North America: Bering Strait; South America and North America: Panama Canal (connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean).

17. The Pacific Ocean spans the northern and southern hemispheres, accounting for about half of the world's total ocean area. It is the deepest in the four oceans and has the most islands.

18. The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean in the world, spanning the northern and southern hemispheres, with a slight "S" shape. Most of the Indian Ocean is located in the southern hemisphere and is the third ocean in the world.

19. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the four oceans.

20. Topographic types include plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins.

2 1. On the topographic map, the elevation is used to represent the ups and downs of the ground; Green represents simplicity; Blue represents the ocean; Yellow represents alpine plateau; White represents glaciers.

22. Submarine topography: continental shelf: the natural extension of land to the ocean, with gentle slope and water depth less than 200 meters; Continental slope: a steep slope in which the continental shelf inclines outward and the water depth increases sharply to several kilometers; Mid-ocean ridge: the place where the seabed was born in the ocean, where volcanic activity is relatively strong; Trench: the deepest place at the bottom of the ocean, with the water depth exceeding 1 10,000 meters.

23. The earth is composed of six plates, namely, Asia-Europe plate, America plate, Africa plate, Pacific plate, Indian Ocean plate and Antarctica plate.

24. The interior of the plate is relatively stable, and there are tension, collision and extrusion at the junction of the plate and the plate.

25. Volcanoes and earthquakes will occur at the junction of plates.

Chapter III: Weather and Climate

1. Birth rate = number of births ÷ total population ×100%; Mortality rate = number of deaths/total population ×100%; Natural growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate.

2. Most people in the world live in the middle and low latitudes, but the population is more concentrated in plains and basins with mild climate and more precipitation, such as eastern and southern Asia, western Europe, eastern North America and South America.

3. Yellow people are mainly distributed in the east and southeast of Asia, and American Indians and Inuit people along the Arctic Ocean also belong to the yellow people.

4. The population growth of some Asian and African countries is too fast; The population of some European countries is negative.

Summary of geography knowledge points in senior high school

Australian knowledge points

1. Location, scope and area:

⑴ Location: It borders Asia in the northwest, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the west and Antarctica in the south. It is a country that occupies a continent alone.

⑵ Tropic of Capricorn runs through central Australia and is located in the tropical and south temperate zones in the five zones.

(3) Territorial composition: mainland Australia, Tasmania, etc. This area ranks sixth in the world.

2. World Museum of Living Fossils:

Why are there so many ancient creatures only in Australia? Australia was separated from other continents as early as 65 million years ago, isolated from the southern hemisphere ocean, with slow biological evolution, lack of natural enemies and preservation of many ancient species. Such as the long jump star-kangaroo; Australian lazy koala (koala); Long-distance runner-EMU; Oviposition mammal-platypus.

3. A country riding on a sheep's back

(1) Terrain: The terrain is low and flat. The terrain is obviously divided into three parts from west to east: western plateau, central plain and eastern mountain.

The relationship between agriculture and animal husbandry in Australia: Australia's extensive grazing belt and cattle grazing belt are distributed in the western, central and northern regions, and the southeast and southwest coastal areas are mixed agricultural belts. The plains along the southeast and southwest coasts are suitable for both grazing and farming, and there will be no conflict in time.

⑵ Climate: Tropic of Capricorn crosses central Australia and is located in the tropical and south temperate zones in the five zones, so the climate is dominated by tropical grassland climate and tropical desert climate.

The relationship between the distribution of agriculture and animal husbandry in Australia and climate: the central, western and northern parts of Australia are vast tropical desert climate and tropical grassland climate areas, which are relatively dry and suitable for livestock wintering and reproduction, and the temperate maritime climate in the southeast and the Mediterranean climate in the southwest are also suitable for farming.

