About Mayan civilization

Maya civilization is an outstanding representative of ancient Indian civilization in South America and ancient Indian civilization in America, named after Indian Maya. Mainly distributed in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Brazil, Belize and western Honduras and El Salvador.

It was formed around 25 BC, and an early slave country was established around 4 BC. It flourished in the 3rd to 9th centuries, declined in the 15th century, and was finally destroyed by the Spanish colonists, and then disappeared into the tropical jungle for a long time.

In 152, Columbus made his last voyage to America, exactly 1 years after he first discovered the "New World". The ship landed in the Gulf of Honduras, and Columbus and his crew excitedly set foot on the long-lost lush land. In the local market, a beautifully made pottery basin caught his eye, and the seller told him that this beautiful pottery basin came from "Maya". This magical name was first introduced to the ears of Europeans. In 1519, the Spanish explorer Hernan Cortez led the Spanish army to sweep across Mexico and conquer the Aztec Empire, which was in the heyday of civilization. "Eradicating a culture is like a passerby breaking off a sunflower by the roadside." At this time, the Mayan civilization is coming to an end, but there are still some small Mayan States on the Yucatan Peninsula. In 1526, a Spanish expedition went to Yucatan, trying to establish a Spanish colony by violence and forcing Christianity. The unyielding Maya waged guerrilla warfare for more than a hundred years, until 1697, when the last Mayan city-state was destroyed by Spanish gunfire. At the end of 18th century, it began to attract academic attention. At the end of 19th century, a number of important sites were excavated, and the modern archaeological research of Mayan civilization began. Since the 195s, the research has made rapid progress, forming a special Maya study, which is an important field of world archaeology and history research. Scholars have different opinions about the development stage of Mayan civilization. According to the division of American archaeologist n Hammond, it can be divided into three stages: pre-classical, classical and post-classical.

[ Edit this paragraph] Mayan history and culture

In 1839, explorer Stephens led a team to discover the remains of the ancient Maya in the tropical rain forest of Central America: magnificent pyramids, rich palaces and highly accurate calendars carved on stone tablets with strange hieroglyphs.

Archaeologists have put forward many hypotheses about the mystery of the annihilation of Mayan civilization, such as foreign invasion, population explosion, disease and climate change ..... each has his own opinion, which has painted the Mayan civilization with a strong mysterious color.

in order to solve this eternal mystery, in the late 198s, a multidisciplinary expedition team of 45 scholars, including archaeologists, zoologists and nutritionists, visited the Peteng rainforest area in Guatemala, where jaguars and rattlesnakes often haunt even grave robbers. The expedition team spent six years investigating about 2 Mayan civilization sites, and concluded that the Mayan civilization was destroyed by a bloody civil war for wealth and power. The Mayans were not the peace-loving people in the legend. On the contrary, in the heyday of 3-7 A.D., the Maya nobles in the neighboring city-states were always fighting for power and profit. The Mayan war seems to be a terrible sports competition: the soldiers attacked other cities with spears and sticks as weapons, with the aim of capturing prisoners and giving them to their own priests as a gift of offering sacrifices to gods, which is a symbol of Mayan society's worship of gods.

Mayan society was once quite prosperous. Farmers cultivate border fields, terraces and swamp paddy fields, and produce food that can support the surge in population. Craftsmen make works of art from flint, stone, bone horn and shell, make cotton fabrics, carve inscriptions on stone tablets, draw pottery and murals. Commodity trading is prevalent. But since the middle of the 7th century, Mayan society has declined. With the increase of political marriage, other royal brothers except the eldest son are excluded. Some princes left their homes to look for new cities, while others stayed to fight for inheritance. This kind of "throats" has changed from fighting for sacrifices to fighting for jewels, luxury goods, kingship and beautiful women ..... The war is endless, the lives are ruined, the trade is interrupted, the city is destroyed and the countryside is destroyed, and only 1% of the people finally survive.

In 761 AD, the fall of the palace in the city of Deuce-Pyrrhus can be regarded as a starting point for the decline of Mayan society. Deuce-Pyrrhus is the central city-state within 15 miles of the square garden. It was attacked by enemies from the neighboring city of Tomaredito. A hole containing the heads of 13 men between the ages of 8 and 55 proves that the city was exterminated when it was captured. Eight days later (these precise details were recorded on the stone tablet), the winner held a "closing ceremony" and smashed the throne, temple and tablet. Some nobles fled to the nearby city of Aguadica, a natural fortress surrounded by huge cracks. They lived there for 4 years, and finally they were captured by the enemy and fell into a disaster.

