Seeking poetry without a license

pre-Qin period

The author is unknown

Genre poetry

Source: The Book of Songs

original work

July July filariasis (1), September clothes (2). The first day, you will get fat (3), and the next day, Li Lie (4). No clothes, no brown (5), why do you die (6)? On the third day, I will be underground (7), and on the fourth day, I will stand on tiptoe (8). With his wife and son, he married Nanmu (9) and was very happy (10). A fire was lit in July and clothes were given in September. The sun is shining in spring (1 1), and there is Akikura Geng (12). The woman followed it with a basket (13) (14). Love looks for soft mulberry, and spring comes late. Qi Qi (15) was adopted, and the woman was so sad that she almost died with her son (16). In July, there will be fire, and reeds will be planted in August (17). Silkworm mulberry (18), take axe fork (19), cut it far and wide (20), and lift it against the mother mulberry (2 1). I sang in July (22nd) and performed in August (23rd). I am Zhu Kongyang (24), and I am a son. Show in April (25th) and sing in May (26th). Harvest in August and crush in October (27). A day to raccoon, fox, for the child. The second day, with (28), martial arts (29). Private chat (30), public chat (3 1). In May, he moved shares (32) and raised feathers (33) in June. Wild July, in August. I was at home in September, and crickets came under my bed in October. Rats are smoked in the dome (34), and I prefer to stay in the house (35). My wife and son, named Gainian (36 years old), walked into this room. In June, the food was depressed and stung (37), and in July, sunflower was silent (38). Peel dates in August and get rice in October. For this reason, spring wine can prolong life by introducing eyebrows (39). Eat melons in July and break pots in August. Uncle Zhu (4 1) paid for tea picking in September (42) and ate my farmer. Build a yard in September and harvest crops in October. Millet weight (43), used for hemp oats. Well, I am a farmer, and my crops are the same, so I went to the palace to perform palace affairs (44). Day in Mao (45) and night in Suo (46). Take the house (47) in a hurry, and start sowing the hundred valleys. On the second day, the ice rushed (48), and on the third day, Lingyin collected (49). On the fourth day, its fleas (50) sacrificed lambs to leeks. Frost in September (5 1) and floor washing in October (52). Friends drink (53) and kill lambs every day. When you arrive at the imperial court (54), you will be called "Biqian" (55) and live forever. [ 1]

[Edit this paragraph] Notes to the Works

(1) Flow: down. Fire: star name, also known as fire. (2) Dressing: Ask women to sew winter clothes. (3) One day: January in the weekly calendar and November in the summer calendar. The following analogy. Hair: The cold wind is blowing. (4) Li Lie: Cold air attacks people. (5) Brown (hè): coarse clothes. (6) year of death: the last year, the end of the year. (7) Yu: for repair. Ruler: An ancient agricultural tool. (8) Tiptoe: Tiptoe means farming in the field. (9) (yè): Send meals to the fields. Nanmu; The fields in the south. (10) Tian Tuan (jùn): agricultural officer. Hi: Please eat something and drink some wine. (1 1) Yang; The weather is getting warmer. (12) Cang Geng: Huang Peng. (13) easy basket: deep basket. (14) compliance: along. Microline: path. (15) midges: mugwort. Qiqi: There are many people. (16) Childe: the daughter of a vassal. Return: get married. (17) Hoon Reed: Reed. (18) Silkworm month: the month of raising silkworms, that is, March in the summer calendar. Strip: Trim. (19) Axe fork (qiāng): The round hole on the handle is called an axe, and the square hole is called a fork. (20) Protrusion: long upward branches. (2 1) Yi (yρ): Climb. Female mulberry: tender mulberry. (22) Anchovies (jú): Shrike, with a loud voice. (23) achievements: weaving linen. (24) Zhu: red. Kong Yang: Very clever. (25) Xiu Nan (yāo): Xiu is the seed of grass and wood, and South is the name of grass. (26) Theo: cicada, cicada. (27) Meteorite: falling. Tuò: Branches and leaves fall off. Let's meet (29) continue. Martial arts: refers to hunting. (30) Raccoon (Z not zōng): a one-year-old wild boar. (3 1) tapir (Jane): three-year-old wild boar. (32)zhūng: Grasshopper. Move your legs: Grasshoppers should move their legs when singing. (33) Sand Chicken: Weaver Girl (insect name). (34) Dome: Block the mouse hole. (35) direction: the window facing north. Kindness: daub with mud. (36) Change age: except age. (37) Yu: Yu: Wild grapes. H: chef. Kwai: Slippery vegetables. Beans: beans. (39) Introduction: Seeking. Longevity of eyebrows: longevity. (40) pot: the same as "Jun", gourd. (4 1) Uncle: Lift. J ?: Autumn hemp seeds are edible. (42) Tea (tú): Bitter vegetables. Salary: chopping wood. Ch: Ailanthus altissima. (43) Weight: Late-maturing crops. Early maturing crops. (44) On: Same as "On". Gonggong; Build a palace. (45) Mao Yu: Cut the thatch. Tao: Twist the rope. (47) Urgent: Hurry up. Ride a house: climb on the roof to repair it. (48) Hua La: the sound of knocking on the ice. (49) Lingyin: Icehouse. (50) Flea: In the morning, the ceremony of ancestor worship. (5 1) Frost suppression: Frost is reduced. (52) Cleaning field: Cleaning field. (53) Peng wine: two pots of wine. (xi m: ng): Entertain guests with wine and food. (54) Ji (j: and); Boarding. Court: Temple. (55) said: lift. Sig33ng: an ancient wine vessel. [2]

