Review Outline for Geography Compulsory Course 1 for Senior High School Students

Compulsory Module 1 (Physical Geography)

Chapter 1 The Earth in the Universe

1. Levels of celestial systems: Total Galaxy - Milky Way (Extragalactic Galaxy) ——Solar System——Earth-Moon System

2. Conditions for the existence of life on earth: ① Stable solar illumination conditions ② Relatively safe space environment ③ Because the distance between the sun and the earth is moderate, the surface temperature is suitable (the average temperature is 15 degrees) ④ Because the earth’s mass and volume are moderate, the earth can attract the atmosphere to form an atmosphere (mainly nitrogen and oxygen) ⑤ Form and exist liquid water

3. The impact of solar activity on the earth:

(1) Symbols of solar activity: sunspots, flares

(2) Impact: affecting the ionosphere, interfering with radio shortwave communications; producing "magnetic storm" phenomena and "aurora" phenomena; affecting the earth's climate .

4. The geographical significance of the earth's rotation:

① Day and night alternation: the time difference between the dividing line between the day and night hemispheres - the twilight line (circle) - and the intersection with the equator It is 6 o'clock and 18 o'clock - the height of the sun is 0 degrees - the plane where the twilight circle is located is perpendicular to the sun's rays;

②Local time difference: early in the east and late in the west, the longitude differs by 1 hour every 15 degrees.

③Deflection of objects moving horizontally along the earth's surface: no deviation at the equator, right deviation in the Northern Hemisphere, and left deviation in the Southern Hemisphere. The deflection force increases with latitude.

5. The geographical significance of the Earth’s revolution:

(1) Changes in the length of day and night:

① In the summer half of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, the sun shines directly on the Northern Hemisphere, and the day and night at each latitude in the Northern Hemisphere The higher the latitude, the longer the day and the shorter the night. Summer Solstice - the day length at all latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere reaches the maximum value of the year, and the polar day phenomenon occurs in the Arctic Circle and areas north of it. ② In the winter half of the year in the northern hemisphere, the sun shines directly on the southern hemisphere. The nights are longer and the days are shorter at all latitudes in the northern hemisphere. The higher the latitude, the longer the nights and the shorter the days. Winter Solstice - the day length at all latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere reaches the minimum value of the year, and polar night occurs in the Arctic Circle and areas north of it. ③On the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the sun shines directly on the equator, and day and night are of equal length in all parts of the world, each lasting 12 hours.

④ Day and night are equally divided throughout the year at the equator. The situation in the Southern Hemisphere is opposite to that in the Northern Hemisphere.

(2) Changes in the height of the sun at noon:

At the same time, the height of the sun at noon decreases from the direct point of the sun to the north and south sides. On the summer solstice, when the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, the height of the sun at noon is It decreases from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south. At this time, the Tropic of Cancer and all latitudes north of it reach the maximum value of the year, and all latitudes in the southern hemisphere reach the minimum value. On the winter solstice, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Capricorn, and the height of the sun at noon decreases from the Tropic of Capricorn to the north and south sides. At this time, the Tropic of Capricorn and all latitudes south of it reach the maximum value in the year, and all latitudes in the northern hemisphere reach the minimum value. On the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the sun shines directly at the equator, and the height of the sun decreases from the equator to the poles at noon.

(3) Changes in the four seasons (the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon change with the seasons, causing solar radiation to have seasonal changes, forming the four seasons) Division of seasons in the Northern Hemisphere: March, April, and May is spring, June, July, and August are summer, September, October, and November are autumn, and December, January, and February are winter.

6. The earth’s spherical structure is divided into inner circles and outer circles with the surface as the boundary.

(1) The earth’s internal layers are divided into three layers: crust, mantle, and core based on the characteristics of seismic waves (longitudinal waves and transverse waves). The earth's crust is mainly composed of rocks (igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks). The asthenosphere of the upper mantle is the source of magma. The earth's core is mainly composed of iron and nickel materials.

