What's the name of carrot?

In the 10 century, carrots were introduced from Iran to the European continent. In about13rd century, carrots were introduced into China from Iran and developed into China ecotype. They were discovered in Britain in15th century, developed into European ecotype, introduced to the United States in16th century, and introduced to Japan from China in16th century.

Carrots are trifoliate leaves clustered on short stems. There is a compound umbel at the top. Cross-pollination double hanging fruit, fleshy roots have different shapes such as long tube, short tube, long cone and short cone, and have different colors such as yellow, orange, orange red and purple. Carrots are semi-hardy and like cold climate. It is a long-day plant. The fleshy roots developed well at 18 ~ 20℃. China sows more in summer and autumn.

Carrots are rich in nutrition. It has the functions of treating night blindness, protecting respiratory tract and promoting children's growth and development. In addition, it also contains more minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and iron. Raw food or cooked food can be used. It can also be pickled, pickled, dried or used as feed.

Carrot is an annual or biennial rooting vegetable in Umbelliferae.

Originated in China's coastal areas, it is widely cultivated in China, with Shandong, Henan, Zhejiang, Yunnan and other provinces planting the most, and the quality is also good, and it is listed in autumn and winter.

The edible part of carrot is a soft fleshy straight root. There are many varieties of carrots, which can be divided into red, yellow, white and purple by color, among which red and yellow are the most cultivated in China.

According to the shape, it can be divided into conical and cylindrical. Carrots are delicate in meat, crisp and tender in texture, with special sweetness, and rich in carotene, vitamin C and B vitamins.

Quality requirements of carrots: good quality, sweet taste, crisp and juicy, smooth skin, neat shape, small core, thick meat, no chaff, no cracks and no pests are preferred.

Carrots originated in southwest Asia, with Afghanistan as the earliest evolutionary center and a cultivation history of more than 2,000 years. /kloc-was introduced into the European continent from Iran in the 0/0 century, and was seen in Britain in the 0/5 century, and developed into a European ecotype, especially along the Mediterranean coast. /kloc-was introduced to the United States in the 6th century. /kloc-was introduced into China from Iran in the 3rd century, and developed into an ecotype in China, where it was most planted in Shandong, Henan, Zhejiang, Yunnan and other provinces. Carrots were introduced to Japan from China in the16th century.

Overview of folding

In the 20th century, people realized the nutritional value of carotene (vitamin A) and improved the value of carrots. Carrots like cool to mild climate conditions and are not suitable for planting in warm areas in summer. Deep, fertile and loose soil is needed. Sparse sowing with modern machinery can save the thinning process. Leaves usually grow in the first growing season; Leaves bipinnately divided, finely divided and erect. After dormancy at a low temperature close to freezing point, tall and branched flower stems are produced. The compound umbel is terminal and has small white or pale pink flowers. Fruit is a small and prickly double-hanging fruit, and each half has a seed. Fresh carrots are sweet and crisp, and the skin is smooth and stain-free. Bright orange indicates high carotene content. You can cook with oil.

Morphological feature editing

Straight root system, the main root system is distributed in 20 ~ 90 cm soil layer, and the depth is 180 ~ 250 cm. The upper part of the main root includes a small part of hypocotyl hypertrophy, forming a fleshy root, which goes deep below the surface and has four rows of slender lateral roots. The fleshy roots are round, oblate, conical and cylindrical. Root colors are purplish red, orange red, pink, yellow, white and turquoise. It is mainly composed of secondary phloem, and the xylem is small and satisfactory. Straight root external light.

Leaves clustered on short and shortened stems are three pinnately compound leaves. The petiole is slender, the leaves are dark green, the leaf area is small and the leaves are hairy. After the fleshy roots are stored for the winter, they bolt and bloom, the main shoots occur first, and the lateral branches regenerate. Each flower branch consists of many small umbels to form a large compound umbel. There are often more than a thousand small flowers on a plant, the flowering period is about one month, the flowers are complete, white or light yellow, and there are insect-borne flowers. Double bilberry, which splits into 2 petals when it matures, is generally mistaken for seed, oval, leathery, with dense bristles on the longitudinal edge. Seed embryos are very small, often stunted or without embryos, and the germination rate is as low as 70%.

