Two historical stories about the Yellow River are in urgent need of help.

The Yellow River has always been regarded by China people as the birthplace of Chinese civilization. In fact, the civilization in the Yangtze River basin may have originated earlier than that in the Yellow River basin, but it did not continue directly, so it was forgotten by the world. A large number of ancient cultural sites have been found in the Yellow River basin, but not many in the Yangtze River basin, which may be related to the high humidity and high temperature climate in the south. Painted pottery culture (Yangshao culture) and black pottery culture (Longshan culture) are mainly distributed in the Yellow River basin, while Indian pottery culture is distributed in the Yangtze River basin and the Pearl River basin. Relief pottery culture is closely related to Baiyue culture in the south, and they have many common characteristics. Relief pottery culture is also widely distributed in southern Europe (such as the Balkans). In addition, there are also microlithic cultures in Northeast China, North China and Northwest China. The microlithic culture is widely distributed in Central Asia, and Xinjiang, which is adjacent to Central Asia, also belongs to microlithic culture. Therefore, whether the microlithic culture in Central Asia is related to the microlithic culture in northwest China needs further research. Banpo culture, which has entered the Neolithic Age (1, 000-2,000 years), is the early stage of Yangshao culture, when it was in matriarchal clan society. The differences between Neolithic Age and Paleolithic Age (2.5 million years to 1 10,000 years) lie in the following three points: First, it changed from making stone tools to grinding stone tools; The second is from gathering and hunting to planting animal husbandry; Third, the appearance of pottery; Fourth, the appearance of porcelain. In the Neolithic Age, productivity was greatly improved, and human beings changed from food gatherers to food producers. Gathering and hunting is a wandering life without a fixed place, and planting animal husbandry is a settled life, so ancient villages were born. People call this transitional stage from Paleolithic Age to Neolithic Age "agricultural revolution". There are three epoch-making revolutions in human history, the first is the use of fire, the second is the agricultural revolution, and the third is the industrial revolution. Banpo village is located near Xi 'an. An ancient village site dating back five or six thousand years was excavated from this village, which is a very important cultural site in the Yellow River Basin and was found in 1952. The site covers an area of 50,000 square meters and is divided into residential area, pottery workshop area and tomb area. There are more than 40 houses in the community, including semi-crypt buildings and ground buildings, which are round, square and rectangular in shape. The house is supported by pillars, the walls are mud walls, and the walls are painted with grass mixed with mud. The area of the house ranges from tens to tens of square meters to hundreds of square meters. Six cave sites were found, including vertical cave type and horizontal cave type, with little space and a diameter of only about 1 m. There are children's tombs and adults' tombs in the tomb area, mostly urns, pots, bowls and so on. And there is a small hole in the burial utensil, which is estimated to be reserved for the reincarnation of the soul. In addition, a wooden burial utensil was found, which is the only wooden burial utensil, but this form has been used to this day. Most of the burial methods are single person leaning back and straight limbs, and a few people bend over, bend their limbs and bury again. The aborigines there grow crops such as millet, mustard and cabbage, and raise poultry such as sheep, goats and pigs. In addition, freshwater fish and game are their food.

Edit the second section of this paragraph: Laoguantai culture and Peiligang culture.

The site of Laoguantai Culture was discovered in hua county, Shaanxi Province in 1956 and excavated in 1959. Later, the same type of culture was discovered in Dadiwan, Tai 'an, Gansu, so Laoguantai culture was also called Dadiwan culture. Laoguantai culture is mainly distributed in Weihe River Basin, a tributary of the Yellow River. Laoguantai culture was in the early Neolithic period, more than 8,000 years ago. Mainly grinding stone tools, but a few make stone tools and fine stone tools. Making stone tools is the main symbol of the Paleolithic Age, while grinding stone tools marks the arrival of the Neolithic Age. The original residents living here began to grow millet crops and raise pigs and dogs. Production tools are stone chisels, bone shovels, horns and cones. The house is a round semi-crypt building, the tomb is a rectangular pit, and pottery is used as a funerary object. At that time, the pottery industry was still primitive, with low firing temperature and few types of utensils, and the painted pottery process was still in its infancy. The unearthed cultural relics are mainly pottery, and 27 pieces of pottery have been unearthed. The types of pottery are coarse red pottery with sand and fine mud red pottery, fine mud black pottery and fine mud white pottery. Decorative patterns include rope pattern, twill pattern, additional cone pattern, cone thorn pattern, groove pattern and so on. There are three-legged pots, three-legged bowls, cups, small-mouth, flat-bottomed drum cans and so on. Painted pottery has only a three-legged bowl with wide red stripes along the outer socks. More than 200 pieces of painted pottery were found in the site of ancient culture in Dadiwan, most of which were three-legged bowls. The most striking thing is the 10 symbols on pottery, which are 1000 years earlier than the carved symbols found in Banpo cultural site, which may also be the earliest prototype of characters. A building similar to a palace was also found in the site, and the floor of the building is very similar to the current concrete floor. Peiligang culture, magnetic mountain culture and Jiahu culture, which were contemporary with Laoguantai culture and Dadiwan culture, were all representatives of the Neolithic Age.

