Fossil: Are the stone tools used by Beijingers fossils?

Let me explain to you what a fossil is!

Wood fossils are also called silicified wood; Chemical formula: silica. NH2O belongs to cryptocrystal family, with hardness of 5.5-6.5, specific gravity of 2.65-2.66 and refractive index of 1.54- 1.55. It is because the trees in geological history have undergone geological changes, eventually buried in the stratum, and experienced the chemical exchange and filling of groundwater, so that these chemicals are crystallized and deposited in the wooden parts of the trees, and the original structure of the trees is preserved, so wood fossils are formed.

The ancient trees were submerged by water containing silica, and the cells in the wood were replaced by chalcedony and opal of the timely family, so although the appearance of the wood remained, it was actually 100% stone (timely). Western mystics believe that the original rotten wood has become an immortal gem after timely replacement. Therefore, they believe that wood fossils have the energy characteristics of eternity, longevity and immortality.

Usually, there are many cracks or gaps in wood fossils, and often in some places, wood fossils have been filled and replaced by other substances such as agate. These are natural products formed for a long time, not the result of artificial filling, and should not be regarded as defects. On the contrary, this is the wonderful thing.

Mental function:

1, wood fossil ornaments are natural, simple, pure and really good amulets;

2, energy with long life can be obtained, and the service life can be prolonged;

When you meditate or meditate, you can feel its powerful and pure energy, and your whole body is comfortable, just like in heaven. When you meditate, you can easily absorb its energy and convert it into your own energy;

4. Gaze at the fossil wood before meditation, and give yourself appropriate hints to "enter the memory of past lives". If you meditate well, you may be able to go back to your old life.

Representative place of origin:

The United States and China (Adamala, Arizona, USA is the largest fossil wood group in the world, and General Gobi, Qitai County, Xinjiang is the second largest fossil wood group).

Wood fossils can be divided into three categories according to processing methods.

1 class is the original stone of wood fossil. It is an unprocessed wood fossil.

It is difficult to find this kind of tree-shaped jade in the market, because only the tree-shaped jade with a particularly good shape is not used for processing, and the one with a particularly good shape is rare.

The second is to peel, grind and polish wood fossils. Because wood fossils themselves are fossils of trees, trees have bark, and these barks are pale and boring, which is very unsightly.

Only by peeling off the surface and polishing can we show the beauty of Huamu jade.

The third kind is wood fossils that have been sandblasted. After polished, Huamuyu will completely change the natural form of this wood fossil due to the limitation of processing tools.

In recent years, people have come up with the idea of spraying emery on the surface of tree-shaped jade with high pressure to spray off the bark and impurities on the surface and leave a jade layer inside. In this way, the wood fossil can maintain its original natural form and also show the exquisite jade inside the wood fossil. However, due to the limitation of the current sand blasting process, the wood fossils processed by this method must be sprayed with water or wax water to achieve the smoothness of polishing materials.

Wood fossils are classified according to mineralogy.

By analyzing the identification results of thousands of specimens and related data, the author found that Yingshi was the main mineral species of wood fossils, followed by chalcedony and opal.

Mineralogical classification is: timely wood fossils, chalcedony wood fossils and opal wood fossils.

From the analysis of the residual structure of wood fossils, some opal wood fossils have been transformed into timely wood fossils, and there are still bending cracks under dehydration. Due to age, stress, high temperature and aging, the opal wood fossils formed in Mesozoic have been transformed into timely wood fossils, and only the Cenozoic opal wood fossils have been preserved.

Wood fossils are classified by color.

1), white wood fossil minerals have high purity, uniform particle size, single composition, light cell residual color and less cell wall residual. Cell morphology is mainly judged by the cell contour formed by timely replacement, filling and accumulation of chalcedony. Most of the tree species are non-fat-producing plants such as Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Ginkgo biloba, and the later impregnation effect is weak. White wood fossils are rare.