Biennial herb, height15-120cm. The stems are solitary, all with white coarse bristles. Basal leaves are membranous, oblong, bipinnately divided, and the last lobes are linear or lanceolate, generally 5- 15 mm long and 0.5-4 mm wide, with small tips and smooth or rough hairs; The petiole is 3- 12 cm long; Cauline leaves subsessile, with leaf sheaths, and the last lobes are small or slender.

Compound umbel, peduncle 10-55 cm long, with coarse hair; Involucre has many bracts, leaflike, pinnately divided, a few undivided, lobes linear, 3-30 mm long; There are many spokes, 2-7.5 cm long, so the outer spokes bend inward; Involucral bracts 5-7, linear, indehiscent or 2-3-lobed, with membranous margin and ciliate; Flowers are usually white and sometimes reddish; Petals are unequal in length, 3- 10 mm long. The fruit is ovoid, 3-4 mm long and 2 mm wide, with white bristles on the edge. The flowering period is from early May to mid-July.

Growth environment editor

temperature

Temperature Carrots are semi-cold-tolerant vegetables, and the requirements for temperature are different in vegetative growth period and reproductive growth period. Seeds can germinate at 4~6℃ and start to grow at 8℃; 18~20℃ for about 10 days. The seedlings can tolerate the low temperature of -3~ -4℃ for a short time, and can grow normally at the high temperature above 27℃. The optimum temperature for carrot germination is 20~25℃, and the optimum temperature for leaf growth is 20~25℃ during the day and 15~ 18℃ at night. The suitable temperature for fleshy root expansion is 20~22℃, and the growth will stop below 3℃. When soil temperature reaches 8~ 10℃, carrot roots can be planted. The suitable temperature for flowering, pollination and fruiting of carrots is 22~28℃ in the daytime and 15~20℃ at night. When the temperature exceeds 35℃ during the day, pollination and seed setting cannot be carried out.

illuminate

Light carrot is a kind of plant that likes light and has long sunshine, especially in the vegetative growth period, which needs light with medium intensity or above.

moisture

Keep the soil moist when sowing, and promote the orderly germination and emergence of seeds. In seedling stage and leafy growth stage, it is necessary to ensure the normal growth of aboveground parts and increase the permeability of soil to promote the development of taproots. The period of fleshy root expansion is the period with the greatest water demand, so it is necessary to water it evenly to meet the needs of fleshy root expansion, and at the same time to prevent root cracking caused by drastic changes in irrigation amount. Generally, the watering of carrots should be stopped 10~ 15 days before harvesting fleshy roots, so as to reduce cracking and facilitate storage and transportation.

land

Carrots like sandy loam and loam with deep soil layer, loose soil, good drainage and high porosity. In cohesive soil with poor air permeability, fleshy roots are light in color, with many fibrous roots, easy to grow tumors and poor in quality; In low-lying areas with poor drainage, fleshy roots are easy to break, which often leads to rot and increased fork roots. Carrots have a wide adaptability to soil pH value, and grow well in soil with pH value of 5~8, but grow poorly in soil with pH value below 5. [ 1]

Release editor

Carrots are native to West Asia, and Afghanistan is the earliest place to grow purple carrots, with a planting history of more than 2,000 years. /kloc-in the 0/0 century, it was introduced to the European continent through Iran and evolved into a short conical orange. /kloc-was cultivated in Britain in the 0/5th century, and/kloc-was introduced to America in the 0/6th century. /kloc-In the 20th century, carrots were introduced into China through Iran, and developed into roots in China. /kloc-In the 6th century, the Japanese introduced carrots from China, which were divided into carrots and yellow carrots. Carrots are called yellow radishes and Japanese people call them ginseng. Wusitou Township, chahar right middle banner, Wulanchabu City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China mainly produces carrot "grassland ginseng".

Nutritional value editor

Carrot is a crispy and nutritious home-cooked dish. Chinese medicine believes that it can tonify the middle qi, strengthen the stomach and promote digestion, strengthen yang and soothe the five internal organs, and has a good curative effect on dyspepsia, chronic dysentery, cough and night blindness, so it is known as "Oriental Little Ginseng". After being fried and eaten, it can be converted into vitamin A in human body, which can improve human immunity and indirectly kill cancer cells. The latest research by American scientists confirms that eating two carrots every day can reduce blood cholesterol10% ~ 20%; Eating three carrots a day helps to prevent heart disease and tumors.

