Take the works as an example to analyze the artistic features of Tao Yuanming's poems! Which master can give me some advice! thank you

Tao Yuanming's poetic artistic characteristics and exploration of life realm

Abstract: Most of the contents of Tao's poems show reclusive thoughts and life. The artistic feature of Tao's poems is the unity of simplicity and mellow beauty, as well as the unity of emotion, scenery and reason. Pastoral poetry praises the leisure life of individuals, but fails to fully reveal the contradictions in rural areas, which is its deficiency, but it is of positive significance to compare the ugliness of officialdom with the beauty of countryside. Poems and epics show the anguish that the ideal can't be realized, the noble character of not colluding with the rulers, and also expose the darkness of social politics in a tortuous way. Tao Yuanming's influence on later generations is mainly positive. But it also contains many negative thoughts, such as wisdom and self-discipline, living like a dream, eating, drinking and having fun in time.

Keywords: Tao Yuanming's plain and mellow artistic life realm

First, the life background of Tao Yuanming and the artistic features of his poems.

(1) Life background: Tao Yuanming (AD 356-427), also known as Tao Qian and Ziting, was an idyllic poet at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. According to historical records, Liu Dong Town, dongzhi county, belonged to Xunyang Chaisang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (now belonging to Jiujiang pengze county). Tao Yuanming worked as a county magistrate in Pengze and often went to Liu Dong to plant chrysanthemums. Leaving a long story, future generations will admire Mr. Wang and build a shrine to worship him. Tao Yuanming was born in a bureaucratic family for generations, and later became a founding father. He had expected to make progress in his official career and make a difference in politics. But at the same time, the literati in the Eastern Jin Dynasty generally advocated seclusion and pursued spiritual freedom, which also left a profound influence on him. He embarked on the road of life with two contradictory wishes. At the beginning, the former desire dominated. But at that time, it was a turbulent era: the struggle within the imperial clan and the warlord's ambition for the regime constantly caused bloody killings and even fierce battles. This kind of social unrest not only brings disaster to the people, but also causes serious anxiety in the upper class of society. This made Tao Yuanming's political ambition have to be reduced. In addition, in this power struggle, all dirty and bloody plots are under the guise of lofty morality, which makes Tao Yuanming, who is really pure in nature, unbearable. In the end, the long-cherished wish of "loving Qiushan" overwhelmed the ambition of "fleeing the four seas". He started his career and his heart was in the countryside. Therefore, his seclusion was actually the result that his thoughts could not be reconciled with the reality at that time.

(2) Artistic features of poetry: Tao Yuanming has made great achievements in many aspects such as poetry, prose and ci-fu, but it is poetry that has the greatest influence on later generations. In poetry, the most representative is pastoral poetry. The artistic charm of this pastoral poem lies not so much in its true portrayal of rural life as in its sustenance of Tao Yuanming's ideal of life. Pastoral has been highly purified and beautified by the means of poetry construction, and has become a spiritual refuge in the painful world.

1. the unity of plain and mellow beauty: it is good for predecessors to summarize the style of Tao poetry with plain. It is difficult for us to find strange images, exaggerated techniques, gorgeous rhetoric and even adjectives in Tao's poems. Everything is honest and simple. But if it is just plain, it will not produce strong artistic charm. The advantage of Tao poetry lies in its plain appearance, which contains fiery thoughts and feelings and rich flavor of life. This is just like Tao Yuanming's character. Therefore, reading is meaningful, and the more you read, the more beautiful you are. Try to read a passage in the poem "Encouraging Agriculture": I am calling for voice, and I am afraid of the original land. Flowers and trees are flourishing, and the wind is clear and the gas is positive. Both men and women are competing with the times. Mulberry girls have fun at night, and farmers stay in the wild. A peaceful agricultural map presented here is actually the result of beautifying the closed and self-sufficient rural areas in China. The poem "Returning to the Garden" has a long reputation and has similar characteristics: it is not suitable for vulgar rhyme, and nature loves autumn mountains. I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years. Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past. I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields. The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages. Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital. The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village. Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster. There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely. Trapped in a cage without freedom for a long time, I finally returned to the forest today. This poem is about a year after Peng was dismissed from his post and returned to his hometown, expressing his joy of returning home. In the middle of the scenery, the following four sentences of "Fang Zhai" outline the simplicity and beauty of their residence with simple pen and ink; "It's warm in a distant village, and there is smoke in a market in Iraq", and the sight turns to the distance, which makes the whole picture present a leisurely, empty, quiet and peaceful charm. The author takes this as the opposite of the dirty and noisy officialdom-the so-called "cage"-to express his social ideal and life concept. "Nature" ending with "return to nature" refers to both natural environment and natural life. As a part of natural life, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems also wrote about agricultural labor; During his retirement, he also participated in farming. What is the significance of his manual labor in his economic life? About is very limited, even, perhaps is dispensable. The practical significance of this farming is that it embodies a belief of Tao Yuanming. "Geng Xunian's September Harvest of Early Rice in Westfield" begins with: "Life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are solid. I don't want to camp, but I want to be safe! " Self-cultivation and self-reliance are ideal social and personal lifestyles. Although the poet can't actually do this, he tried, which is remarkable. At the same time, he said, "Isn't Tian Jia bitter? It is difficult to resign. Four-body sincerity is fatigue, and ordinary people are no different from doing it. Wash under the eaves and fight for wine. " Here, I wrote about the hardships of manual labor and the psychological peace and happiness it brought. Among similar poems, the most beautiful artistic conception is "Returning to the Garden" (III): beans are planted at the foot of Nanshan, the grass is full of beans, and the seedlings are sparse. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will. The last two sentences once again show that Tao Yuanming's writing about rural life and physical labor is actually singing his own ideals and showing the joy of realizing them.