2), gray wood fossils

Minerals have high purity, uniform particle size, single composition, deep cell residual color and many cell wall residues. Cell morphology is mainly judged by the cell contour and obvious cell wall formed by timely and chalcedony replacement, filling and accumulation. Most of the tree species are non-fat-producing plants such as Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Ginkgo biloba, and the later impregnation effect is strong. Gray wood fossils are common.

3) Yellow wood fossil minerals have high purity, uniform particle size, single composition, dark cell residue and more cell wall residue. Cell morphology is mainly judged by the cell contour and obvious cell wall formed by timely replacement, filling and accumulation of chalcedony and opal. Tree species are mainly fat-producing plants such as conifers and cypresses. Yellow is evenly distributed in wood fossils, which is consistent inside and outside, and is related to the original wood. Yellow wood fossils are common. Another yellow wood fossil. Because of the yellow mineral phase of Fe2O3, wood fossils are yellow and uneven, which can be divided into shallow and deep.

4), brown wood fossils

The mineral has high purity, uniform particle size and single composition. In the later stage, iron oxide diffused into the cells, and the residual color was different, and the cell wall remained less-more. Cell morphology is mainly judged by the cell contour and obvious cell wall formed by timely replacement, filling and accumulation of chalcedony and opal. There are all kinds of trees.

The brown mineral phase of Fe2O3 makes wood fossils brown. Among wood fossils, few are brown as a whole, and most are patchy, variegated or clustered.

5), mahogany fossils

The mineral has high purity, uniform particle size and single composition. In the later stage, iron oxide diffused into the cells, and the residual color was different, and the cell wall remained less-more. Cell morphology is mainly judged by the cell contour and obvious cell wall formed by timely replacement, filling and accumulation of chalcedony and opal. There are all kinds of trees.

The red mineral phase of Fe2O3 makes wood fossils appear red. It is rare that the whole wood fossils are red, and most of them are patchy, variegated or clustered. When wood fossils are full of chalcedony, they often show agate-like appearance.

6), green wood fossils

The mineral has high purity, uniform particle size and single composition. In the later stage, CuC03 diffused into the cells, and the residual color was different, and the cell wall remained less-more. Cell morphology is mainly judged by the cell contour and obvious cell wall formed by timely replacement, filling and accumulation of chalcedony and opal. There are all kinds of trees.

After soaking with CuC03, the wood fossils are green. Malachite is attached to the surface and cracks of wood fossils in the form of thin films, which are often distributed in sheets, but also in patches and spots.

3. Agate-like wood fossils

A kind of "agate fossil" is reported, which does not exist in nature and its origin is quite different. When dense and delicate chalcedony fossils are impregnated with iron oxide in the later stage, sometimes iron oxide will be impregnated and attached to the distribution of tree rings, which looks like agate. This kind of wood fossil with jade texture can be called "agate-like wood fossil".

Recently, the author has detected a batch of "agate-like timely chalcedony fossils", which are red, maroon, light brownish yellow, milky white, dark black and gray, and some colors are mixed or regularly distributed. Due to the strong silicification, there are few remaining lignocellulose cells, and some of them can see annular rings and cell morphology. After polishing, it is fine and smooth, and has a strong sense of jade. It is mostly composed of timely and chalcedony minerals, but it looks like agate instead of agate.

Agate has been given a specific definition and formation mechanism in minerals and petrology. Agate is a secretory substance, which grows and crystallizes from outside to inside in a certain space (mostly circular), and the crystals fill the whole cavity. The typical feature of secretory body is a color ring with concentric layered bands. In the process of secretion, SiO2 _ 2 gel slowly precipitates and crystallizes in the cavity, and some timely clusters grow on the wall of the central cavity. If there are certain pores and cavities in wood fossils or in the contact parts with surrounding rocks, local agate crystals can also be formed, but from the whole trunk, there is no geological environment for agate formation.