[Edit this paragraph] Translation of works

Mars sets in July, and women sew cold clothes in September. 1 1 the north wind blows hard in the month,1the cold wind blows hard in February. How can we spend the end of the year without good clothes and coarse clothes? In the first month, we began to hoe and plow, and in the second month, we went to farm. Take his wife and children, send rice to the south, and Tian Guan will eat wine and food. Mars sets in July, and women sew cold clothes in September. The sunshine in spring is warm, and Huang Peng is singing softly. The girl is walking along the path with a deep bamboo basket. Reaching for tender mulberry leaves, the days of spring are getting longer and longer. People come and go to collect Artemisia annua, and the girl is heartbroken and wants to marry a foreign aristocrat. Mars sets in July and reeds are cut in August. Trim mulberry branches in March to get an axe. Cut off the tall and long branches and climb the thin branches to pick the tender mulberry. Shrike started screaming in July and weaving hemp in August. The dyed silk is black and yellow, and my red is brighter, which is specially made for nobles. Polygalae bears seeds in April and cicadas sing in May. The harvest in the fields is very busy in August, and the leaves on the trees fall in October. I went hunting in the mountains in November. I hunted fox skins and gave them to nobles to make fur coats. Hunters get together in1February and continue to practice their hunting skills. Beat the pig for yourself and hunt the big pig for the maharaja. In May, grasshoppers bounce and scream, and in June, weavers flap their wings. Crickets are in the fields in July and come under the eaves in August. Crickets enter the door in September and get under my bed in October. Block the rat hole and smoke the rat, and seal the north window. Alas, poor wife and children. The end of the year, the new year is coming, I want to move into this house and settle down. Eat plum grapes in June and cook sunflower beans in July. In August, we started to beat red dates, and in October, we went to the fields to harvest rice. Spring wine smells good, for the sake of longevity. You can eat melons in July and pick gourds in August. In September, we picked the seeds of pockmarked autumn, picked bitter vegetables and cut firewood to feed the farmers. The field will be played in September, and the crops will be put into storage in 10. Millet, early rice and late rice, millet, beans and wheat will all be put into storage. Sighing that the farmers are really hard, the crops have just been packed and the palace has been officially built. Cut the thatch during the day and rub the rope at night. Go to the house and fix it. We must plant hundreds of kinds of grain in spring. /kloc-in October/February, I cut ice and moved into the freezer in the first month. In early February, leeks and lambs were offered before ancestor worship. Frost began to fall when the cold came in September, and the threshing floor was cleaned in 10. Two tanks of wine are for guests, and the lamb is slaughtered for everyone to taste. Climb the master temple and raise a glass to master. Shout in unison that life is endless. [2]