(2) External sphere: atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

Chapter 2 Material Movement and Energy Exchange in the Natural Geographic Environment

1. Rocks are divided into three categories: ① Igneous rocks (formed by the rising, cooling and solidification of magma) ② Sedimentary rocks (rocks Formed under the action of weathering, erosion, transportation, accumulation, and consolidation diagenesis by external forces) ③Metamorphic rock (metamorphism). From magma to the formation of various rocks, the three major types of rocks can transform into each other, and then to the generation of new magma. This movement and change process constitutes the material cycle of the earth's crust.

2. Internal and external force factors (geological effects) for surface morphological changes:

(1) Internal force effect - energy comes from the earth itself, mainly the internal thermal energy of the earth, which is expressed as the earth's crust Movement, magmatism, metamorphism. Causes uneven ground surface. Types of geological structures are folds (anticlines and synclines) and faults (horsts and grabens).

(2) External force - energy comes from outside the earth, mainly solar energy and gravity. Makes uneven ground flat. It manifests as weathering, erosion, transportation, accumulation, and consolidation diagenesis. Water erosion landforms (V-shaped valleys), accumulation landforms (alluvial fans, alluvial plains and deltas); wind erosion landforms (wind erosion depressions, mushrooms), aeolian landforms (sand dunes).

3. The names of the six major plates: Eurasian Plate, African Plate, Indian Ocean Plate, Pacific Plate, American Plate, and Antarctic Plate. Generally speaking, within the plates, the crust is relatively stable, and the junction between the two plates is the area where the crust is more active. Volcanoes and earthquakes are also concentrated at the junctions of the plates. Growth boundary - where plates split, often forming rift valleys and oceans. Extinction boundary - where plates collide, often forming mountains and trenches.

4. Atmospheric heating process: solar radiation (short wave), atmospheric weakening, ground warming, ground radiation (long wave), atmospheric warming, atmospheric radiation (long wave), atmospheric reverse radiation (heat preservation effect)< /p>

(1) The weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation: ① Absorption: It is selective. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays, and water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb infrared rays. Absorbs very little visible light. ②Reflection: clouds and dust with larger particles. The reflection effect of clouds is most significant. ③Scattering effect: Air molecules or tiny dust prevent part of the solar radiation from reaching the ground.

(2) The insulation effect of the atmosphere on the ground: the atmosphere absorbs ground radiation and produces atmospheric reverse radiation (atmospheric radiation directed to the ground), returning part of the heat to the ground. The thicker the clouds, the stronger the atmospheric reverse radiation. .

5. There are 7 air pressure zones (high and low pressure alternately distributed) and 6 wind zones around the world near the surface.

(1) Low-latitude circulation:

①Equatorial low-pressure belt: Due to the formation of thermal effects, the airflow converges and rises, which easily forms clouds and causes rain, forming a rainy belt. It is controlled by it all year round to form a tropical rainforest climate (Amazon Plain, Congo Basin, Malay Islands in Southeast Asia)

②Subtropical high pressure belt: formed due to dynamic effects, airflow accumulates and sinks above 30 degrees latitude, A rainless belt is formed (except for the East Asian monsoon area), and the areas controlled by it all year round form a tropical desert climate (the Sahara water desert in North Africa, the desert in West Asia, the desert in the western United States in North America, the desert in Chile, South America, western Peru, and the Australian desert)< /p>

③Trade wind belt: The airflow blowing from the subtropical high to the equatorial low pressure is deflected to the right to become the northeast trade wind in the northern hemisphere, and to the left to become the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere.

(2) Mid-latitude circulation:

④Subpolar low-pressure belt: formed by the encounter and movement of warm air from low latitudes and cold air from high latitudes. Forming a temperate rainy zone.

⑤Mid-latitude westerly belt: The airflow blowing from the subtropical high to the subpolar low-pressure belt veers to the right in the northern hemisphere to become a southwesterly wind, and in the southern hemisphere to the left to become a northwesterly wind. It is customarily called a westerly wind and is controlled by it all year round. area, forming a temperate maritime climate on the west coast of the continent. (Western Europe, western North America such as near Vancouver in Canada, the west side of the Andes at the southern tip of South America, the southern tip of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, etc.)

(3) High-latitude circulation:

⑥Polar high pressure belt: formed due to thermal effects, cold air sinks, forming a rainless belt. However, because the temperature in the polar regions is low and evaporation is less, the polar regions are areas where precipitation is greater than evaporation and are humid areas.