The main nutrient in carrot is β-carotene, which exists in the cell wall of carrot, and the cell wall is made of cellulose, which cannot be directly digested by human body. Only by chopping, cooking and chewing can β -carotene be released and truly digested, absorbed and utilized by human body. Maintaining the integrity of β -carotene and other nutrients has a great relationship with our diet and cooking methods. [2]

According to the determination, the carotene in carrots is 30-40 times higher than that in vegetables such as white radish. After carotene enters the human body, it can be converted into rich vitamin A under the action of a series of enzymes, and then it can be absorbed and utilized by the human body, thus making up for the deficiency of vitamin A. Vitamin A has the functions of promoting normal growth and reproduction, maintaining epithelial tissue, preventing respiratory tract infection and maintaining normal vision, and treating night blindness and dry eye. The effect of natural vitamin A converted from carotene is much better than that of synthetic drugs. Carotene can scavenge free radicals that lead to aging. In addition to vitamin A, famous B vitamins, vitamin C and other nutrients also have the effect of moisturizing and anti-aging. The aroma of carrots is caused by volatile oil. It can promote digestion and has bactericidal effect.

Carrots can enhance human immunity, have anti-cancer effects, reduce the chemotherapy response of cancer patients, and protect various organs. Eating carrots for women can reduce the incidence of ovarian cancer. Carrots contain potassium hyaluronate, which helps to prevent arteriosclerosis and lower cholesterol, and has a certain effect on the prevention and treatment of hypertension.

Each carrot 100g contains about 0.6g of protein, 0.3g of fat, 7.6-8.3g of sugar, 0.6mg of iron, 0.05mg of vitamin A (carotene) 1.35- 17.25mg, and 0.04mg of vitamin B1.04mg. Carrots are rich in sugar, fat, volatile oil, carotene, vitamin A, vitamin B 1, vitamin B2, anthocyanin, calcium, iron and other nutrients.

American scientists have confirmed that eating two carrots a day can reduce blood cholesterol10% ~ 20%; Eating three carrots a day helps to prevent heart disease and tumors. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that carrot is sweet in taste and flat in nature, and has the effects of invigorating spleen and stomach, nourishing liver and improving eyesight, clearing away heat and toxic materials, strengthening yang and tonifying kidney, penetrating rash, lowering qi and relieving cough. It can be used for gastrointestinal discomfort, constipation, night blindness (the role of vitamin A), sexual dysfunction, measles, whooping cough, malnutrition in children and other diseases. Carrots are rich in vitamins, have a slight and persistent sweating effect, can stimulate the metabolism of the skin, promote blood circulation, thus making the skin tender, smooth and ruddy, and have a unique effect on beauty and health. At the same time, carrots are also suitable for people with dry and rough skin, or people with hair moss, blackheads and keratotic eczema. Carotene and trace elements in carrots can enhance human immune system. Carotene can also make human cells look younger and make our bodies look younger. Carotene is converted into vitamin A, which helps to enhance the immune function of the body and plays an important role in preventing epithelial cells from canceration. Lignin in carrots can also improve the immune mechanism of the body, while carrots can reduce the prevalence of lung cancer.

The method of treating malignant tumor with chemically synthesized drugs is called chemotherapy, which is called chemotherapy for short. However, most cancer patients will have many symptoms after receiving chemotherapy, such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and decreased leukocyte aggregation, and some of them are also complicated with other infections. Medical researchers have found that vitamin A can protect many internal organs, so vitamin A in the body can reduce the toxic reaction of tumor patients in chemotherapy and reduce the toxic side effects of anti-tumor chemotherapy drugs. Successfully completed the scheduled chemotherapy plan and achieved ideal curative effect.

Intestine is the largest bacterial and endotoxin bank in human body. How to play the role of intestinal barrier? Scientists in China successfully developed the intestinal microecological regulator based on carrot juice for the first time in the world. The regulator contains carotenoids, bifidus factors, nucleic acid substances and other functional components, which lays a material foundation for the proliferation of intestinal probiotics, protecting intestinal mucosa, improving the living environment of bifidobacteria, reducing oxygen free radical damage, and can effectively prevent and treat endotoxemia. [2]

Diet collocation editor

Food similar to carrots

Apples: Vitamin decomposing enzymes in carrots will destroy vitamin C in apples, and eating them together will reduce their original nutritional value.

