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The United States of America (abbreviated as USA in English), referred to as the United States, formerly known as Citigroup, is a federal constitutional country located in North America and the oldest constitutional country in the world. The United States is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, Canada in the north and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico in the south. The capital is Washington, D.C. The United States originated from the North American colony that broke away from British rule in 1776. 13 of the colonial representatives issued the American declaration of independence. After an arduous war of independence, they signed the Treaty of Paris with Britain in 1783, which has been recognized by all countries in the world since then.

language

Although there is no official language in the United States, English is the de facto national language. According to the statistics in 2003, about 214.8 million (8 1.6%) people over the age of five only speak English at home. English is the most common communication language, and mastering a certain degree of English is also one of the requirements for immigrants to become naturalized. Some Americans call for English to be promoted to the official language, and 27 States have passed local laws to ensure the official status of English; Three states recognize other languages as parallel to English: French in Louisiana, Hawaiian in Hawaii and Spanish in New Mexico.

As of June 65438+1October 65438+June 2006, the total population of the United States has reached 300 million, which is the third largest country in the world after China and India, with a population growth rate of 0.59%. According to the 2000 census, about 79% of the population lived in cities [63]. The United States is a multi-ethnic country with great racial differences. There are 3 1 race with more than one million people in China, and there are more races with less than one million people [64].

Most Americans (74.67% in 2004) [65] are descendants of European white immigrants. These immigrants settled in the first colonies at that time, and many of them came to the United States in the "Southern Reconstruction Movement" after the Civil War. Due to the high birth rate of non-white immigrants and ethnic minorities, the proportion of non-Hispanics is gradually decreasing [66]. The main European lineages are Germany (15.6%), Ireland (10.8%), England (8.7%), Italy (5.6%) and Scandinavia (3.7%). Many people also come from Slavic countries, such as Poland and Russia. Other immigrants come from eastern Europe, southern Europe and French-speaking Canada. There are 4.4 million Native Americans such as Indians [67], about 35% of whom live in the government-planned Native American reservation. Asian Americans (excluding Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders) are the third largest minority, accounting for 5% in the 2005 census. Most Asian Americans live on the west coast and Hawaii, and the largest group of Asians come from the Philippines, China, India, Viet Nam, South Korea and Japan. Hispanics are the second largest ethnic group in the United States (second only to Germans), accounting for 65,438+04.1%of the total population (in 2004), of which 66% are immigrants from Mexico, and it is expected to continue to grow at a high speed in the coming decades. African-Americans are all over the United States, but the black area in the south is the largest. African-Americans (or blacks), mainly from Africa, were slaves before19th century, and now the number is 35 million (12.5438+02%).

1760s and1770s, 13 The tension between American colonies and Britain eventually led to the War of Independence, and the colonial representatives signed the American Declaration of Independence on 1776. In the War of Independence (1775- 1783), George Washington led a continental army composed of 13 colonies to fight against the British. In 1976, the colony established the Continental Legion in Congress, but it did not authorize tax collection and federal laws. 1777, independent colonies formally adopted confederate regulations, established a federal sovereign state and a federal government exercising management power, and ratified the US Constitution. After an arduous war of independence, the Continental Army finally defeated the British, and the British signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783, officially recognizing the independence of the United States.

Climate:

Because of its vast territory and extensive geographical features, the United States has almost all climate types in the world. The relatively ideal climate of the United States is also one of the reasons why it has become a world power. There are few serious droughts and floods in major agricultural areas, and the temperature is mild, so enough rainfall can be obtained.

The climate in the United States is mainly influenced by the Arctic airflow, which brings a wide range of low pressure from the Pacific Ocean every year. When these low pressures pass through the Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains and Cascade Mountains, they carry a lot of water. When these pressures reach the Central Plains, they can recombine, leading to the meeting of major air masses and severe thunderstorms, especially in spring and summer. Sometimes, these rainstorms may join other low pressure, continue to spread to the east coast and the Atlantic Ocean, and evolve into a more intense northeast storm (Nor'easter), resulting in large-scale heavy snowfall in the northeastern United States and the mid-Atlantic region of New England. The vast grasslands of the Great Plains have also formed many of the most extreme climate change phenomena in the world.

The washbasin area and the principle of Columbia River height are arid areas with little rainfall, and the average rainfall in the driest time is less than 15 inch (38 cm). The southwestern United States is an arid desert. In the hottest weeks of summer, the temperature exceeds 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius). The southwest and washbasin areas will also be affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California, occasionally bringing rare rainstorms. Most of California has a Mediterranean climate, and sometimes there will be heavy rain from June 10 to April of the following year, while it hardly rains in other months. It rains all the year round in the northwest near the Pacific Ocean, but it rains the most in winter and spring. The western mountainous area absorbs enough water, and the rainfall and snowfall are quite heavy. Cascade Mountain is one of the places with the largest snowfall in the world, but there is not much snowfall in coastal areas with low altitude.