⑦Polar easterly wind belt: The air flow blowing from the polar high pressure belt to the subpolar low pressure belt. Under the action of geostrophic deflection force, the northern hemisphere deflects to the right to become a northeasterly wind, and the southern hemisphere deflects to the left to become a southeasterly wind.

(4) Movement of air pressure belts and wind belts: △Cause of movement: Moves with the movement of the direct sun point. △Moving direction: As far as the northern hemisphere is concerned, it generally moves north in summer and south in winter.

(5) Climate types formed by a single pressure zone or wind zone: tropical rainforest climate (equatorial low pressure zone), tropical desert climate (subtropical high pressure zone), temperate oceanic climate (mid-latitude westerly wind) bring).

(6) Climate types formed by the movement of pressure and wind belts: tropical grassland climate (controlled by equatorial low pressure belts in summer and low-latitude trade wind belts in winter), Mediterranean climate (controlled by subtropical high pressure belts in summer) It is controlled by the air pressure belt, and in winter it is controlled by the mid-latitude westerly wind belt).

6. Common weather systems: frontal systems (cold fronts, warm fronts, quasi-stationary fronts), cyclones (low pressure) and anticyclones (high pressure), and frontal cyclones. A cyclone is a low-pressure system. In the actual atmosphere, a low-pressure trough often appears along the center and extends in a certain direction. A frontal system is formed on the low-pressure trough. The front and the cyclone are one entity (the high-pressure system does not).

7. Water cycle

(1) Type: Great cycle between sea and land (big cycle), land cycle (little water), ocean cycle (maximum water)

< p>(2) Names of each link: evaporation, precipitation, water vapor transport, surface runoff, underground runoff, infiltration, plant transpiration

(3) Significance: It enables land water to be continuously replenished and renewed, Regenerate water resources; shape the surface form; connect the four major circles.

8. Ocean currents:

(1) Type: divided into wind currents, density currents, and compensation currents according to their causes; warm currents and cold currents according to their properties.

(2) Distribution: △Middle and low latitudes - ocean circulation centered on the subtropics, clockwise flow in the northern hemisphere (consistent with the anticyclonic direction of the hemisphere), counterclockwise flow in the southern hemisphere (consistent with the anticyclonic direction of the southern hemisphere) consistent). △Mid-to-high latitudes (mainly the Northern Hemisphere)—ocean circulation centered on the subpolar region. △Westerly drifting in the Southern Hemisphere, the most powerful cold current in the world. △The monsoon currents in the North Indian Ocean - flow from west to east in summer and from east to west in winter (summer goes smoothly and winter reverses).

(3) Impact: ① Impact on climate: Warm currents play a role in warming and humidifying (the formation of Western Europe’s oceanic climate benefits from the North Atlantic Warm Current); cold currents play a role in cooling and dehumidifying Effect (the formation of the Victoria Desert on the west coast of Australia and the Atacama Desert on the Pacific coast of Peru are all related to the Western Australian Cold Current and Peruvian Cold Current along the coast)

② Impact on marine life - distribution of fishing grounds: The intersection of cold and warm currents brings a rich variety of bait to fish.

△Hokkaido Fishing Ground - the intersection of the Japan Warm Current and the Kuril Current. △Newfoundland Fishing Ground—the intersection of the Labrador Cold Current and the Gulf Stream. △North Sea Fishing Ground-formed by the intersection of the warm North Atlantic current and the cold seawater flowing south from high latitudes. △Peru Fishing Ground - The rising compensating current causes deep seawater to rise, bringing deep-sea silicates with it, causing plankton to multiply, and plankton is food for fish.

③ Impact on marine pollution: It is beneficial to the diffusion of pollutants and speeds up purification; but it also expands the scope of pollutants.

④ Impact on ocean transportation: Downstream - the sailing speed is fast; against the current - the sailing speed is slow.

Chapter 3 The integrity and regional differences of the geographical environment

1. The geographical environment includes the natural geographical environment and the human geographical environment. Physical geographical elements include climate, hydrology, landforms, biology, soil and other elements.

(1) Climate change has continuously transformed the hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and other spheres on the earth. The role of organisms on the geographical environment is ultimately due to the ability of green plants to carry out photosynthesis.

