Reading and analysis of environmental data in practice 11

1. Purpose

By reading the actual data, we can understand the basic contents of environmental monitoring and some measures for pollution prevention and ecological protection, so as to enhance the awareness of environmental protection.

Second, internship content

1. Atmospheric environment in Beijing

Since p>1998, Beijing has implemented 12 stages of air pollution control measures, and the air quality has been significantly improved. Beijing implements the second-class standard of air quality formulated by the state to protect public health, and sets the standard value of pollution index as 1, that is, below 1 (inclusive), it meets the national standard, and above 11, it exceeds the standard. The concentrations (daily average) of SO2, NO2 and inhalable particulate matter corresponding to pollution index 1 are .15, .8 and .15mg/m3, respectively. Pollution index 1 can be interpreted as: the mass of a millet is about 2.4mg; Taking inhalable particulate matter as an example, the pollution index of 1 corresponds to .15mg/m3, which is equivalent to that in a room with an area of 7m2 and a height of 2.4m, the air always contains inhalable particulate matter with the mass of about one millet.

In p>1998, only 28.4% of the total days in Beijing were second-class weather. 55.6% in 22; In 24, it reached 62.5%, more than double that of 1998.

during the tenth five-year plan period, Beijing's environmental protection investment reached 72 billion yuan, and in 26, the city's environmental protection investment was about 2 billion yuan. In 26, the number of days when the air quality in urban areas was Grade II or better reached 241 days, accounting for 66% of the whole year, 141 days more than that in 1998. The days of moderate and severe pollution in Grade IV and Grade V decreased from 141 days in 1998 to 24 days in 26, a decrease of 83%. The concentration of major air pollutants has declined in an all-round way. In 26, SO2, NO2, CO and inhalable particulate matter decreased by 58%, 11%, 33% and 21% respectively compared with 1998. In 24, the annual average concentration of SO2 in urban areas reached the national standard for the first time in 2 years.

During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, Beijing strengthened the control of air pollution sources in key industries, eliminated backward production processes, and stopped production and relocated high-energy-consuming enterprises, effectively reducing energy consumption. Five major power plants in Beijing, such as Huaneng, have basically completed the task of desulfurization transformation. Under normal circumstances, the higher the chimney, the lower the close-range emission concentration. However, a newly-built "Big Mac" smoke tower in Huaneng Beijing Thermal Power Plant, although only 12m in height, can emit less SO2 than a 24m chimney. The reason why the chimney is not high and the emission reaches the standard is that each boiler is equipped with a flue gas monitoring station, and the internationally advanced technology of integrating smoke towers is adopted. At present, many flue gas emission indexes of this thermal power plant are leading in China, among which SO2 emission concentration <: 5mg/m3, which has reached the international advanced level.

in the past few years, the energy consumption per 1, yuan of GDP in Beijing has dropped from 1.31t standard coal in 2 to .8t standard coal in 25, with a decrease of 38.9%. The energy consumption per 1, yuan of GDP is 65% of the national average, only higher than .79t standard coal in Guangdong Province, ranking second in all provinces and cities in China.

in view of the rapid growth of motor vehicles, Beijing is accelerating the construction of urban rail and implementing the strategy of giving priority to public transport, and at the same time, it is constantly increasing the pollution control of motor vehicles. Strict motor vehicle emission standards will be implemented for new cars. In 1999, China I motor vehicle emission standards will be implemented, in 22, China II motor vehicle emission standards will be implemented, and in 25, China III motor vehicle emission standards will be implemented. The implementation time of each stage of standards is two years ahead of the national average.

All these indicate that the atmospheric environment in Beijing has been obviously improved.

in order to further implement the State Council's decision on strengthening environmental protection in Scientific Outlook on Development, improve the quality of Beijing's atmospheric environment and realize the strategic concept of "New Beijing, Great Olympics", the municipal government decided to continue to adhere to the principle of treating both the symptoms and root causes in 27, and implement the thirteenth stage of air pollution control measures.