Agate mostly occurs in the pores of volcanic rocks; Silicate caves in sedimentary rocks; Wall end of chronotropic crystal cluster in hydrothermal chronotropic vein. At the junction of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces, nearly 500,000 square kilometers, there are Permian Emeishan basalts. In a kind of pore basalt, the filler in the pores is agate of various colors, and the rain flower stones are mostly agate. In the amethyst cluster holes rich in Brazil, there are strips of agate distributed at the wall end.

4. Special wood fossils

1), flat twisted wood fossils

After the formation of wood fossils, their geological structures are different and their shapes are different. The author once saw the timely wood fossils of conifers and cypresses in Cretaceous strata, which were flat under the later compressive stress. In another Jurassic stratum surrounded by twisted folds, the timely wood fossils of conifers are exposed, and the trunk is "S"-shaped.

2) Carbonizing timely wood fossils.

The author saw a carbonized seasonal wood fossil with a trunk about two meters high and a trunk diameter of more than one meter. The novelty lies in that more than two-thirds of the trunk is silicified to form hard timely wood fossils, and one-third is carbonized to form combustible charcoal. It is speculated that the formation mechanism is that the trunk is hit by lightning during its growth, burned and carbonized, and then buried underground for silicification.

3) Jasper-like wood fossils

Jasper-like wood fossils are seasonal wood fossils, chalcedony wood fossils and opal wood fossils. The crystals are fine, brown after iron impregnation, and flattened under normal pressure.

4) Algae attached to wood fossils

After the formation of wood fossils, they were soaked in low-temperature calcium carbonate solution for a long time, and the algal laminae grew on the wood fossils, forming the encapsulation phenomenon of algal laminae.

5), crystal wood fossils

After the formation of wood fossils, the second and third generation crystals were formed in the favorable area and space of wood fossils under the action of SiO2 for many times.

Wood fossil resources and related materials in China

Silicified wood is mainly produced in Mesozoic, most in Jurassic and Cretaceous. According to the data analysis of China 1: 200000 regional geological map, Jurassic and Cretaceous are distributed in all provinces of China, so the geographical distribution of silicified wood should be in all provinces. The artificial silicified wood in various places is constantly expanding due to certain demand, and there are traces of silicified wood everywhere in the flower stone market all over the country. The following only collects some data on the output of silicified wood in situ and in different places to show the universality of distribution.

1), Jurassic and Cretaceous silicified wood fossils from Jinhuakan and Xishuiliang Village, Chishui, Guizhou.

2) Silicified wood of mangrove in Feixian County, Linqu, Shandong Province, with a trunk length of 12m and a diameter of 0.40m ..

3) Dashanpu, Zigong City, Sichuan Province is a gathering place of Jurassic dinosaurs, and there are also silicified wood with a trunk of more than 20 meters.

4) There is a strange soil forest in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, and the gravel in the soil forest is also found to be silicified wood.

5) In the near future, Jingxing Anxi, Xinchang County, eastern Zhejiang Province will be built into a national geological park featuring Cretaceous landforms.

Silicified wood fossils are distributed nearly seven kilometers north and south. The trunk of silicified wood exposed from the ground is more than one meter long, and it takes four or five people to enclose it. Part of the root system is exposed at the bottom of the upright silicified wood, and the trunk of another pine tree is more than 10 meter long and more than 2 meters in diameter. The annual rings are faintly visible, and even the traces of bark and insects have been preserved.

Rock-piercing silicified wood forest is composed of pine, cypress, Chinese fir, ginkgo and birch, which is from Jurassic to Cretaceous geological age of 70 million to 200 million years ago. Not long ago, washed silicified wood was found in Chengtan River area.

A rare new species of silicified wood was discovered in Xinchang county. Duan Shuying, a researcher at the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, named it "Xinchang Aralia wood".

6) A rare silicified wood in the Central Plains was found next to Bailong Temple in Jinxi Village, Huanglushan Township, Xiaolangdi Scenic Area of the Yellow River in Mengjin County, Henan Province. Dark red, with a diameter of 1 m, and the exposed part is 2.5m high.