(2) The role of organisms in the formation of the geographical environment: connecting the organic and inorganic worlds, promoting the migration of chemical elements; transforming the atmosphere, causing the original atmosphere to gradually evolve into the current atmosphere; transforming the hydrosphere, affecting water bodies Composition; transform the lithosphere, promote the weathering of rocks and the formation of soil, causing profound changes in the geographical environment.

The environment created living things, and living things created the current environment. Therefore, organisms are creatures of the geographical environment, and they are also shapers of the geographical environment

(3) The various elements of the geographical environment are interconnected, mutually restrictive and mutually penetrating, forming the integrity of the geographical environment. For example: my country's northwest inland - due to the distance from the sea, it is difficult for the moist ocean air to reach, forming an arid continental climate - rivers are not developed, mostly inland rivers - the climate is dry, the effect of water is weak, and physical weathering and wind effects Remarkably, large areas of Gobi and desert have been formed with sparse vegetation, poor soil development, and low organic matter content.

2. Regional differentiation rules of geographical environment:

(1) Regional differentiation from the equator to the poles (latitude zonality): The amount of solar radiation that decreases from the equator to the poles Influence - Regular replacement of natural zones along latitudinal changes (north and south). This differentiation is based on heat. For example: near the equator is the tropical rainforest belt, and as the latitude increases, there are savanna belts and tropical desert belts on both sides.

(2) Regional differentiation from the coast to the interior (longitudinal zonality): Affected by the distribution of sea and land, natural landscapes and natural zones produce regular regional differentiation from the coast to the interior of the continent. This differentiation is based on moisture. For example: mid-latitude areas (especially mid-latitude areas in the northern hemisphere) appear from the coast to the inland: forest zone - grassland zone - desert zone

(3) Vertical regional differentiation of mountains: in high mountain areas, with With the change of altitude, the water and heat conditions from the foothills to the top of the mountain vary greatly, thus forming a vertical natural zone. For example: For high mountains near the equator, the natural zone seen from the foothills to the top of the mountain is similar to the horizontal natural zone from the equator to the poles.

Chapter 4 The Impact of Natural Environment on Human Activities

1. The relationship between the formation of settlements and the geographical environment can be reflected in the form: in plain areas, the terrain is relatively complete and open. , flat, the settlements are round or irregular polygonal, and large in scale; mountainous settlements are distributed along river valleys or in relatively open lowlands. For example: the distribution of cities in the Fenhe and Weihe River valleys in my country. Most of the world's big cities are located on plains. The location advantages of plain areas are: flat terrain, fertile soil, easy farming, and conducive to transportation connections and construction investment savings. There are also plains that are not suitable for urban development. For example: in the tropics, the lowlands are sweltering, and cities are mostly distributed on plateaus. The most famous one is Brazil, whose cities are not distributed in the Amazon plains, but in the Brazilian plateau.

2. The impact of terrain on the distribution of transportation lines: highway routes should be selected to avoid unfavorable terrain. The density of transportation lines in areas with flat terrain is higher (low cost and small amount of work), and the density in mountainous and hilly areas Small (high cost, large amount of work).

3. The positive aspects of global climate warming for agricultural production: the temperature rise is the largest in high latitudes, the crop growth period is extended, and the yield increases; the negative aspects for agricultural production: mid-latitude semi-humid and semi-arid areas, if If the amount of precipitation remains unchanged, warming will accelerate land evaporation, reduce moisture in the soil, and lead to a decrease in crop yields. It also has a certain impact on industrial production. Rising temperatures will reduce energy consumption for heating in high latitudes and significantly increase energy consumption for cooling in low latitudes.

4. The definition of natural resources: substances and energy that humans obtain directly from nature and use for production and life. It includes climate resources, land resources, water resources, biological resources, and mineral resources. Natural resources are the material basis of human civilization and social progress. For example: Energy utilization has a huge role in promoting the development of productivity. △ Firewood is the main energy source - the level of social productivity is very low. △ In the 18th century, coal is the main energy source - social productivity is greatly improved. △ After the 1950s, oil is the main energy source - which greatly promotes the development of production.

5. Common natural disasters include floods, droughts, typhoons, heavy rains, cold waves, sandstorms, snowstorms, earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and mudslides. Understand the main causes and hazards of their occurrence.