[Edit this paragraph] Appreciation of works

The Book of Songs in July is the longest poem in the Book of Songs in China. The Preface to the Collection of Poems by Mao Zedong thinks that its theme is "Chen Hou Ji, the reason why corruption is difficult"; Chen Huan's Biography of Shi Mao's Poems is regarded as "the Duke of Zhou was influenced by the change of his managerial talents", which is far apart and seems unbelievable. "History of Han Geography" said: "In the past, Hou Ji was knighted (lí), Gong Liu was knighted, Qi Wang moved to Qi, Wen Wang was knighted, and Wu Wang ruled the axe. Its people inherited the legacy of the former king. They are good at farming and working. Therefore, the poem says that Nong Sang has done a good job of food and clothing. " Accordingly, this paper is considered to be the early Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, the period when Gong stayed in prison. In Xunyi and Binxian, Shaanxi Province, the ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty in Gongliu era were still an agricultural tribe. July reflects the working life of this tribe all year round, involving all aspects of food, clothing, housing and transportation. Its author is a member of the tribe, so the style is cold and the angle is extremely accurate. It shows the genre painting of the society at that time from all aspects, as Yao Jiheng said in "The Book of Songs": "Birds sing and insects sing, like" The Moon Order "; When a woman enters the room, Mao Mao rises to the room, which is like a customized book; Fire and cold wind, like "five elements"; Caring for and caring for young people, Tang Ji said, is like a ceremony; Celestial officials dye their posts, hunt and store ice and sacrifice to the palace, just like credentials. Among them, there are mulberry picking maps, family music maps, recipes, cereal maps and wine classics: all in one poem, the best in the world! " Every year, spring ploughing, autumn harvest, winter storage, mulberry picking, dyeing, sewing, hunting, building houses, brewing, labor and feasting are all written. The evaluation that "everything is ready, beauty will be achieved, and the poems of Tao, Xie, Wang, Meng, Wei and Liu Tian after the Jin and Tang Dynasties have never reached this level" (ibid.) is basically in line with the reality in the poems. The poem was written in July, and each painting is unfolded month by month in the order of farming activities. It must be noted that the weekly calendar is used in the poem. The first month of the week calendar is November of the summer calendar (now called lunar calendar), and July, August, September, October, April, May and June are the same as the summer calendar. The first, second, third and fourth days are November, December, January and February in the summer calendar. "Silkworm Moon" is March in the summer calendar. Pi's "General Theory of Confucian Classics" says: "In this poem, all the people in the moon are in summer, and the first, second, third and fourth days are in the week. Change its name without changing it. " Dai Zhen's textual research on Mao Zheng's poems also pointed out that although Zhou was changed to Zhou Zheng (taking November of the lunar calendar as the first day of the first month), folk farming still used the summer calendar. These statements are an important basis for readers to understand the time sequence of this poem. The first chapter summarizes the life of workers all year round in a bird's eye way, and brings readers into that miserable and difficult time at once. At the same time, it also laid the foundation for the following chapters, prompting the general outline. Zhu's Biography of Poetry says: "The first half of this chapter begins with words and clothing, and the second half begins with words and food. Chapter two to chapter five, the meaning of the previous paragraph. Chapter six to eight, the meaning of the last paragraph. " This structural arrangement is indeed quite rigorous. The so-called "the beginning of clothes" and "the beginning of food" actually refer to the two major problems of farming and weaving in agricultural society. These two items are the main thread running through the whole article. The first chapter says that in September, women "can't dress until Sang Ma is finished". 