7) A large number of paleontological fossils, including mammoths, bison, wild horses, hairy rhinoceroses, antelopes and silicified wood, were found in a construction site in Harbin Electric Power District, Heilongjiang Province.

8) Two giant silicified wood plants were found in the Gobi desert of Naomaohu Lake, which is more than 0/00 km north of Yiwu county in eastern Xinjiang. At least 65438+500 million years ago, roots, trunks, barks and branches were well preserved. One plant is17m in length and1.05m in diameter, the other plant is1.5m in length and1.5m in small head diameter.

9) In the Flower Grand View Garden of the 5th China Flower Expo in Chencun, Shunde, Guangdong, a strange silicified wood was exhibited, which was about 1.37 ~ 1.95 billion years ago and was produced in the Gobi Desert of Naomaohu Lake in Yiwu County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with a length of 1 6.7m, a root diameter of 2.3m and a top diameter of/kloc.

10), Shenzhen Huxian Botanical Garden established a remote silicified wood ancient botanical garden, covering an area of 20,000 square kilometers. More than 500 Mesozoic silicified trees from Liaoning, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia in Huxian Botanical Garden belong to conifers. On the second floor, the specimens of ancient plant evolution and evolution with the theme of silicified wood are displayed, showing the plant ecological environment of Mesozoic and Cenozoic on the earth.

1 1), the imperial garden of the Palace Museum in Beijing is also decorated with silicified wood in different places.

12), Chencun Flower World, Shunde City, Guangdong Province, transplanted different silicified wood.

13), a collector of silicified wood fossils in Shanghai, owns more than 10,000 silicified wood fossils. Silicified wood is not only produced in China, but also comes from more than 50 countries and regions. One of them needs three hands to collect silicified wood roots, and the other collects silicified wood with a trunk height of about two meters and a trunk diameter of more than one meter, which is unique in that more than two-thirds of the trunk is silicon.

14), silicified wood in Shisongping, Lu Yong Township, Yongchuan County, Sichuan Province, with a maximum trunk diameter of1.25m and a length of1.12m. ..

15), 10 A hilly area north of Quyang County, Hebei Province, south of Xidayang Reservoir, and at the junction with Tangxian County. Silicified wood is distributed on several slopes two or three kilometers long from north to south, with clear annual rings.

16), the silicified wood in Rizhao City, Shandong Province is produced in Beijian Village-Xiao Mu Village, Dashitou Township, Juxian County, and Zhushan Village, Qishan Township. It is mainly produced in the area from Nanzhongjia to Donghoujiagou Village, Shichang, Wulian County,1350,000 years ago, and the production horizon is Yangjiazhuang Formation of Laiyang Group.

17), Mashan Nature Reserve in jimo city, Shandong Province, located at the junction of Daxin Town and Yingshang Town in the west of jimo city, with silicified wood. The plant 1 1 has been found, belonging to the family Meretridae, and the exposed stratum is the Qingshan Formation of the Early Cretaceous.

18), produced in silicified wood fossils near Laoshidan Coal Mine in Wuhai City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a trunk length of 38 meters.

19), there are silicified wood fossils10.40 billion years ago in the Hashun Gobi Desert in the southwest of Hami City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, on the landform of Ya Dan and in the place called "ghost town".

20) Silicified wood was exposed in Yuechangshanling Quarry, Zigong City, Sichuan Province, and was discovered by quarrymen in September. 1983. One trunk is 23.3 meters long and belongs to Ginkgo biloba, with the largest diameter of 1.3 meters and 10 small branches, with high carbon content in the upper part and poor surface preservation. The other is a conifer, with a length of 13m and a maximum diameter of1.08m. The silicified wood was buried in the sandstone at the bottom of the Lower Shaximiao Formation of the Middle Jurassic 654.38+600 million years ago, adjacent to the Dashanpu dinosaur fossil group.

