What is the meaning of Ten Articles of the Analects of Confucius?

Ten Analects of Confucius is a lesson in Chinese textbooks, which is selected from The Analects. The Analects of Confucius is a collection of words and deeds of Kong Qiu and his disciples, and it is one of the important Confucian classics. One is a chapter in The Analects of Confucius, in which the first and second chapters are studying, the third, fourth and fifth chapters are governing, the sixth chapter is establishing people, the seventh chapter is in Shure, the eighth chapter is in Tabor, the ninth chapter is in Zi Han and the ninth chapter is in Zi Han.

Confucius (55 BC1-479) was born in Lu (now Qufu, Shandong) in the Spring and Autumn Period. China was a great educator and thinker in ancient times. Founder of Confucianism, one of the most famous cultural celebrities in the world. Compiled China's first history book Spring and Autumn Annals; Confucius died at the age of 73 and was buried in Surabaya, north of Qufu, where Kong Lin is now located.

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Pronunciation: On (lún) Ten Words (one of the Five Classics of The Analects of Confucius) Author: Confucius and his disciples have four books: The Doctrine of the Mean, Mencius and The Analects of Confucius. Five Classics: Poetry, Calligraphy, Ceremony, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Period. Namely Zhouyi, Shangshu, Shijing, Book of Rites and Chunqiu. Overall structure: recording prose content: mainly recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. This book has twenty articles, each with several chapters. The four books are University, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius.

contribution

The Chinese nation has a history of civilization for thousands of years, which has produced splendid ancient culture. It has not only produced great cohesion for the formation and development of the Chinese nation, but also has great practical significance for carrying forward the spirit of patriotism and building socialist spiritual civilization nationwide today. These precious spiritual wealth has become an important part of the world cultural treasure house, which is not only the pride of China, but also the pride of all mankind. The Analects of Confucius is a masterpiece of China's ancient literature and an excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, which has had a great influence on the feudal politics, ideology and culture of China for thousands of years. Even today, its essence is still imitated by people. Now let's learn what it extracts from Ten Analects of Confucius.

Rule number one: deal with people.

Confucius said, "It's better to keep pace with the times, isn't it? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Ignorance and dissatisfaction are not gentlemen? " (1) Zi: Sir, it refers to Confucius. In ancient China, the title of respect for a man with status and knowledge was sometimes called a man. "Confucius" in The Analects of Confucius refers to Confucius. Confucius (55 BC1-479), named Zhong Ni, was born in the Spring and Autumn Period (now Qufu, Shandong). He was a thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. (2) Learning: The "learning" mentioned by Confucius here mainly refers to learning the traditional cultural classics such as rites, music, poems and books of the Western Zhou Dynasty. (3) Time study: review frequently. During the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, the word "Shi" was used as an adverb, meaning "at a certain time" or "at an appropriate time". However, Zhu interpreted "time" as "constant" in his book The Analects of Confucius. In the textbook of People's Education Edition, "learning from time to time" is also interpreted as "reviewing frequently". "Xi" refers to exercises, rituals and music; Comment on poetry and books. It also means review, internship and practice. On time. (4) Say: the common word, the sound yuè, is actually an archaic word of "Yue", which means pleasure. (5) Friends: There were differences between friends and friends in ancient times: classmates (teachers) were friends and comrades were friends. Here refers to like-minded people. (6) Music: different from talking. The old note said that joy is in the heart and joy is outside. (7) People don't know: This sentence is incomplete, and there is nothing that people don't know. Missing object. Generally speaking, knowing is understanding. People don't know, that is, others don't know themselves. (8) Yu: Pinyin: yü n, angry, angry. (9) Gentleman: a person with moral cultivation. (10) said, said. (1 1) And: a sequential conjunction, which means that two connected parts are downward and cannot be translated. (12) 1: Pronouns refer to what you have learned. (13) No: No (14) Hu: The auxiliary word is equivalent to "horse". "Don't worry", that is, "don't you", is a rhetorical question. (15) From: From. (16) Know: I understand. 1 sentence is about learning methods. For knowledge, "learning" is only a cognitive process and "learning" is a consolidation process. In order to acquire more knowledge, it is necessary to unify "learning" with "learning". The second sentence is about learning pleasure. Visiting like-minded people can enhance friendship and learn from each other. The third sentence is about attitude. "People don't know", followed by the object "Zhi", can be translated as "I" or "myself"

The second one: dealing with people.