(3) "country riding on sheep's back"

More than 70% of sheep in Australia are concentrated in the mixed experience zone of southeast and southwest, and there are relatively few sheep in other vast areas. The reason is that there is a large area of desert on the vast plateau of western Australia, which can not develop agriculture and animal husbandry, forming a large agricultural blank area; The southeast and southwest have low terrain, humid climate and good rainy and hot conditions, which are not only conducive to wheat planting, but also to the development of sheep industry, forming a mixed sheep and wheat breeding area.

(4) The main agricultural and livestock products exported by Australia: wool, beef and wheat.

5. Development conditions of Australian sheep industry: A grassland is fat and widely distributed; B rich groundwater; C dry climate, suitable for raising sheep; Sheep have no natural enemies.

Summary of geography knowledge points in senior one and three.

1. 1 Asia and Europe

"Asia" and "Europa": Asia: the place of sunrise in the east; Europa: the place of sunset in the west.

The continental parts of Asia and Europe combined to form Eurasia. Asia is bordered by the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean on three sides, Europe in the west, Africa in the southwest and North America across the Bering Strait in the east. With an area of about 44 million square kilometers, Asia is the largest continent in the world. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the north, west and south, Asia in the east and Africa in the south.

Asian terrain dominated by plateaus and mountains: three characteristics: 1. Terrain is mainly plateau and mountain, with high average altitude;

2. The ground fluctuates greatly, and the height varies greatly. 3. The terrain is high in the middle and low around.

Terrain difference:

Asia and Europe

The continent with the highest average altitude is the lowest in the world.

The relative height fluctuates greatly on the ground, and the height difference is small.

The main terrain is plateau and mountain plain.

The terrain is high in the middle, and the surrounding plains and mountains are mainly distributed on the south and north sides.

Complex and diverse Asian climate: complex and diverse: continental characteristics are remarkable; Monsoon is the most typical and influential.

Asia with many rivers: most rivers originate in the central plateau and mountains and flow radially into the sea along the terrain;

The internal flow area is very large.

Asian population and countries: Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with a total population of 3.672 billion in 2000, accounting for about 60% of the world's total population. Most countries in the world with a population of over 6,543.8 billion are in Asia.

1.2 Africa

The continent with the largest number of countries: "Africa" is the "scorching sun". Africa is located in the western part of the old hemisphere, across the equator. It borders the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar in the north, the narrow Red Sea between the northeast and Asia, and the Suez Canal as the land boundary. There are 54 independent countries in Africa, the largest number in the world. The African continent has a vast plateau, which is called "Plateau continent".

The Sahara Desert, located in the north of Africa, is the desert in the world, occupying about the whole continent.

Hot climate: Africa is the continent with the most arid areas in the world.

African savanna covers all continents.

Climate characteristics: high temperature; A vast arid area; Climate types are distributed symmetrically in the north and south.

Rich in resources: Africa has a vast territory and rich and diverse products, and is known as the "rich continent".

The reserves and output of diamonds, gold, chromite and phosphate are among the highest in the world.

An economy in urgent need of development:

1.3 America: "New World": America is the abbreviation of "America".

The natural environment between the north and the south is different: the average altitude in North America is relatively high, and the terrain fluctuates greatly. The terrain is divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: the west is a tall mountain system, the middle is a vast plain, and the east is a low highland.

Summary of geography knowledge points in senior one and four

Development and cooperation

1, there are more than 220 countries and regions in the world:

The top six regions are: Russian, Canadian, China, USA, Brazil, and Australia (not clear in China); (P86_ Figure 5. 1)

China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Russia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Japan and Mexico are the most populous 1 1 countries. (China, India, the United States, India, Baba, Russia, Mongolia, Japan, Mexico → Lenovo: "China wins the United States and wins Baba; I dreamed of you at the end of the day ") (P86_5.2)

2. National boundaries are the boundaries between a country and its neighbors or the high seas on the map, which are within the scope of national sovereignty. National boundaries are artificially divided, some according to natural boundaries such as mountains, rivers and lakes, oceans, longitude and latitude lines, and some according to nationalities, languages and religions. (Page 87 _ Figure 5.3)

3. Territory: the territory, territorial waters and airspace within the national boundaries.

According to different levels of economic development, countries in the world are usually divided into developed countries and developing countries. At present, there are more than 20 developed countries in the world, mainly distributed in Europe, North America, Oceania and Japan in Asia. Developing countries are mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In some areas, some developing countries even surpass some developed countries, such as Indian software industry and China's aerospace and nuclear industries.