2 1), Beijing Museum of Natural History plans to build an agate chalcedony silicified wood stone forest in different places on the green space in front of the exhibition building, which is expected to be completed in June. These silicified wood originated in Beipiao, Liaoning Province, about10.3 billion years ago. The total length of the silicified wood trunk is about 40m, and it is divided into 10 sections, with the longest section being 1 1 m and the largest diameter exceeding 1 m..

22) There is a cypress silicified wood next to Wang Yue Temple in West Lake, Hangzhou, which was planted in front of the storm pavilion where Yue Fei was killed.

23) The fossil of Mesozoic Jurassic silicified wood in Wangping Town, Yongchuan City, Sichuan Province, the plant name is Lycopodium, and Du Fu once wrote "Evergreen Pine Fossil".

24) Silicified wood fossils are produced in Daping Town, Hua 'an County, Fujian Province, 23 kilometers away. The ancients described the characteristics of pine fossils as "there are pine scales vaguely, and stones speak with their hands." The geological age is one hundred and fifty years ago, belonging to Jurassic. According to local villagers, there are many fossils of Pinus bungeana in the mountain, and this billion-year-old pine near the water is more eye-catching because of its height.

There is a natural bamboo garden 68 kilometers southeast of Yibin City, Sichuan Province. There is a bamboo with a thick bowl, and branches are piled on the roots. Lush, covering more than 500 hills with a total area of more than 60,000 mu, this is a rare bamboo sea in southern Sichuan at home and abroad. There are exposed silicified wood groups in Erlongkou Township, northern Zhuhai, which are distributed within 4 square kilometers.

26) The remote silicified wood stone forest in Yunlong Park, Pengcheng, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province covers an area of more than 2,000 square meters, and more than 0/00 trees have been transplanted in different places, some of which are about 10 m high and about10.5 m in diameter, with an investment of10.3 million yuan.

27) In Zhangzi County, Shanxi Province, silicified wood is produced in the hills around Sunan Village and He Zi Village, which are 0/0 km away from Cheng Ju/KLOC-0. The plant is cypress. There are 43 trees exposed on the ground. The longest 13.9 m, the shortest about 2 m, the thickest 1 m and the thinnest 0.5 m. Some branches and rings are clearly distinguishable. In order to open up new tourist attractions, Shanxi decided to build a museum of silicified wood fossils in its producing area, and the design scheme is under way.

28), Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, Shanxi Provincial Museum 1982 approved a piece of 1 1 meter-high silicified wood fossil.

29)13.9m silicified wood fossil, which was collected in southeastern Shanxi Museum on 1985, is now installed in Chenghuang Temple, East Street, Changzhi City for visitors to enjoy.

30) Mamenxi dinosaur in Anyue County, Sichuan Province is the second largest late Jurassic dinosaur fossil in Asia. There are other fossils related to silicified wood, elephants, pandas, fish turtles and so on 65438+400 million years ago.

3 1), the silicified wood forest in Lushun Museum Park, Liaoning Province, invested by Dalian Municipal Government, is scheduled to be exhibited in the first half of 2003. Silicified wood came from beipiao city, Liaoning Province, about1.6-1.800 million years ago. There are 65,438+09 species of silicified wood, including cedar and golden pine. The trunk is 6 meters long and the diameter can reach 1.5 meters.

32) Flower Island in Sancha Lake, Jianyang, Sichuan Province, a rare tree species contemporary with dinosaurs, silver fir, silicified wood 65.438+0.5 billion years ago.

33) Sihetun, about 40 kilometers away from beipiao city, Liaoning Province, is a villagers' group in Caomidian Village, Shangyuan Town. Its rich paleontological fossils make it occupy a place in the world paleontology. The exhibition hall displays various plant fossils, silicified wood, insect fossils, reptiles and primitive mammal fossils in the Jehol biota.

34), dragon three Tower in Chaoyang County, Liaoning Province, parrot beak, Chinese bird, sturgeon, mackerel, silicified wood and insect fossils.

35) Shen Kuo of Song Dynasty in Yan 'an City, Shaanxi Province described in Meng Qian's Bi Tan that there were "hundred stems" petrified trees in Yongningguan, Yanzhou (now Yan 'an, Shaanxi Province).