The above mainly analyzes the social ideal embodied in Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems, as well as his thoughts on personal life style in society. In addition, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems also involve the question that literature has been focusing on since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty: What is the meaning and value of life? How can life be liberated? In this regard, we first see that Tao Yuanming is more anxious about the fact that life is short than anyone in his contemporaries. There are only over a hundred of his poems, but dozens of them mention "old" and "dead". However, in philosophy, he has an open-minded explanation, which is most clearly expressed in the group poem "Form, Shadow and Spirit". The poet borrowed the dialogue style of ci and fu, which made Xing put forward the attitude of drinking and forgetting everything (which is close to 19 ancient poems), so that he should emphasize the pursuit of achievement and make a name for himself (which is close to Jian 'an literature). In fact, both of them are hard for Tao Yuanming to give up, but as the final philosophical conclusion, he denied them in the third book "Analysis of God", thinking that daily drunkenness hurts life, which is just an external pursuit and meaningless. It should be: "The waves are getting bigger and bigger. I don't like them and I'm not afraid." You should do your best, there is no need to worry about it. "That is, naturalization, without consciously pursuing something other than life, is liberation without seeking liberation. The connotation of this "natural" philosophy has been reflected in the picturesque pastoral poems. For example, the most famous poem "Drinking" in Tao Shi is the fifth one: building a house in a person's environment, but there are no chariots and horses. What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. This makes sense. I forgot to say it if I wanted to defend myself. The first four sentences say that as long as you have foresight, you will not be disturbed by the world. Besides, picking chrysanthemums in Dongli, I accidentally met Nanshan (Lushan Mountain), felt the mystery of creation in the twilight and purple haze, and realized the true meaning of life. Although it is clearly stated in the poem that "I want to argue but forget what I said", the life truth implied by a series of images in this poem can still be explored if we examine it in connection with other works of Tao Yuanming. Don't the eternity of Nanshan, the atmospheric beauty of mountains and the freedom of birds reflect the greatness, perfection and richness of nature, especially self-sufficiency, and have no other essence? Then, in the short life of mankind, what else can we pursue except to return to nature, conform to nature and feel the meaning of our life in the eternity, beauty and freedom of nature? So this poem is still the sustenance of Tao Yuanming's life ideal, but it is different.

Of course, this outlook on life in poetry is only a poetic and philosophical yearning. Because people can't get rid of the pursuit of self-realization on a certain object, nor can they get rid of the contradiction of real interests. But as a philosophical reflection on life, it is valuable; As the essence of poetry, it brings unique effects. To sum up, Tao Yuanming's social outlook and outlook on life are all centered on "nature". The society he yearns for is a peaceful and peaceful society with self-cultivation, no competition, no hypocrisy, no mutual oppression and harm; The life he pursues is simple and sincere, indifferent to lofty ideals, entrusted with transportation, and has no external demand; His favorite living environment is also a quiet and natural country. Because of these pursuits, most of his pastoral poems present a plain and mellow appearance, which was called "quietness" by predecessors. But behind this, it is full of hatred and anxiety about the real society and anxiety about the short life. In other words, "silence" is an aesthetic realm constructed under the control of "natural" philosophy, and the internal motivation to arouse this pursuit is precisely a high degree of anxiety. The most concentrated part of Tao's poems is writing about rural life. In addition, his representative works include Relocation, Master Book of the Republic of China, Ode to the Poor, Miscellaneous Poems, Poems of Complaining and Master Book of Pang Zhizhong.