Rape: The vitamin C decomposing enzyme contained in carrot will destroy the vitamin C in rape and affect the absorption of vitamin C by human body.

Hawthorn: Hawthorn is rich in vitamin C. Eating it with carrots will destroy its nutrients.

Papaya: Carrots contain enzymes that decompose vitamin C. Eating with papaya will destroy vitamin C in papaya.

White radish: Carrots contain ascorbic acid inhibitory enzymes, which will destroy vitamin C in white radish and greatly reduce the nutritional value of the two radishes.

Vinegar: Vinegar will destroy carotene in carrots and reduce their nutritional value, so it is not suitable for eating together.

Jujube: Carrots contain ascorbic acid inhibitory enzymes, which can destroy vitamin C in jujube, thus causing nutrient loss.

Tomato (tomato): Vitamin C decomposing enzyme in carrot will destroy vitamin C in tomato (tomato), so it is best to eat it separately.

Bamboo shoots: Bamboo shoots contain some bioactive substances, such as brass and sterols. Eating together with carrots containing carotene will destroy carotenoids and reduce their nutritional value.

Pepper: Vitamin C decomposing enzyme in carrot will destroy vitamin C in pepper and reduce the nutritional value of pepper. Eating together should be avoided.

Pomegranate: Some bioactive substances contained in carrots will destroy vitamin C in pomegranate and reduce its nutritional value.

Carrot food

Hami Melon: Hami Melon with carrot has refreshing taste, thirst quenching, delicious nutrition and beauty beauty effect.

Pig liver: both of them have the effects of enriching blood, improving eyesight and nourishing liver, and also have a certain effect on night blindness caused by vitamin A deficiency.

Dog meat: Carrots eaten together with dog meat can warm and tonify the spleen, benefit the kidney and help the yang, especially suitable for cold and warm stomach, indigestion, kidney deficiency and impotence.

Spinach: Eating carrots and spinach together can keep the blood vessels unblocked and reduce the occurrence of stroke.

Soybean: Eating soybean and carrot together is beneficial to the development of bones and is an ideal food for children in the growth and development stage.

Chrysanthemum: Chrysanthemum can clear away heat and detoxify, and make soup with carrots. Rich in nutrition, nourishing the liver and blood, improving eyesight and clearing away heat, and regular consumption can prevent the eyes from fainting.

Snakehead: Carrots can strengthen the spleen and stomach, eliminate stagnation, and snakehead can replenish the spleen and stomach, promote fluid production and moisten dryness. Both of them can supplement spleen and stomach weakness and help spleen and stomach absorb.

Pea: The combination of the two and some minced meat can effectively improve liver function, promote bile secretion and eliminate physical and mental fatigue.

Goose meat: Carrots are rich in carotene and unsaturated fatty acids in goose meat, which can prevent cancer and heart disease.

Xiaomi: Both of them contain carotenoids, which can be converted into vitamin A in the body, which helps to protect the eyes, nourish the skin and delay aging.

Curry powder: Both of them are rich in carotenoids, which can be converted into vitamin A in human body. Eating together has better nutritional effect.

Bitter gourd: both of them contain hypoglycemic substances, and carrots also have the functions of lowering blood fat, promoting adrenaline synthesis, lowering blood pressure and strengthening the heart.

Pig heart: pig heart has the effect of calming nerves and tonifying deficiency, but its cholesterol content is high; Carrots can lower cholesterol. If they are taken together, it can relieve neurasthenia and prevent people from taking too much cholesterol.

Dietary prejudice

Carrot porridge

Raw materials: carrots, japonica rice.

Method: Wash and chop carrots, put them in a pot with japonica rice, add appropriate amount of water and cook until the rice is thick. This kind of porridge is sweet and perishable. It needs to be cooked and eaten now, not cooked for a long time.

Efficacy: invigorating spleen and stomach, regulating qi and relieving depression, improving eyesight, lowering blood pressure and diuresis. It is suitable for hypertension, dyspepsia, chronic dysentery, night blindness, rickets in children and malnutrition.