36) There are many Shisongping hills in Lu Yong Township, Yongchuan County, Sichuan Province, with the largest trunk diameter1.25m and length1.12m. ..

37) During the Mesozoic era in Yongkang, Zhejiang Province, plants flourished, and a large number of dense forests were buried underground by repeated strong orogenic movements, forming silicified woody plants, such as pine, cypress and camphor.

38), Yunnan Hibiscus Silicified Wood, the stem of early Permian precious tree fern discovered in Kunming, Yunnan, is preserved in Permian basalt, and the main body is preserved in situ, to be developed into a relic museum.

39) The remote silicified wood forest in the north of the ancient pagoda park in Jinzhou, Liaoning Province covers an area of more than 4,000 square meters. Silicified wood was formed 65.438+0.5 billion years ago, with more than 200 plants, thick trunks and a diameter of more than one meter, most of which came from the fossil group in western Liaoning.

40) In Tianshan Valley, Wenquan County, Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, a large number of silicified wood and marine biochemical stone groups dating back to10.30 billion years ago were found, with a distribution area of 6 square kilometers, close arrangement of trees, clear texture and a diameter of about 2 meters.

4 1), a construction site in Harbin Power Zone, Liaoning Province, found mammoths, bison, wild horses, hairy rhinoceroses, antelopes and silicified wood more than 20,000 years ago.

42) Nanjing Qixia Mountain Scenic Area "Ancient Imperial Garden" covers an area of more than 30 mu. It used to be the palace of Qianlong, and there is a precious silicified wood in a different place.

43) 65438+300 million years old silicified wood in Mianershan, Minhou, Fujian.

44), Baise, Guangxi, about 800 thousand years ago, a huge meteorite hit southeast Asia, causing molten debris to splash and the earth to burn everywhere. The fire destroyed the dense forest in Baise basin, exposing the gravel layer below. According to the laboratory analysis, the preservation degree of carbon chips and silicified wood chips is exactly the same as that of paleolithic and glass meteorites. Archaeologists believe that there was a meteorite hitting the earth in Baise Paleolithic Age.

45) The Black Oil Mountain in the northeast of Karamay City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was formed more than 654.38+0.8 million years ago, that is, during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. In 654.38+0983, there was a "Tuo Lake" in the park of 654.38+03 million square meters at the southern foot of Heiyou Mountain. There were two small islands in the lake, called "Island" and "Zu Island" respectively. There are three silicified pine trees formed 200 million years ago on Zu Island.

46), Changzhou Jurassic Dinosaur Park, using electricity, sound and light technology, created Jurassic vegetation and various dinosaur simulation models, and transplanted more than 100 silicified trees of different sizes in different places.

47), Beijing Wood Fossil, produced in Delong Bay, Qianjiadian Village, Yanqing County, Beijing. Most of the stones are exposed to the ground vertically, with a maximum diameter of 2.5 meters and a minimum of several tens of centimeters, generally 0.5 ~ 1.0 meters. Colors are grayish white, gray and brown. On its cross section, there are regular, beautiful and dense clear annual rings; In the longitudinal section, there are fine longitudinal textures and uneven fossil bark, and the thickness is about 65438±0cm.

Most of the wood fossils in Xiadelong Bay are conifers in gymnosperms, which are preserved in sandstone shale strata of Jurassic Houcheng Formation in Xiadelong Bay, about1300,000 years ago. At that time, due to the Yanshan movement and volcanic eruption, patches of forests were buried underground. In the environment of hypoxia and high pressure, groundwater rich in silica slowly seeps into trees, and silica molecules are replaced by organic components of trees, while the structure of trees is completely preserved and becomes wood fossils. With the rise of the earth's surface, wood fossils are exposed. Within a few square kilometers of Fiona Fang, there are more than 40 wood fossils in Xiadelong Bay, some of which are nearly 2 meters above the water surface. The large exposed area, the large number and the thick tree diameter are rare in China.