Pei Ligang and his affiliated culture

1977 Pei Ligang Cultural Site Discovered in Xinzheng, Henan Province. The architecture, cemetery and pottery of this site are very similar to the culture of Laoguantai, dating back more than 8,000 years. Grinding stone tools is not just beating stone tools. There are stone mills with feet, grinding rods, toothed stone sickles and double-edged stone shovels. Bone tools include bone arrows and bone needles. And wooden bows. Pottery is mainly clay red pottery and sand red pottery, including bowls, bowls, ding, pots, cups, jars, urns, spoons, retort, pots and so on. Among them, three-legged tripod and two-ear pot are the most representative. In addition, there are ceramic spinning wheels. There are also carved symbols on the pottery of this site, which are also original words. Magnetic mountain culture was discovered in 1972 in Wu 'an, Hebei Province. It is a little later than Peiligang culture, more than 7000 years ago, and its architecture, stone tools and pottery are similar to Peiligang culture. Its pottery began to transition to painted pottery. The site also found crops such as millet, walnuts, poultry and chickens. Jiahu cultural site is located in Wuyang, Henan Province, more than 8,000 years ago, and it also belongs to Peiligang cultural type. Tortoise shell with symbols was found in the site, which is more than 4000 years earlier than Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins and earlier than papyrus in ancient Egypt 1000 years. In addition, bone flutes and wine vessels have been discovered, which is of great significance to the study of music and wine culture.

Edit the third section of this paragraph Yangshao culture and Longshan culture

Yangshao Village is located in Mianchi County, Henan Province, where many cultural relics have been found in ancient sites. These handicrafts include stone tools, bone implements and pottery. Stone tools include knives, axes, pestles, trowels and stone spinning wheels. Bones have spicules, pottery has bowls, ding, coarse pottery and painted pottery. A large number of stone axes and bone hoes were found in Yangshao cultural sites, indicating that agriculture was developed at that time. In addition, millet was found in a clay pot in the tomb, indicating that millet was the main crop at that time. The appearance of bone cones, bone needles and ancient wheels shows that the primitive residents at that time mastered the original sewing and textile technology. Many bones of pigs, cows and horses were found, indicating that animal husbandry had existed at that time. The appearance of stone arrowheads and bone arrowheads shows that bows and arrows were widely used at that time, and also shows that hunting life has changed to primitive animal husbandry and agriculture. Many ground jade pieces, jade pieces and seashells were also found in the tombs of various sites in Gansu, which indicates that the most primitive exchange relationship may have existed at that time. Xinjiang is rich in jade, so jade may come from Xinjiang. But Gansu is far from the sea, so how seashells were handed down is worth exploring. Yangshao culture in the late Neolithic period is also called painted pottery culture. Painted pottery was fired in a kiln, but the pottery wheel has not been used yet. Its surface has red or black geometric patterns, and the size and shape of objects are different. This technology may have been introduced from Gansu in the northwest. Yangshao culture is spread all over Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi and other provinces in the northwest, and also covers North China and the Central Plains. There are many types of Yangshao culture, including Banpo in Mianchi County, Henan Province (early Yangshao culture), Miaodigou in Shanxian County, Henan Province, Hougang and Dasikong Village in Anyang County, Henan Province, and Dahe Village (middle and late Yangshao culture). Miaodigou painted pottery is more black and less red, and there is no half-slope type. The painted pottery of Hougang type and Dasi pass type is mainly gray pottery, and the decorative patterns are mostly red. The painted pottery of Dahecun type is mostly white pottery. It is speculated that Yangshao culture is probably the Yellow Emperor culture. Yangshao culture lasted from 5,000 years ago to about 2,500 years, and then merged with other cultures in the late Neolithic period, forming the later Xia and Shang cultures. The origin of ancient culture in the Yangtze River basin may be earlier than that in the Yellow River basin, but it has all been interrupted and disappeared. However, the culture of the Yellow River basin has never been interrupted, from Yangshao culture and Longshan culture to Xia, Shang and Zhou culture and now. Recently, a site belonging to Yangshao culture was discovered in Xipo Village, lingbao city City, Henan Province. A palace was found in this place. Presumably it is the palace of the Yellow Emperor. Archaeologists also found a capital city with a population of more than 200,000 around it, which should be the settlement of the tribal alliance at that time. Longshan Cultural Site is located in Longshan Town, Zhangqiu County, Shandong Province, and was discovered on 1928. The production tools they use are stone axe, stone knife, stone sickle and so on. In addition, there are mussel sickle and double-toothed wood lei used for digging. They raise pigs, dogs, cows, sheep, chickens and horses. Longshan culture is also called black pottery culture. Black pottery products are delicate in texture and beautiful in shape. They are processed with ceramic wheels and fired in a kiln at high temperature (1000℃). The mastery of this high-temperature technology prepared for the arrival of the Bronze Age. Longshan culture is mainly divided into three types: Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong. Both painted pottery culture and black pottery culture should originate from China, and have no inheritance relationship with the ceramics and Indian civilization in the two river basins (Euphrates River and Tigris River). Bronzes also appeared in the site of Longshan culture in the late period, indicating that Longshan culture began to transition to bronze culture (Xia and Shang culture). The exquisite pottery of this period is also very similar to that of Shang Dynasty. 193 1 year, an ancient cultural site was found in a place called Hougang, Anyang City, Henan Province, in the shape of "three stacks". Its upper layer is white pottery culture Xiaotun culture, its middle layer is black pottery culture, namely Longshan culture, and its lower layer is painted pottery culture, namely Yangshao culture. Some people think that the painted pottery culture here is culture, the black pottery culture is Xia culture, and the white pottery culture is Shang culture.