In 8 AD, Adika was already a ghost town. After 82 AD, the Mayans abandoned the Peteng Rainforest, which built countless cities in the Millennium, and never returned to the birthplace of this civilization. The destruction of Mayan civilization has become history, but the warning it provides is worth remembering forever.

Today, there are still more than 2 million Mayan descendants living in the lowlands of Guatemala, Mexico, Belize and Honduras. However, the essence of Mayan culture, such as hieroglyphics, astronomy, calendars and other knowledge, has disappeared and failed to be left to future generations.

"The earth is not owned by human beings, but human beings belong to the earth"-Mayan prophecy According to Mayan prophecy, the earth we are living in now is in the so-called fifth solar age. So far, the earth has passed four solar ages, and at the end of each age, a thrilling destruction story will be staged.

The first solar age was Matlacitilart, Tilly, Matlack, which was destroyed by the only flood in the end. There is a saying that it was Noah's flood.

The second solar age is the Eekotel Ehecatl, which was scattered by wind and snakes.

The third solar age is Quiyaquillo, which is the road to destruction due to the fire from the sky, and it is an ancient nuclear war.

The fourth solar epoch was Tzontlilic, Zongdrilik, which was also caused by the raging fire and rain.

Mayan prophecy also said that from the first to the end of the fourth solar age, the earth was plunged into unprecedented chaos, and it ended in a series of tragic tragedies, and the earth would definitely give a warning before it died.

The last chapter of Maya's prophecy is mostly chronological records, and all these records, like collusion, came to an end in the "fifth solar age". Therefore, Maya predicted that the earth would face the end of complete extinction in the fifth solar age. At the end of the fifth solar age, the sun will disappear and the earth will start to shake. According to the prophecy, the solar age has only five cycles. Once the sun has experienced five deaths, the earth will be destroyed. The fifth solar age began in 3113, and after the Mayan cycle of 5125 years, it will finally meet. Today, the end date of the western calendar is around December 22, 212.

[ Edit this paragraph] The Mayans are deeply religious, and their cultural life is full of religious colors.

They worship the gods of sun, rain, grain, death, war, wind and corn. The sun god is above the gods and is regarded as the embodiment of God. In addition, worship ancestors and believe that the soul is immortal. Maya countries also manage religious affairs. The capital is the religious center.

in the early stage of Mayan civilization, settlements were formed around sacrificial centers, and in the classical period, city-states were formed, and each city-state had its own dynasty. The ruling class of society is priests and nobles, and the king is hereditary, in charge of religious etiquette and stipulating the date of farming. The lower members of the commune are ordinary agricultural laborers and craftsmen from all walks of life. The lowest class of society is slaves, generally from prisoners of war, criminals and debtors, who can buy and sell freely. Maya States are similar to the primary slavery countries in the ancient world in social development, but there is no detailed information about the specific situation.

Mayans are deeply religious, and their cultural life is full of religious colors. They worship the gods of sun, rain, grain, death, war, wind and corn. The sun god is above the gods and is regarded as the embodiment of God. In addition, worship ancestors and believe that the soul is immortal. Maya countries also manage religious affairs. The capital is the religious center.

Mayan characters first appeared around AD, but the first stone tablet with a date was unearthed in 292 AD and was found in Tikal. Since then, Mayan characters have only spread in a small area centered on Beden and Tikal. In the middle of the fifth century, Mayan characters spread to the whole Maya region, and the commercial transaction route was established at that time, and Mayan characters spread to all parts of the country along this route.

About a quarter of the 8 hieroglyphs used by the Mayans have been interpreted by linguists. These characters mainly represent the names, numbers, directions, colors and names of the gods of the days and months of the week. Most of them are recorded on stone tablets, wooden boards, pottery and books. The paper of books is made of plant fiber, which is first soaked in lime water and then dried in the sun, thus leaving a layer of lime on the paper. Although there are still 2 million people speaking Mayan dialect in modern times, and some pictographs and homophones in their characters are very similar to those in ancient Egypt and Japan, it may be possible to compare and explore their similarities and differences, but we are still unable to interpret the entire Mayan characters.