On March 28th, 27, the Beijing Municipal Government passed the 13th Stage Measures for Controlling Air Pollution, the main contents of which are as follows:

1. Air quality and total SO2 emission control target

In 27, the number of days when urban air quality was second-class or better reached 67%, and the total SO2 emission in the whole city was reduced by 1%. The district and county governments should incorporate the air quality and total SO2 emission control targets into the annual social and economic development plan of the region, formulate and publish air pollution control measures and annual SO2 reduction implementation plans, and earnestly implement them to ensure the realization of the set targets.

2. Take comprehensive measures to reduce pollutant emissions

In controlling soot pollution, we should improve the energy structure, minimize the use of coal and expand the use of clean energy (natural gas, gas, etc.). First, continue to implement the remaining 115 coal-fired boilers below 2t in the central city to switch to clean energy. By the end of the year, the renovation of 16, coal-fired boilers in the central city will be completed. Second, in 28, Xicheng and Dongcheng will organize "coal to electricity" for 2, bungalows to reduce low-altitude pollution. The third is to organize and promote the replacement of raw coal in the urban-rural fringe area of the Fifth Ring Road. Fourth, in areas where clean energy cannot reach, based on the principle of total amount control and emission standards, remote suburban counties will implement the integration of centralized heating or combined heating of coal-fired boilers, and build efficient dust removal and desulfurization facilities and closed coal bunkers.

in terms of motor vehicle pollution control, units and individuals with motor vehicle ownership should strengthen the management, maintenance and maintenance of vehicles to ensure that emissions meet the standards. First, the pollution emission of new cars should be strictly controlled, and preparations should be made for the implementation of national IV motor vehicle emission standards for new cars in 28. The second is to speed up the elimination of high-emission yellow-label vehicles that undertake the task of public service. During the year, 2,58 old buses and 5, taxis were eliminated and updated; Administrative institutions and public transportation, sanitation, postal services and other industries should eliminate and control yellow-label vehicles. The third is to comprehensively carry out oil and gas recovery and treatment in gas stations, tanker trucks and oil depots to reduce the emission of volatile organic pollutants. The fourth is to increase the investigation and punishment of tail gas emissions from large trucks and agricultural vehicles at night, which are strongly reflected by the masses.

in terms of industrial pollution control, firstly, in the electric power industry, five coal-fired power plants, namely, Jingneng, Gaojing, Huaneng, Guohua and Jingfeng, should complete flue gas efficient dust removal, desulfurization and denitrification projects. Second, in the metallurgical and chemical industries, Shougang reduced its steel production capacity by 4 million tons in accordance with the approval of the National Development and Reform Commission, and completely solved the problem of steel slag pollution in Lugouqiao area; Yanshan Petrochemical will implement projects such as phenol and acetone waste gas treatment; Chemical Co., Ltd. and Dongfang Petrochemical Company strive to stop production at the original site. Third, the building materials industry, Beixin Building Materials Group shut down the gypsum board production line. Accelerate the treatment of waste gas and dust in cement enterprises; Study and formulate relevant policies to promote the structural adjustment and resource integration of the cement industry and reduce dust emissions.

in terms of dust pollution control, firstly, enterprises are required to carry out construction according to the environmental protection standards of construction projects and strictly control dust pollution. Second, the construction department should organize the supervision department to supervise the dust pollution control of the construction unit, and supervise and evaluate the performance of the supervision department. The third is to strengthen the law enforcement supervision of construction sites and roads. Fourth, the municipal administrative department organizes and implements the integrated operation mode of vacuuming, sprinkling and cleaning on important roads. All units should implement the responsibility system of "three guarantees in front of the door" and realize "loess is not open in the open air" in the Fourth Ring Road and suburban urban areas.

in promoting ecological protection and construction, we will continue to implement projects such as controlling sandstorm sources in Beijing and Tianjin, afforestation in barren hills, dust control in bare farmland, urban greening, sand pit remediation, and ecological restoration of abandoned mines, so as to improve the environmental carrying capacity.