Cultivation technology editor

The growth cycle of carrot from sowing to seed maturity is two years, and 1 year is the vegetative growth period, and it grows into fleshy straight roots. In the south, yes

Overwintering in the open field and storing in the north; Spend the vernalization stage at low temperature in winter. Sowing in the spring of the next year, bolting, flowering and fruiting, and completing the reproductive growth period. The stage development of carrot belongs to the type of green vernalization, and the seedlings only accept the qualitative change of low temperature after reaching a certain size. Therefore, it can be cultivated in summer, autumn and late spring, and spring sowing is too early. After the seedlings grow to a certain size, they will be pulled out in advance because of the long time of low temperature.

Carrots are usually sown in summer and autumn and harvested in autumn and winter. According to the characteristics of high temperature in seedling stage and cool in root hypertrophy stage, and the climate of different regions and varieties, the sowing date is arranged so that the seedling stage is in the high temperature season and the root hypertrophy stage is in the cool season. In order to supply fresh carrots in summer, early-maturing varieties can be sown in spring, and too long low temperature period should be avoided at seedling stage to prevent bolting in advance through vernalization period.

When the seedlings grow to 7-8 leaves, hoe and squat the seedlings when the soil is wet to promote the elongation of main roots and the development of fibrous roots and inhibit the excessive growth of leaves. After 10 ~ 20 days, when the fleshy roots swell obviously, it is necessary to fully water and keep the soil moist frequently. When planting 3 ~ 4 real leaves, 2 ~ 3kg of ammonium sulfate, 3 ~ 4kg of calcium superphosphate and 2 ~ 3kg of potassium fertilizer should be applied per mu. When seedlings are fixed, each mu should be watered with diammonium phosphate 10 kg and potassium chloride 3 ~ 4 kg to promote the robust and rapid growth of seedlings. When fleshy roots begin to grow, topdressing quick-acting organic liquid fertilizer or diammonium phosphate, potassium chloride, etc. Harvesting spring carrots 90 ~ 100 days after sowing; Carrots in autumn are harvested and stored before the arrival of severe winter.

Fertilize soil or land

Carrot fertilization is mainly based on base fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing. Fertilizer must be fully decomposed. About 3.2g of nitrogen, 1 0.3g of phosphorus and 5g of potassium are absorbed per production of10,000g of product, and the absorption rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is about 2.5: 1: 4. Topdressing is mainly applied in the early growth stage. Nitrogen fertilizer should not be too much to prevent white growth. Select seeds with high germination rate, rub off bristles and soak the seeds. Sow after rain or irrigation. The drilling line spacing is 20 ~ 30cm, and the trench depth is 2 ~ 3cm. Cover the soil with 0.6 ~ 1 cm after sowing, and suppress it after sowing. Unearthed in 7 ~ 10 day. Chinese cabbage, radish or spinach can be mixed to prevent soil hardening and provide shade for carrot seedlings. Seedlings should be fixed in time, and seedlings should be fixed when there are 4 ~ 5 leaves. The row spacing of the drill is 5 ~10cm, and that of the seeder is 8 ~12cm.

Number of seedlings per mu: about 30,000 for large species and 40,000-60,000 for small and medium species. At seedling stage, the soil is required to keep 65 ~ 80% of the field capacity moist. Combined with thinning, intertillage weeding or chemical weeding is adopted.

Seed retention method

After harvesting carrots, plant selection is carried out in the field. Select plants with positive leaf color, few leaves, neat and straight roots, delicious color, smooth epidermis, no bifurcation and cracks, no pests and diseases, cut off the tail about 6 cm, select fleshy roots with thick phloem and small stele, cut off the leaves and keep 8 ~ 10 cm petiole. The northern areas were stored in cellars and planted after thawing in the following spring. Carrots are cross-pollinated crops, and the fields of different varieties should be isolated for more than 2000 meters. The row spacing of planting plants is 30 ~ 50 cm. Fertilize before planting and flowering. After bolting, the lateral branches grow one after another. The flower stems are high, so it is necessary to set up columns and soil in time to prevent lodging. Uneven flowers, inconsistent seed maturity, easy to produce embryo-free or embryo-poor seeds, need pruning. Leave the main stem and 4 ~ 5 stout lateral branches, each with an inflorescence. Generally, it takes about 120 ~ 140 days from colonization to seed maturity, and it can be harvested in stages.