1 1 After entering the cold winter, the farmers didn't even have a coarse cloth dress. How do they spend New Year's Eve? Therefore, they lamented "why did they die?" But as soon as spring came, they packed up their farm tools and went to the fields to farm. His wife and children went to Tiantou to deliver meals. The official's face lit up when he saw that they were working very hard. Folk poets outlined a framework with thick lines, presenting the overall style of social life at that time to readers. In the next chapter, it will be described in detail from all sides and parts. In the second and third chapters of the poem, the mood is getting higher and the tone is getting clearer. Bright spring is shining on the fields, and warblers chirp. The women carrying baskets went to pick mulberry along the field path together. Their labor seems to be very pleasant, but there are hidden worries in their hearts: "Women are sad, just like their sons." The first chapter, "Tissot Blissful", only touches on the class relations of the society at that time with a faint stroke, and slowly unfolds here. "Childe", most commentators call it the son of the prince. Xiang Gong owns a lot of land and serfs, and his sons also enjoy the privilege of "returning to their hometown with the beautiful women in the manor". Here, readers seem to see the shadow of Mid-Autumn Festival and mulberry in Han Yuefu. Although it was a thousand years later, there are often some similarities in the laws of life. The beauty of the girls makes them worry about personal freedom; The cleverness and wisdom of the girls also make them worry that the fruits of their labor will be occupied by others: "August carries achievements, and I am Zhu Kongyang and my son." They wove colorful silk and became their son's clothes. This reminds readers of Zhang Yu's poem "Silkworm Girl" in the Song Dynasty: "Those who wear Luo Qi are not silkworm farmers." Although the fourth and fifth chapters developed from the line of "the beginning of clothes", they also developed and changed. "Xiunan" and "Mingmi" have fun meanings, and the following focuses on hunting. The fox they killed should be "for the son"; The big pigs they laid will be donated to the government, and they can only raise small pigs for themselves. Here again describes the class relations at that time. The five chapters mainly reflect the changes of the four seasons, from crickets to people to writing that the cold is coming, with meticulous brushwork and poetic voice. "Biography of Poetry" says: "Squid, pheasant, cricket, one thing changes at any time, with different names. Move the stock, start jumping, and sing with the stock. Vibrate feathers and fly and sing with wings. " The work of reciting things is so delicate and magical. The following four sentences are written about farmers cleaning their rooms and preparing for the winter. Structurally, it also means keeping out the cold in the first chapter. Chapters 6, 7 and 8, taking the "beginning of eating" as the main line, like a series of continuous focus planes, show the simple and peaceful life of farmers: "eating depressed plums and thorns" and "cooking" sunflower (sunflower) and glutinous rice (beans) in June and July. In July and August, they play dates and cut gourds. Harvest rice in October, brew spring wine and celebrate the birthday of the elderly. But as soon as the grain is put into storage, it is necessary to build public houses for the gentlemen, which is in stark contrast to the shabby living room written above. "Building a nursery" and "harvesting crops" are written about the final completion of one year's cultivation. As Lu said in Biography of Poems: "This chapter (Chapter 7) began in agriculture, which is called extreme sorrow." In the last chapter, that is, the eighth chapter, the poet described the grand banquet in this village in a more pleasant style. It is generally believed that farmers who have worked so hard, are supervised by field officials and exploited by their sons, will not be eligible to "go to court" by the end of the year. In fact, society is complicated. Even in the middle of feudal society, farmers would invite each other to drink at the end of the year. For example, Qin Guan's Four Poems of Tian Ju in the Song Dynasty wrote: "The Tian family attaches great importance to the agricultural gap, and Weng Yi invites them. Sit in the wine mash and thank you three or four times. " Lu You's poem "Traveling to Shanxi Village" also said: "Don't laugh at Tianjia wine, and leave enough chickens and dolphins in good years." It is also reasonable to write "Ancient Society" in July to praise the village life of the Western Zhou Dynasty. China's ancient poetry has always been dominated by lyric poetry, with few narrative poems. This poem, however, is mainly narrative, with vivid images and rich poetry. Through the beautiful narration of the characters in the poem, it truly shows the labor scene, life picture and the faces of various characters at that time, as well as the relationship between farmers and the people, which constitutes a genre painting interwoven by men and women in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. There are three ways to express The Book of Songs: Fu, Bi and Xing. This poem adopts the style of Fu and reflects the reality of life. Readers will feel this way if they recite any chapter carefully. [ 1]

reference data

1. Pre-Qin Poetry Appreciation Dictionary. Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House,1998,65438+February edition, pp. 296-300.

2. Annotate the translation source