Implement emergency measures for heavily polluted weather, and timely issue early warning announcements for heavily polluted weather to remind the public to take self-protection measures. According to the characteristics of pollution, a series of control measures are taken to minimize pollution.

Carry out in-depth scientific research, and continue the research work on air pollution control in Beijing and its surrounding areas, so as to provide scientific basis for comprehensive decision-making on air pollution prevention and control and the formulation of air quality assurance plan for the Olympic Games.

encourage emission reduction and implement batch restriction. Relevant departments should study and formulate economic incentive policies to encourage pollution source units to further reduce pollutants on the basis of ensuring discharge standards. For regions and units that have not completed the task of reducing the total pollutant discharge, the environmental protection department shall limit the approval of construction projects with new total pollutant discharge according to law.

3. intensify publicity and encourage public participation

intensify publicity and strengthen information disclosure. Actively publicize the concept of "Green Olympics", hold regular press conferences, organize comprehensive and in-depth reports on the achievements and existing problems in Beijing's air pollution prevention and control work, and open the "Beijing Air Quality Automatic Monitoring System" to the society, so that the whole society can know more about the progress of Beijing's air pollution prevention and control work. Encourage citizens to "start from me and start from the side", actively participate in environmental protection, increase the exposure of environmental violations, and give full play to the supervisory role of society and news media.

By the end of October, 27, the thirteenth phase of air pollution control measures in Beijing was progressing smoothly.

2. Water environment in Beijing

Beijing is short of water resources, and Beijing is a typical water-deficient city. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the protection of valuable water resources and strengthen the control of the pollution caused.

Beijing will control water pollution at different levels. The first level is for the northern part of Beijing, which is a high-lying place where Beijing basically comes from, and all the drinking water sources are concentrated here. It is necessary to strengthen soil and water conservation, carry out the construction of clean small watersheds, and ensure that the water quality in this area meets the drinking water standards. The second level is to continue the ecological management of urban rivers and lakes and pay off the water quality.

in order to protect the water source, the relevant departments should start from the source control and build three lines of defense: ecological restoration, ecological management and ecological protection to ensure that the water source is not polluted.

With regard to ecological restoration, over the past three years, more than 2, farmers have been guided and supported to move, relying on the self-repairing ability of nature to create suitable water conservation forests and economic forests, restore ecology and conserve water.

With regard to ecological management, sewage collection pipelines and sewage treatment facilities will be built for villages in hilly and low-mountain areas with relatively dense population, and reclaimed water will be used for irrigation, toilet flushing and return to rivers. In the past three years, one third of the villages in the water source area have completed sewage treatment and renovation of agricultural toilets; Set up garbage collection facilities and closed garbage bins, basically realizing centralized garbage collection and treatment; Agricultural planting structure has been adjusted, reducing the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

about ecological protection, it is to carry out ecological protection treatment of water sources and rivers in the basin, and to eradicate sewage from entering the river. A number of wetlands in Beijing, such as Cuihu Lake, Yeya Lake, Hanshiqiao and Qinghekou, have formed a good ecosystem by dismantling illegal buildings, closing rivers to facilitate grass cultivation, combining sand prohibition, dust reduction and ecological management, and combining rainwater utilization, water conservation and safe flood control.

For Miyun Reservoir, which stores the water of life in the capital, in recent years, 53 mu of cage fish culture in the reservoir has been cancelled, 1.1×14m2 of business premises in the reservoir area have been demolished, 8 social units in the first-class protection zone have completely stopped sewage discharge, 3, mu of farmland has been returned to grassland and 1, mu of rice in the upstream, and the number of water quality monitoring stations has increased from the initial 15 to 41, and 73 people have also been established.

despite the continuous drought in Beijing for many years, the inflow of water from the upper reaches of Miyun reservoir decreased, and the reservoir water storage was once reduced to 6.5×18m3 in 24. However, the water department has taken a series of effective measures, combined with the implementation of surface water joint dispatching, and the reservoir water storage has rebounded under the condition of ensuring normal water supply. In 26, the storage capacity reached 11×18m3. Today, the water storage capacity is still above 1×18m3, and the water quality is always kept at the second-class standard, which is high-quality drinking water.