However, in 1963, Russian linguist Rui Krolov successfully classified the inscriptions, processed and analyzed them in a statistical way, and summarized the same hieroglyphics from these different categories. Mayan characters are not composed of twenty-six Roman characters like English, but each character has four syllables. Krolov finally succeeded in understanding a few words. According to this, Shire Sobov and Baki Yusilov of the Russian Institute of Mathematics, using computers, successfully interpreted an article with huge data (about 1, words). Delesky's ancient documents include lunar eclipse, the movement of stars, marriage and so on; There are records of farming, hunting and carving in Madrid's ancient books; The ancient documents in Paris record the truth of history. In short, the basic contents include religious ceremonies, meteorological phenomena and crops.

the legend of Mayan civilization

In the last century, British scientists entered a mysterious and sacred cave in South Africa at night. Several bodies were found in it. < P > After DNA testing, it was found that these bodies were five or six million years ago. At that time, human beings had not evolved. There are twelve constellations on the wall of the cave, and an asteroid that has not been discovered so far is found near Sirius. There is also a sentence beside it, which has been translated by many twists and turns: This is an asteroid invisible to the naked eye.

[ Edit this paragraph] Astronomical numbers and calendars that have been lost for a long time

We learned Arabic numerals from primary schools, and no one will think it is great! It's just the arrangement of ten numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and . Maybe you don't know, this concept of was brought to Europe by Arabs from India. In ancient times, Europeans didn't have such a simple concept of numbers. Greeks are good at inventing, but they must write numbers in letters; Although the Romans could use numbers, they could only be represented by four numbers graphically. The Mayans used a dot, a horizontal line and a shell symbol representing zero to represent numbers. When archaeologists studied the Maya's digital system, they found that their digital expressions were similar to those of the abacus. They use three symbols: a dot, a horizontal, and a shell symbol representing zero-which can represent any number. A similar principle is applied to the "binary" of computers today. This counting method can be used for astronomical figures. In the carved stone pillars found in Girigua, Guatemala, the figures of 9 million years and 4 million years are recorded. Mayan calendars are very complicated, including Zhuojin calendar with the period of 26, lunar calendar with the period of six months, lunar calendar with the period of 29 and 3, solar calendar with the period of 365, etc., and different calendars with different periods. We use modern astronomical observation to know that a year is 365? 2422 days, and the Mayans have measured that a year is 365? 242 days. The Maya calculated the famous Venus formula: (Moon) 2x13 = 26 26x73 = 37,96 (Sun) 8X13 = 14 14x5x73 = 37,96 (Venus) 5x13 = 65 65x8x73 = 37,96. These formulas mean that each cycle passes through 37,96. Venus calendar year refers to the time needed for Venus to orbit the sun once. The Mayans spent an observation period of 384 years to work out the Venus calendar year of 584 days (they found that Venus had just walked five times in eight earth years, and then repeated the cycle, so they divided the number of days in eight earth years by five-292-to get 584 days), while today's calculation is 583 days? In 1992, the error rate was less than 12 seconds a day and only six minutes a month. It is really incredible to calculate the history of Venus with such high accuracy. The Mayan unit of counting the day is surprisingly large. Archaeologists already know the value as follows: 2th is one-dimensional Naer-18th, Venal is a chariot equals to 36, and 2th is a chariot equals to 72, and 2th is a baktun equals to 144,, and 2th is a pictun equals to 288,, and 2th is a karabutun equals to 576,. This number unit is so large that even modern people don't need it. From today's scientific perspective, such a large number may only be used in one discipline, and that is astronomy. Astronomers often use a large number unit to express the distance between galaxies, and only astronomical figures can be so large. The Maya in the calendar predicted that in the Mayan calendar, there was a calendar called "Zhuojin Calendar", which was calculated with a year of 26 days, but strangely, there was no planet in the solar system suitable for this calendar. According to this calendar, the approximate position of this planet should be between Venus and the Earth. This symbol in "Zhuojinli" expresses the galactic core described by the Mayans, and is very similar to the well-known Taiji Yin-Yang diagram. Some Mayan scholars believe that this calendar called Zhuojinli records the operation law of the "galactic seasons", and according to Zhuojinli, our earth is now in the so-called "fifth solar age", which is the last "solar age". During this period of the galactic season, our solar system is experiencing a "great cycle" that lasted for more than 5,1 years. The time is from 3113 BC to 212 AD. In this