control of insect

The main diseases are black rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and soft rot Alternaria alternata:

Carrot black rot

It's mycosis. It mainly harms fleshy roots, forming irregular or round, slightly concave spots with black mold on them. In the later stage, fleshy roots turn black and rot. It is suggested that diseased fleshy roots should be removed before storage and stored in the sun. Avoid damage during harvesting and transportation. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mainly harms fleshy roots, and the affected parts soften and rot, with white cotton-wool hyphae and black rat dung sclerotium on the surface. Soft rot damages fleshy roots, the injured parts soften and rot, and the juice overflows, which has a foul smell (see Chinese cabbage).

The main pests are carrot aphid and butterfly. When the number of larvae is small, it can be combined with the control of other pests. When the number of larvae is large, special drugs can be used for prevention and control, with 50% fenvalerate EC 1000 ~ 1200 times, or 2.5% fenvalerate EC 2500 times, or 2.5% kungfu EC 2500 times, or 10 times.

Storage method

Keep it for a short time and put it in a cool and ventilated room or refrigerator.

A large number of long-term preservation can refer to the following ways:

(1) Trench burial: select the section with high terrain, low groundwater level and strong water retention, dig trenches and cover with a thin layer of wet soil (or sand), so cover 7-8 layers, the top soil is about 20 cm, generally without watering, and cover with straw several times according to the weather conditions to prevent freezing injury, which can be stored until March-April of the following year.

(2) cellar storage method: pay attention to ventilation and heat dissipation in the early stage of management to prevent heat damage, increase coverage in the later stage, reduce ventilation, keep warm and prevent freezing, and can be stored until March to April of the following year.

③ cold storage: on the ground of cold storage with the temperature of 0℃~ 1.0℃ and the relative humidity of 90% ~ 95%, the pile is relaxed 1.0 ~ 1.2 ~1.5.

Editor of main varieties

According to the shape of fleshy roots, they are generally divided into three types:

Short cone

Early maturity, heat tolerance, low yield, late bolting in spring, such as Yantai three-inch radish, its skin and interior are orange red, single weight 100 ~ 150g, thick meat, thin core, tender quality and sweet taste, suitable for raw food.

Long cylindrical shape

Late ripening, slender roots, thick shoulders and blunt tips, such as long red carrots in Nanjing and Shanghai, wooden stick carrots in Macheng, Hubei, and yellow carrots in Dongyang, Zhejiang, Feidong, Anhui and Maicun, Guangdong.

Long cone

Most of them are mid-late maturing varieties, which are sweet and storable, such as Inner Mongolia yellow radish, Yantai five-inch carrot and Shantou red carrot.

Health care efficacy editor

1, protecting cardiovascular health:

Carrots are rich in carotene, which can scavenge free radicals in blood and intestines and prevent cardiovascular diseases. At the same time, carrots are also rich in hypoglycemic substances, such as quercetin and kaempferol, which can increase the blood flow of coronary arteries and greatly help to reduce blood lipids. It can be said that carrots are the most suitable food for diabetic patients. Of course, because it can also promote the synthesis of adrenaline, it is suitable for patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension. [3]

2, freckle, maintain skin elasticity:

Carrots are rich in vitamin A, which is very helpful for protecting the skin. If you can develop a little carrot every day, you can get rid of freckles.

3, benefiting the liver and improving eyesight:

For eye users, if they eat carrots regularly, they can relieve eye fatigue, promote growth and maintain normal vision, and have a good effect on preventing and treating dry eye and night blindness. Therefore, for computer users, they should eat more carrots every day.

4, enhance immunity:

Lignin in carrot can improve human immunity, and when carotene is converted into vitamin A, it can also help enhance human immune function and indirectly kill cancer cells.

5, promote intestinal health:

The plant fiber in carrot has strong water absorption, which can relieve constipation and moisten intestines.

6. Promote metabolism and blood circulation:

Children, in particular, often eat carrots every day and can grow up quickly.

7, delay aging:

Carotene can dredge the free muscles of human skin, delay human aging and keep epithelial tissue healthy. Eating more carrots can make the whole person look younger.