In order to complete the task of harnessing rivers and lakes within the Sixth Ring Road and realize the goal of clear water around Beijing, Beijing has taken three measures of ecological harnessing of rivers and lakes. The first is to intercept pollution and control pollution, and pay off water quality as the top priority. The first is to speed up the construction of sewage treatment plants. Beijing plans to build 14 large-scale sewage treatment plants in the urban area. At present, 9 sewage treatment plants have been built, with a daily sewage treatment capacity of 248×14m3 and a sewage treatment rate of 9%. Five more are under construction. The second is to eliminate sewage outlets. There are more than 2,3 sewage outlets in the city, and more than 2, have been eliminated by May 27.

the second is to increase the water quantity, optimize the regulation of river and lake water sources, expand the use of reclaimed water, and make the water circulate. Every year, fresh water is supplied to rivers and lakes. In 27, the water transfer from Miyun Reservoir alone reached 2×14m3. At the same time, reclaimed water is regarded as the second water source of rivers and lakes, especially the recycling of reclaimed water. In addition, the clever use of rainwater can play a role in storing and discharging pollutants. In order to make the river flow, some rivers lift the downstream river water to the upstream by pipelines, which enhances the water circulation.

the third is to improve water quality. In order to protect the water quality of rivers and lakes, aquatic plants are planted by biotechnology such as landscape ecological floating bed, and organisms such as fish fry and mussels are put in to degrade pollutants in water bodies and enhance the self-purification ability of water bodies.

Clear water around Beijing is to make Beijing present a beautiful scenery with clear water, green shore, smooth flow and navigable parts of rivers. The main standards of "clear water" are: first, the important landscape channels and water supply channels are required to meet the water function standards; Second, for the drainage channel, it is required to be clear, black and odorless, and to restore biodiversity.

The 11th Five-Year Plan for Infrastructure Development in Beijing clearly states that the water quality of urban rivers and lakes within the Sixth Ring Road will be basically paid off in 21. By the end of 27, according to the situation of water resources protection and water environment construction in Beijing, this goal is expected to be realized ahead of schedule. In December 27, the person in charge of the relevant departments said that the drinking water environment in Beijing is generally safe and the serious pollution of water resources has been effectively curbed; The prevention and control of water pollution in Beijing is effective, and the quality of surface water in the whole city remains stable; Of the 21 lakes with water, 13 meet the requirements of the corresponding functional water quality standards, with a water surface area of 79%; Of the 16 reservoirs with water monitored in the first half of the year, 14 meet the requirements of corresponding functional water quality standards; The task of harnessing the urban water system in the Sixth Ring Road has been basically completed, which can ensure a good water environment for the 28 Olympic Games.

3. Homework and thinking questions

1. Homework

According to the conditions given below, from the perspective of environmental protection, plan a city that will be built soon, and explain the reasons for the planning and layout.

Figure 11-1 is a topographic map for urban planning. The city to be built is located in a river valley, where the east wind blows in spring, summer and autumn, and the north wind blows in winter, and many faults (black thick lines) are developed. Please plan the following buildings and some facilities and make reasonable arrangements to achieve the best state of environmental protection.

the main buildings and facilities are: ① chemical plant (with less waste water and heavy smoke); ② pesticide plant (less smoke, heavy waste water type); ③ Landfill site; ④ Food factory; ⑤ Central heating area; ⑥ Residential areas; ⑦ Business district; (8) Sewage treatment plants; Pet-name ruby waterworks; Attending school; ? The main direction of the street.

2. Thinking questions

(1) What are the main sources of urban air pollution? Air pollution