Edit the fourth section of this paragraph: Dawenkou culture and Majiayao culture.

The Northern New Culture Site is located in Tengzhou, Shandong Province, facing Longshan Culture across the river. It belongs to the middle Neolithic period and is the source of Dawenkou culture. Slightly later than Peiligang culture, stone tools and pottery are similar to those discovered by Peiligang. Dawenkou culture is in the middle and late Neolithic period, and its early pottery, stone tools and architecture are similar to Peiligang culture. The graphic symbols on his late pottery are different from the geometric symbols in Yangshao culture, and they are probably the ancestors of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Majiayao culture is a continuation of Yangshao culture's westward development, which was discovered in Zhao Lin, Gansu in 1923. Its painted pottery is very developed, inheriting the style of ditch at the bottom of the temple in Yangshao culture. Its early painted pottery was mainly black, with black and red patterns in the middle and black and red patterns in the later period. A bronze knife was also found in the site, which marked the transition from stone culture to bronze culture, and it was an era of stone and stone combination. At the same time and in the same place as Majiayao is Xindian culture, which is more than 3000 years ago. It has a lot of painted pottery, and the shape is mainly pot. Judging from the basic characteristics of Xindian culture, it has basically entered bronze culture. Before the pre-Qin period, China can be roughly divided into three eras: the Stone Age (2.5 million to 3,000 years), the Bronze Age (Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties) and the Iron Age (Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period). As our mother river, there are many human cultural sites in the Yellow River basin, the most famous of which is Banpo site, which belongs to the early type of Yangshao culture. Lantian ape-man culture is also very famous, among which Gongwangling ape-man is 654.38+0.5 million years ago, and Chenjiawo ape-man is 500,000-590,000 years ago. The ape-man culture in the late Paleolithic period. In addition, there are: Xihoudu ape-man culture, which was 6.5438+0.5 million years ago ~ 6.5438+0.8 million years ago, and was the early Paleolithic ape-man culture in northern China; Dali ape-man culture, from nearly 300 thousand years to 500 thousand years, is a late ape-man culture; Ding Cun ancient culture, dating from 70,000 to 90,000 years ago, belongs to the middle paleolithic culture and is an early homo sapiens. Hetao newcomer culture, about 30 thousand years ago, belongs to late homo sapiens; Microlithic culture, Neolithic culture, bronze culture, iron culture.