2. Unity of emotion, scenery and reason: Tao Yuanming is not the only one whose main feature is plain and mellow beauty. He also wrote some poems directly related to real politics or directly expressing his strong inner feelings. For example, the poem "Drinking Wine" is obscure, but its content is related to some political events in the Jin and Song Dynasties, so there is no doubt. Another example is "A Long History of Grazing Sheep". I'm glad to have Yixi's Northern Expedition to break Chang 'an's thirteen-year Song Wudi Yu War. "Sage, everything is in the capital. Don't forget to swim and don't cross the river. The nine realms have just merged into one, and death will manage the boat. " It embodies the distinct national feelings. In addition, several articles in Ode to Jing Ke and Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas expressed sympathy, admiration and praise for some heroic images in history and myths and legends who never gave up despite being defeated, and had a generous and tragic style. At the end of Ode to Jing Ke, I said, "I'm not good at fencing. Sorry, I can't do my wonderful work." Although he is dead, he has been in love for a thousand years! "It clearly reveals the passion in the poet's heart. Another example is an article in "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas": Jingwei holds the micro-wood and will fill the sea. Xingtian United and danced, aiming high. Similarly, all beings have no residual sorrow, become foreign bodies and have no remorse. The past that has just been fixed in my heart, good morning can wait! Jing Wei is a humble bird, but he has the ambition to fill the sea. The stars and the sky broke their heads and resisted, all showing the great spirit of not giving in to fate. The last two sentences are about Jingwei and Xingtian, and also about myself: Although there was Mr. Thank you in the past, I didn't have time to fulfill my wish! The factual background of these poems cannot be proved conclusively, but at least it shows that Tao Yuanming still yearns for a strong and productive life in seclusion. Mr. Lu Xun pointed out that Tao poetry has both a "quiet" and a "carefree" side, and it also has a "king kong glare" side, mainly referring to these works. However, it should be noted that the two are not diametrically opposed. From the origin of poetry, Tao Yuanming inherited Ruan Ji. This is mainly manifested in his poems expressing deep feelings, expressing his exploration of life, using philosophical observation and using the form of group poems. On the other hand, Tao poetry is obviously influenced by metaphysical poetry. This is not only reflected in many metaphysical words in his poems, in his plain language style, but also in his understanding of the relationship between man and nature. In Ruan Ji's poems, the eternity of nature contrasts with the brevity of life, and people feel strong oppression in front of nature; However, in the metaphysical poems of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it was transformed into people's understanding and pursuit of nature. When Tao Yuanming arrived, he put forward the concept of returning to nature more clearly, and the consciousness of harmony between man and nature became the decisive factor of the unique artistic conception of Tao poetry. Of course, Tao poetry attaches importance to expressing philosophy through artistic images rather than abstract language, which is essentially different from the boring metaphysical poetry.

Tao Yuanming's great contribution in the history of poetry development lies in that he has created a new aesthetic field and a new artistic realm. Although ordinary metaphysical poets pay attention to understanding philosophy from examining nature, which has produced the bud of landscape poetry, no one has turned their eyes to ordinary villages. It is only in Tao Yuanming's works that rural life and rural scenery are regarded as important aesthetic objects for the first time, thus opening up a unique world for future generations. He regards agricultural labor as a natural way of life and praises the beautiful interest contained in working life, which is also a profound discovery. Predecessors have long commented on the artistic features of Tao's poems, calling them simple, natural and sincere. But this is not a folk song, nor is it a style influenced by folk songs, but a conscious aesthetic pursuit of the poet. Fundamentally speaking, this is also determined by Tao Yuanming's "natural" philosophy. In his view, man-made complex etiquette destroys the naturalness of society, and pretentious behavior destroys the naturalness of human nature. Then, excessive pursuit of external poetic form will inevitably destroy the naturalness of feelings. So he seldom uses rich colors, exaggerated intonation, abstruse vocabulary and uncommon allusions. Contradictions are also commonly used in his poems, but most of them are primitive and not so refined that they are not obvious. His poems are full of emotion, but they are rarely really strong and appear surging, but combined with calm philosophical thinking, they present a clear and distant artistic conception. This aesthetic realm is unprecedented, and there is no one after it. Furthermore, the simplicity of Shi Tao's words is not random, not processed, but highly refined, washing away all miscellaneous and sticky components, and then showing a clear simplicity. There is no doubt that he has a keen sense of the beauty of nature, so he can recreate it into a poetic image with accurate and simple language. For example, "a warm and distant village, smoke on a field in Iraq" describes the tranquility of the countryside, "keeping one's ears open, keeping one's eyes clean" describes the lightness of snow, and "there is a south wind coming, and the wings are new seedlings" describes the traces of wind. On the one hand, the pursuit of beauty and rhetoric in western Jin poetry improved the expressive skills of poetic language, but sometimes it was too difficult to do so, ignoring the integrity of poetry, leading to cumbersome and fragmented problems. Tao's poems are based on profound thoughts, feelings and philosophies, and never show off external beauty. Therefore, most of them are concise and the layout is less. Zhong Rong's poem is called "There are almost no long words". The artistic conception of poetry is always relatively complete, infecting readers as a whole, rather than attracting people with a word or a fragment. It has achieved the unity of emotion, scenery and reason.

