Summary of geography and climate knowledge points in senior high school (selected)

Geography is the general name of the natural environment and social elements in the world or a certain area. It is also a comprehensive basic subject about the relationship between people living on the earth and their geographical environment. Let's share some knowledge points of geography and climate in high school, hoping to help everyone.

1, factors affecting temperature

A. Latitude (determining factor). Specific impacts: solar height, day length, solar radiation and daily range, annual range (temperature days in low latitudes and annual range are smaller than those in high latitudes).

B. topography Shaded and sunny slopes, altitude

C. land and sea location. Distance from the ocean, continental ocean

D. ocean currents. (Warm current: heating and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidification)

E. atmospheric circulation and weather conditions. Where there is more rain, the annual temperature is lower than that in places with less rain.

F. Underlying surface: ground reflectivity (high snow reflectivity and low temperature); The daily temperature and annual range of green land are less than that of bare land.

G. Human activities: heat island effect, greenhouse effect, etc.

2. Daily range and annual range's law.

(1) Daily temperature difference: it is the difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature in a day. Its size is related to latitude, season, weather conditions and surface characteristics.

① Relationship between daily temperature range and latitude: The higher the latitude, the smaller the daily temperature range. Reason: The higher the latitude, the smaller the daily variation of the sun's height.

② Relationship between daily range and weather: The daily range on cloudy days is smaller than that on sunny days.

③ Relationship between diurnal range and land and sea: The diurnal range in coastal areas is smaller than that in inland areas.

④ Relationship between daily range and altitude: the daily range at the top of the mountain is smaller than that in the plain below the mountain; In plateau mountainous areas, the higher the altitude, the greater the daily amplitude.

(2) Temperature annual range: The difference between the highest and lowest monthly average temperature in a year is called the temperature annual range, or the annual variation of temperature. Its size is related to latitude, land and sea distribution and other factors.

① Relationship between temperature annual range and latitude: The higher the latitude, the greater the annual range.

Reasons: The higher the latitude, the greater the annual variation of the noon sun height, the greater the annual variation of the length of day and night, and therefore the greater the annual variation of the temperature; The opposite is true at low latitudes.

② The relationship between annual range and land and sea: The farther away from the sea, the greater the annual range.

Reasons: the heat capacity of land is smaller than that of ocean, and the temperature rises rapidly in summer, and the temperature is higher than that of ocean; In winter, the temperature drops rapidly, and the temperature is lower than that of the ocean, so the temperature is higher than that of the ocean within the year. Coastal areas are greatly influenced by the ocean, which is smaller than inland annual range.

③ Topography: Highlands are smaller than depressions and valleys, and the higher the altitude, the smaller the annual variation.

For example, compared with the plains and basins at the same latitude in China, the annual temperature difference on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is smaller than that on the other hand. This is because: the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a large plateau with middle and low latitudes. Due to its high altitude, the temperature in summer will not be too high; In winter, due to the low latitude and high terrain, the influence of cold wind in winter is weak and the temperature will not be too low.

④ Weather: In sunny areas, the annual temperature is higher than that in rainy areas, for example, Xinjiang is higher than the coastal areas at the same latitude.

⑤ Vegetation: annual range in high vegetation coverage area is smaller than annual range in bare land.

3. Analysis of influencing factors of precipitation.

① Atmospheric circulation factor-the factor that determines precipitation.

The monsoon control area is more in summer and autumn than in winter and spring; Subtropical high control area has less precipitation, drought in summer, tropical desert climate and Mediterranean climate; The control area of equatorial low pressure zone is rich in precipitation; There is more precipitation in the westerlies and less precipitation in the trade winds. (pay attention to the wind direction: it is often rainy when the wind meets the shore; The wind seldom rains at sea)

(2) Weather system factors-more precipitation in low-pressure center and trough, less precipitation in high-pressure center and ridge; Frontal control precipitation, such as plum rain, Guiyang winter rain and northern summer rainstorm; Cyclone transit precipitation is more, such as winter in western Europe, spring in northeast China and south China; Anti-cyclone transit precipitation is less, such as summer drought; There was a lot of precipitation when the typhoon crossed the border.

③ Ocean current factor: there is more precipitation in the coastal warm current flow area; There is little precipitation in the coastal cold current flow area.

④ Land and sea location: generally, there is more precipitation along the coast; There is little precipitation in the inland.

⑤ Terrain: Warm and humid air flow has more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope (foehn effect).

4. Comparison of climate characteristics between the two places.

① Temperature (minimum monthly temperature, annual temperature difference and daily temperature difference)

② Precipitation (total precipitation, seasonal distribution and rainy season).

5. The westerly winds are weak in summer and strong in winter.

(It can be used to explain one of the reasons why the winter wind is stronger than the summer monsoon in China) Because the temperature difference between high and low latitudes in winter is large, the pressure difference is large, and the horizontal pressure gradient force is large. Summer is the opposite.

6. Characteristics of continental climate

(1) The annual range and diurnal temperature range is large. ② Less precipitation. ③ It is hot in Leng Xia in winter.

7, maritime climate characteristics:

(1) The annual range and diurnal temperature range is small, and it is warm in winter and cool in summer. (2) The precipitation is abundant, the seasonal distribution is even, and the interannual change is small.

8, dry humidity influencing factors

Precipitation and evaporation are determined together.

9. Influencing factors of wind power generation

A. the magnitude of pressure gradient force;

B. distance from the high pressure center;

C. Friction (flat and open ground, at sea);

D. how much vegetation;

E. topography (narrow tube effect at the mouth of the canyon on the plateau)

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