Ceng Zi said, "I (wú) three Japanese provinces (xǐng). I (wú) was unfaithful to (wèi)? Don't believe in making friends? Chuán is not used to it? " (Learning) Like Ceng Zi.

Ceng Zi said: "I reflect on myself many times every day: Have I tried my best to advise others? Are you sincere to your friends? Have you been reviewing what the teacher taught you? " Key words explanation: (1) Ceng Zi: Yu Zi, born in shēn, Ceng Zi, was born from 505 BC to 436 BC. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Nan Wucheng of Lu (now a native of Feixian County, Shandong Province) was a descendant of the nobles who perished in Qi. Zeng Shen is a proud pupil of Confucius and is famous for his dutiful son. It is said that he wrote the Book of Filial Piety. (2) Three provinces (xǐng): more introspection. Note: There are several explanations in the three provinces: First, repeated inspection; The second is to check from many aspects. In fact, in ancient times, adding numbers before verbs with actions meant that there were many actions, which did not have to be recognized as three times. Three: refers to many times. Conduct self-examination and introspection many times. (3) loyalty: the old note said: loyalty. We should do our best here. (4) letter: the old note says: the believer is sincere. Believe in honesty. People are required to keep faith with each other according to etiquette rules to adjust the relationship between people. It means: sincere and honest (5) pass it on: pass it on (verb as noun), and the old note says: "Be taught by the teacher. The teacher taught himself Learning, like the word "learning while learning", refers to review, practice, exercise and so on. Supplementary note: Me: Me. Day: Every day. Three: Many times. Province: check and reflect. Pro: Pro. Seek: to seek something. Loyalty: Do my best. Faith: sincerity and honesty. Biography: knowledge imparted by teachers.

Third: learning methods.

Confucius said, "Reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher." (Politics) Confucius said: "Reviewing what you have learned can gain new knowledge and experience. With this, you can be a teacher of others." Key words explanation: Note: This chapter has two explanations for "reviewing the past and learning the new". One is "review the past and learn the new": review what you have heard and gain new insights from it; The second is to "review the past and learn the new": on the one hand, we should review the stories of laws and regulations, on the other hand, we should strive to acquire new knowledge. I think it may be more complete to combine these two solutions: within my ability, read the classics as widely as possible, think over their meanings repeatedly, and review what I have heard regularly to gain experience and understanding; And strive to absorb new knowledge; In this way, we can expand the field of human knowledge, and closing the door can also give the sages the meaning of the wisdom era. It can be called "reviewing the past and knowing the new", blending the old and the new, and blending the ancient and the present. Some scholars believe that it is not appropriate to review the past and learn the new, because literally, only absorbing ancient and modern knowledge without understanding experience is like a buyer and seller of knowledge, not a teacher. So let's look at the meaning of "teacher" first. There is a word "teacher" in chapter 14 of The Analects of Confucius, which means the same as today's teacher. Wen: Review. So: old knowledge (adjectives are used as nouns). And: conjunction, indicating inheritance, knowing the new: it has two meanings: to gain new experience and understand new content. Know and understand. Yes, you can. Relying on: relying on. Be: a verb, such as. Teacher: Teacher, teacher. Yi: Auxiliary words at the end of the sentence. Explanation of other words: review the old and learn the new (idiom): please pay attention to the new explanation instead of reviewing the old and learning the new: review; So: old. Review old knowledge and gain new knowledge and experience. It also refers to recalling the past to better understand the present. From: "The Analects of Confucius for Politics": "Reviewing the past and learning new things can be a teacher." Han Bangu's "Ode to the East": "It is rare to know new difficulties by reviewing old ones." Example: ~ is an important method in learning. Grammar: linkage; As predicate and attribute; For study, work or other purposes.

Fourthly, the dialectical relationship between learning and thinking.

Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and you are at a loss. If you think without learning, you will be confused and not get it. " Key words explanation: learning: learning. This refers to rote learning without seeking answers. And: conjunction, indicating a turning point. Then: conjunctions are equivalent to "JIU" and "Bian". