What are the characteristics of explanatory texts giving examples?

1) Give examples

Definition: Give actual examples to illustrate things and make the things to be explained concrete so that readers can understand. This method of explanation is called giving examples. When using examples to explain things or events, one must pay attention to the representativeness of the examples, and the other is to pay attention to the appropriateness of the examples.

Benefits: Make the meaning of the article clearer and more vivid, readers can understand it better, and enhance persuasiveness.

Example: Clouds can predict the weather. For example, in Xinjiang, the appearance of clouds means it will rain. ——"Looking at the Clouds and Knowing the Weather"

(2) Column numbers (column data)

Definition: In order to make the things to be explained concrete, the method of column numbers can also be used. So that readers can understand. It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate. Inaccurate figures must not be used. Even estimated figures must have a reliable basis and strive to be approximate.

Benefits: Numbers are the most accurate, scientific and convincing basis for quantitatively explaining the characteristics or reasons of things. (Using numbers to illustrate can not only accurately and objectively reflect the facts, but also be more convincing.)

Example: Zhaozhou Bridge is very majestic, with a total length of 50.82 meters and width at both ends. 9.6 meters, slightly narrower in the middle and 9 meters wide. ——"Chinese Stone Arch Bridge" (reflecting accuracy)

(3) Analogy

Definition: Using the similarities between two different things to compare them to highlight them The description method of describing the characteristics and characteristics of a subject to enhance the imageness and vividness of the description is called metaphor. The method of explanation using metaphors in expository texts is consistent with the metaphors used in figures of speech. Using this method, abstract and complex concepts can be made easy to understand and concrete and vivid. The difference is that figurative rhetoric includes similes, metaphors, and metonymy, while explanations mostly use similes and metaphors, and metonymy should not be used.

Benefits: Abstract things become concrete, vivid, and vivid, or the characteristics of things are explained clearly, concretely, and easily understood.

Example sentences: ①The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is arc-shaped, like a rainbow. ——"Chinese Stone Arch Bridge" (It can make the object to be explained vivid.)

②The small body of silkworm is a very wonderful "processing factory".

(4) Comparison

Definition: Comparison is a method of comparing two types of things or phenomena that are the same or different to illustrate the characteristics of things. When making comparisons, you can compare things with the same kind or with different kinds. You can make a "horizontal comparison" of things, or you can make a "vertical comparison" of things.

Benefits: To illustrate some abstract or unfamiliar things, you can compare them with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a specific and vivid impression through comparison.

Example sentences: ① All other animals eat raw, but only humans eat cooked food.

② On the top of the auditorium are twelve steel roof trusses that are wider than the pavement of Beijing’s newly expanded Chang’an Street.

③The Pacific Ocean occupies an area that is almost equal to the sum of the other three oceans, and is fourteen times larger than the smallest Arctic Ocean.

(5) Classification

Definition: To explain the characteristics of things, it is often difficult to explain clearly from one aspect. It can be classified based on the similarities and differences in attributes such as shape, nature, cause, function, etc. Things are divided into several categories and then explained one by one according to the categories. This method of explanation is called classification.

Benefits: Clear and clear.

Example sentences: ① The collection of books in the library is divided by country, including Chinese and foreign; by era, there are classical and modern; by nature, there are science and technology, literature and politics. Economic aspects etc.

② According to the construction materials of the screen and the degree of decoration, it is divided into gold screen, silver screen, brocade screen, painted screen, stone screen, wooden screen, bamboo screen, etc. Therefore, there are differences in art between refined and popular. At the same time, it also reveals the different economic and cultural levels of users. ——"Speaking of "Screen""

(6) Definition

Definition: A prescriptive explanation of the essential characteristics of a certain concept in concise language is called a definition. Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things and is a commonly used method in scientific and technological explanatory writing. Method of expression: ①What is...? ②...What is it called?

Benefits: It enables people to understand abstract words more clearly when reading.

Example sentences: ① Humans are advanced animals that can make tools and use tools for labor.

② Fertilizer is a substance that can supply nutrients to make plants grow.

Teaching methods of Chinese writing in primary schools

Guidance and observation to find out the rules

First of all, children must be taught the correct posture of holding a pen. First, children must be taught the correct posture of holding a pen. That is to achieve the "three ones". The correct posture of holding a pen is not only conducive to writing, but also beneficial to the healthy development of children's bodies. Children's bones are soft and their bodies have not yet been shaped, so writing postures must be scientific and standardized. However, children's self-control ability is poor and difficult to sustain. This requires teachers to remind them frequently and correct them in time when they find that children's postures are incorrect. This is important for understanding. Poor students should not be criticized, but should be actively encouraged and guided.

Children who have learned well should be praised in time and set an example for other students. Children are willing to accept these methods. Secondly, when instructing writing, since children are lively and active, they should be actively involved. This will not only stimulate children's interest, Enlivening the atmosphere can also improve children's appreciation and expression skills, and the teacher only needs to give appropriate reminders on key points or overlooked areas to play the finishing touch.

To write a word beautifully, you must first write it correctly and have a well-proportioned structure. In the process of guiding students to write, I attach great importance to the teacher's demonstration role. I write example characters stroke by stroke in the field grid, and guide students to carefully observe the shape of each stroke and the structure of each character. To teach students to write single-type characters, I first ask them to carefully observe the appearance of each stroke and its position in the field grid. For example, when I wrote the word "Shao", I guided students to observe while writing: the first stroke of "vertical" was written slightly slanted on the vertical center line of the upper half of the grid, and the second and third strokes of "dot" were written on the left half of the grid respectively. For squares and half-squares, the middle is upward. For the fourth stroke of "skimming", the starting stroke is above the horizontal center line. Special attention should be paid to closing the stroke (lower left square).

When the students clearly understand the matching of the strokes, I immediately write another one in the Tian Zi grid and let the students observe it again to make the students understand: the single character should be written in the middle of the Tian Zi grid. When instructing students to write combined characters, I also asked students to carefully observe the position of each component in the Tian character grid and the matching between them.

For example, when writing the word "cold", I demonstrate and guide students to observe: the two dots on the left have fewer ink strokes and take up less space, leaving them for the basic character on the right, which is written in the field grid. In the middle, there should be a certain distance on both sides of the horizontal center line. The tip of the "lift" should face the end of the upper "point", and the centers of the two should be on the same straight line. The basic character "Ling" on the right has more strokes and can occupy a larger space. Its first stroke starts on the right side of the vertical center line of the upper half of the grid and ends below the horizontal center line of the left half of the grid; The starting stroke of "捺" is connected to the head of "卺", and the pen is closed below the horizontal center line of the left and right half-block; the point of the fifth stroke should be on the right side of the intersection of the horizontal and vertical center lines, which is the same as the upper stroke of "卺" The intersection of "" and "捺" and the "point" of the seventh stroke below are all on the same straight line.

After observing each stroke, I wrote it again in the field pattern, and continued to guide the observation to find out the rules: the word "cold" should be written narrowly on the left and wide on the right. Through class-by-class training, students gradually mastered the structural characteristics and writing rules of Chinese characters: for characters with an upper, middle and lower structure, the middle part should be written flatter and wider, and the whole character should not be written too long; for characters with a left-center-right structure, three parts should be written Write more narrowly and compactly. Characters with a left-right structure should be seen clearly. Some are narrow on the left and wide on the right, some are wide on the right and narrow on the left, and some are the same; characters with an up-down structure, some are larger at the top and smaller at the bottom, and some are larger at the bottom and smaller at the top.

For characters with a fully enclosed structure, the structure of the characters must be arranged evenly... In short, when instructing students to write, students must be trained to correct the structure of the characters, write the characters correctly, write them evenly, and write them beautifully. .

Demonstrate and demonstrate, know how to use the pen, and clarify the order of the strokes

Children are very imitative, and the writing of the enlightenment teacher has a great influence on them. The teacher's good calligraphy will make the students Benefited a lot. As a lower grade writing teacher, you must carefully write every stroke and every painting, and strive to achieve perfection. Don't let your unintentional randomness affect the children's writing attitude, so that the children can write with a task perspective. During class, if the teacher's writing on the blackboard is always neat and clear, then the students will also write very carefully on the day's homework. As the ancient saying goes, the one who is close to the best is the best. This requires teachers to not only work hard to improve their writing skills, but also use full enthusiasm and serious attitude to influence children. Children always admire their teachers very much and respect every step of their teachers. Every action will be deliberately imitated.

Writing is a dynamic process. Demonstration is given to students in every link and every step, so that students can quietly observe whether each stroke is in place and appreciate the introduction of each stroke carefully. In short, the more carefully you observe, the deeper the impression of the word "Fan" will be in your mind, and the word "eye" will become the word "heart". As your eyesight improves, your writing will become more accurate, smooth and beautiful.

3. Training operations, posture correction, and tour guidance

If guidance and demonstration are for all students, then the tour stage is individual guidance, and teachers should consciously coach each child. This is especially important for poor students. However, tutoring cannot be done in sequence, because it is easy for students to develop bad habits. When the teacher comes, they will be more serious, and when the teacher leaves, they will become sloppy again, while the children behind them can't wait for the teacher, which affects the learning effect. At this time, the teacher can say: "Teacher likes to guide students who write carefully." Or: "Teacher likes students who hold pens with good posture." Every child consciously practices seriously in order to get the attention and praise of the teacher. In this way, Under the circumstances of individual counseling will often achieve twice the result with half the effort.

4. Timely evaluation, summarizing and commending, and motivating progress

Timely evaluation is an important means to improve the efficiency of classroom teaching. It is a way to stimulate students' interest and encourage students to be enterprising. Writing teaching should be more in this way. In the classroom, primary school students should be encouraged for their small progress in a timely manner to build their confidence in writing well. Students with good grades should be set as role models so that students can learn from them.

When praising students, you must be oriented. You cannot generally say "well written", "written cleanly", "written correctly", but should be combined with the learning focus of each class and the different requirements of each class. Praise and encourage students appropriately according to their own characteristics. For example, "A student has a good writing posture", "A student has a correct way of using his pen", "A student writes well with stipples", "A student writes with a rigorous structure" and so on. In this way, we focus on the big picture, start from the small, have a clear direction, teach in a down-to-earth manner, and study seriously, so as to effectively improve the quality of writing classroom teaching, so that students can practice writing well from an early age and benefit from it for life.

Methods of introduction in primary school Chinese classes

1. Review introduction method

Review introduction means that the teacher guides students to recall the knowledge they have learned or to connect students with their life experiences to introduce a new lesson. The "New Curriculum Standards" clearly states that the relationship between basic literacy and innovative ability must be correctly handled. In teaching, we should pay attention to the accumulation, perception and application of language, pay attention to the training of basic skills, and lay a solid Chinese foundation for students. At the same time, attention should be paid to developing students' creative potential and promoting students' sustainable development.

Therefore, no matter what kind of introduction design is used in teaching, it must serve the teaching purpose and teaching focus of the whole course, be closely connected with the lecture content, and connect naturally. Reviewing old knowledge is a common way to introduce new lessons. For example, the lesson "Don't step on this flower" can be introduced like this: "Flowers and plants are common things in life. Students have also previewed them before class. This text is about dandelions, and we all know dandelions." , so why did it attract Grandma Bing Xin’s attention? What kind of flower is it? Then students, with this question, let’s study this text together.”

2. Setting up suspense method

According to the psychological characteristics of students who love to pursue the root cause, create conflicts for students as soon as class starts, ask questions, and set up suspense to attract attention. Therefore, when introducing classroom teaching, clever questions are used to create suspense, so that students are in a state of "not angry, not angry, not angry", prompting students to explore knowledge with a high desire for knowledge, and stimulating students' interest in learning knowledge. . For example, when I was teaching the article "Borrowing Arrows from a Straw Boat", I set up this suspense: "Borrowing Arrows from a Straw Boat" is adapted from my country's famous classical historical novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan each occupied one side and called themselves the Three Kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu. At that time, Cao Cao had just defeated Liu Bei and attacked Sun Quan. So Liu Bei and Sun Quan united to fight against Cao Cao. Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang, an outstanding politician and strategist, to Sun Quan to help in the war. Sun Quan's general Zhou Yu was jealous of Zhuge Liang's talents and wanted to frame him. How did Zhuge Liang treat it? What was the final result? Let's read the text together.

3. Create Situation Method

The "New Curriculum Standards" clearly states that students are the masters of Chinese learning. Chinese teaching should stimulate students' interest in learning, focus on cultivating students' awareness and habits of autonomous learning, and create a good autonomous learning situation for students. Many texts in the textbooks either narrate vivid stories or describe wonderful scenery. In such texts, you can choose the wonderful pictures or wonderful plots, and use specific image descriptions and emotional expressions to stimulate your imagination. students’ interest in learning. For example: "Guilin Landscape" can be introduced into a new lesson like this: Students, our great motherland is a beautiful big garden, and Guilin is a bright pearl in this big garden. The mountains there are so strange, so dangerous, and so beautiful; the water there is so clear, so green, and so quiet.

Whoever gets there will be intoxicated by the peculiar scenery and infected by the wonderful scenery. Today the teacher will take you to take a walk and take a look. In this way, students will be attracted by the beauty of Guilin's landscape, and at the same time have a preliminary understanding of the main characteristics of Guilin's landscape. They will fully enter the realm described in the text and devote themselves to reading the text and appreciating the scenery. Go in.

4. Story introduction method

Wonderful stories can be fascinating and exciting. For primary school students, they can arouse their strong interest and strong desire to listen. Primary school students love to listen to stories more , seize the psychological characteristics of primary school students, use some idioms, fables, stories about scientists or celebrities, or even the teacher himself compiles some short and interesting stories based on the teaching materials to introduce into new lessons to attract students' attention, which can not only stimulate students' understanding of what they have learned It increases students' interest in learning and curiosity, and makes it easy for students to understand the content of the teaching materials. In the teaching of new lessons, it is necessary to use examples that children like to hear and see, stimulate their interest in seeking knowledge, and guide them to enter learning in joy.

For example, when teaching "The Little Match Girl", after asking the students to recall their own New Year's Eve life, they told this story: There was a beautiful little girl with long golden hair and a big head. She has eyes and a kind heart, but she has lost her mother since she was a child. She makes a living by selling matches every day. Today is New Year's Eve, it's extremely cold and snowing, no one buys her matches that day, it's already dark, and she's still walking on the street, walking... narrated Stories related to the fate of the protagonist inspire students to pay attention to the content of the text, thus prompting students to eagerly read and understand.

5. Music introduction method

Use songs that are closely related to the text content as a way to introduce. This method is flexible and can help mobilize students' emotions, overcome nervousness, and activate the classroom atmosphere.

Play music related to this lesson to introduce new lessons and stimulate students' curiosity for knowledge.

For example, when teaching the fifth volume "Let's Swing the Sculls", the song "Let's Swing the Sculls" is played on the tape recorder before class, so that students can appreciate it, and then ask questions: Do you like it? This piece of music? Why did the composer write this beautiful piece of music? This is what we are learning in this lesson. Board topic "Let's Swing the Oars". By using music to introduce new lessons, students naturally and happily enter the role of learning new lessons.

6. How to introduce famous quotes

Famous aphorisms are a concentrated expression of human thought and language art. Teachers guide students into new topics by quoting famous quotes related to the topic as introductions. Quoting famous quotes related to this topic into new lessons not only enhances the classroom atmosphere, stimulates students' interest, but also cultivates students' sentiments. For example, when teaching "Morning Reading", he showed famous quotes: "Read for the rise of the Chinese people. - Zhou Enlai." The teacher said: "You are the flowers of the motherland and the future of the motherland." We should cherish the good times, study hard, and remember what Premier Zhou said. Now we will study "Morning Reading", so that students can clearly understand the purpose of reading and study the text naturally.

A brief discussion on primary school Chinese teaching methods

1. Infiltrating quality education into Chinese teaching

Teachers should care for students and devote themselves wholeheartedly to teaching and cultivating people. , understand children, create an equal, democratic, harmonious and harmonious learning atmosphere between teachers and students, so that students can experience the joy of learning and success. Teachers must be tolerant, allow students to make mistakes, allow students to fail, care about the growth of students' physical and mental health and the development of complete personality, and do not use academic performance as the only criterion for evaluating students; teach students in accordance with their aptitude, so that each student can improve on his or her original ability. For progress, everyone has goals, everyone has confidence, everyone has motivation, and everyone has methods. Everyone has a sense of accomplishment. Teachers should pay attention to the potential development of students, so that they can become people with innovative spirit, independent personality, good moral cultivation, self-improvement, self-reliance, self-confidence and self-esteem, and free their brains and hands.

2. Stimulate students’ interest in learning

Interest is the best teacher for students. With interest, students will not feel that learning is a burden, but will feel that learning is a burden. Happy things. In teaching, we should talk more about topics that children are interested in and use more situational teaching to stimulate their interest in learning.

Situations such as telling stories, guessing riddles, playing games, watching videos, making up stories and acting out plots, etc., fully mobilize students' enthusiasm, allow students to learn in a happy atmosphere, and allow students to be happy. experience. Teachers also need to use encouraging language to evaluate students. Every student likes to hear encouraging words. You can encourage them more. For example, your ideas are so bold and creative, your colors are so bright, you are such a smart child, and your composition is so reasonable...I I want to use such words more often, which will give children a lot of encouragement and confidence, make them confident in themselves, and make them like Chinese. In short, there are various teaching methods, and we should explore more and better methods to make students interested in learning.

3. Be familiar with and understand the teaching content

It is necessary to study the text carefully, understand the spirit of the text, and carefully prepare the teaching. This is an important part of giving a good class. Only by understanding the content of the teaching materials can we better formulate goals, key and difficult points in teaching, and methods to be used in teaching. At the same time as the new curriculum reform, the content of our Chinese classes has also been greatly updated. If there is no preparation and research before class, some knowledge will not be explained clearly.

So our teachers must understand and master the teaching content, clarify the goals of Chinese teaching, highlight the dominant position of students in learning Chinese, highlight the new requirements of modern society for Chinese ability, highlight the practical characteristics of Chinese courses, and continue to learn Enrich your knowledge. Today we have to put forward higher requirements, be familiar with all Chinese resources, develop and utilize all Chinese resources.