5. Although there is inequality in international cooperation, it is mutually beneficial: developed countries should buy raw materials and sell products in developing countries; Developing countries need to introduce capital, equipment, advanced production technology and management experience from developed countries and buy some products that are difficult to produce at home. Both need active communication and cooperation.

6. The United Nations is an international organization in the world. Formally established in 1945, and headquartered in new york, USA. Its basic purpose is to promote national development and safeguard world peace. In the United Nations, the Security Council is the main body for maintaining world peace and security, consisting of five permanent members, China, the United States, France, Russia and Britain, and 10 non-permanent members.

In South-South cooperation and North-South dialogue, "South" refers to developing countries and "North" refers to developed countries.

Summary of geography knowledge points in senior high school

Residents and settlements

1, 201101October 3 1 day, the world population reached 7 billion.

The growth rate of population is determined by the birth rate and death rate.

3. Natural population growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate, indicating the population growth rate; Natural population growth rate > 0 means population increase, while natural population growth rate

4. Population density can be expressed by population density, and its calculation formula is population density = total population (people) ÷ total area (square kilometers). For example, Sichuan has an area of 485,000 km2, a population of about 88 million and a population density of 88 million ÷ 485,000 = 18 1 person /km2.

5. The four most densely populated areas in the world: East Asia, South Asia, Europe, East North America and other coastal plain areas with low latitudes (these areas are dominated by plains, with warm and humid climate and superior natural conditions). Areas with vast territory and sparsely populated in the world: extremely arid desert areas, rain forest areas with excessively humid climate, high-latitude areas with severe cold all the year round, or high-lying plateaus and mountains, are all sparsely populated areas with harsh natural conditions, which bring difficulties to human survival. (P66_ Figure 4.5)

6. The population problem in today's world is mainly manifested in the problems caused by rapid population growth and overpopulation.

Problems brought by rapid population growth: employment difficulties, housing congestion, hunger and poverty, lack of resources, environmental degradation and so on. Problems brought about by slow population growth: insufficient labor force, insufficient national defense, and difficulties in providing for the elderly.

7. In order to solve the problems brought by rapid population growth, human beings must control themselves and have children in a planned way, so that population growth can adapt to social and economic development and be in harmony with resources and environment. Control population and improve population quality.

8. Three major races (P72_ Figure 4. 1 1): yellow people are concentrated in East Asia, black people are concentrated in southern Africa, and white people are concentrated in North Africa, West Asia, Europe and North America.

9. The working languages of the United Nations are: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic, among which Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world; English is the most widely used language in the world.

10. Three major religions in the world: the religion with the largest number of followers is-,which was formed in Asia, the second largest religion is Islam, which is called Islam and Puritanism by China, and the third largest religion is Buddhism, which is now mainly distributed in eastern and southeastern Asia.

1 1. settlement: settlement is not only the place where people live, but also the place where people carry out labor production and social activities.

Classification: rural settlements and urban settlements. Generally speaking, there are rural settlements first and then urban settlements;

Production activities of different settlements: rural settlements: rural areas → farming, pastoral villages → grazing, fishing villages → fishing, forest farms → logging; Cities are mainly engaged in industry and service industry.

12. Most of the early settlements were selected in places with superior natural conditions such as topography, climate and resources.

13. The traditional settlements listed in the World Heritage List are: the French "Seine River", the Italian city of Venice, the ancient city of Pingyao in China, Old Town of Lijiang in Yunnan, China, the ancient village in southern Anhui, China, and the historic city of Macau.

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