Second, Tao Yuanming's life realm and its influence on later generations.

Tao Yuanming has been a learned and literate person since he was a child, and his pursuit of knowledge has always been serious. When I was a teenager, I was "eager to escape from the four seas" and had great ambitions for the country and society. Born in the era of melee between China and foreign countries, he was deeply stimulated and painful in troubled times, and he set his ambition of "clarifying the Central Plains" from an early age. However, in troubled times, you can't stretch your ambitions. Tao Yuanming has only worked as a few small officials for a short time. His most famous name is Peng. During this period, Adu visited the local area, and his subordinates asked Tao Yuanming to wear a crown belt and meet him outside the city. Tao Yuanming was very unhappy, especially when Du You married his sister to the princess and got this office. His behavior is disgusting, and Tao Yuanming regards him as a villain. When Du You arrives, county officials should surely see it. Tao Yuanming lamented: "Five buckets of rice can't bend over, and boxing is a matter for the villains in the village." Later, Tao Yuanming, who didn't sell his soul, returned to the countryside and wrote the article "Returning Books", which shows his ambition. "It is natural in nature, not earned by correction. Although hunger and cold are bitter, they are enemies of their own diseases, and everyone is self-interested, so I am disappointed, generous and determined all my life. I still hope that I will die at night. " As an official, Tao Yuanming got pain and trouble. Because he is "born", the bondage of personnel certainly doesn't suit him. In the political environment at that time, it was really painful for Tao Yuanming, who was sincere. Under the contradiction between "hunger and cold" and "against his will", he made a difficult choice. Resignation means that his wife and children will starve and freeze with him, which means that he has no money to buy his favorite wine; But to remain in power is to betray one's soul and go against one's nature. For "money", in Tao Yuanming's view, it is really not worth it. Instead of floating in a muddy stream and sobbing in your heart all day, it is better to jump out of this muddy water and set your soul free. Because he knows himself thoroughly, he can resolutely give up his comfortable life and worldly reputation. For Tao Yuanming, "against one's will" is more important than "hunger and cold". Therefore, Tao Yuanming chose to live in seclusion and return to the embrace of the mountains. Only by returning to the countryside can he live like himself.

However, after resigning and retiring, life was not smooth. Tao Yuanming, who is not familiar with farming, is often "full of grass and few seedlings", which makes him have to "take care of the manure in the morning and take the lotus home." However, the hard life did not change Tao Yuanming's original intention. He said, "clothes are not cherished enough, but they are not against my will." Leaving at that time was of course a pleasure, but real life is enough to test a person's courage and will. Tao Yuanming deeply understands that spiritual freedom is far better than the comfort of the material environment. Therefore, no matter how hard life is, he will stick to it and only seek "what he wants".

Although Tao Yuanming finally died in the era he hated, with his meager strength, it was not enough to reverse the trend of the times, but at least, he was worthy of his life and soul and died in the embrace of mountains and the embrace of nature he loved, so he died without regret.

I admire Tao Yuanming's courage. If we don't really know ourselves and eagerly seek the value and freedom of life, it will be difficult for us to choose between "hunger and cold" and "going against ourselves"

Tao Yuanming's influence on later generations is mainly positive. His noble character of despising wealth and not colluding with the rulers set an example for writers with progressive ideals in the future. They draw strength from Tao poetry in their struggle against powerful people and decadent politics. On the other hand, Tao Yuanming's thought of being happy in know life, keeping his own place and his attitude of escaping from the real struggle also gave negative thoughts to later poets.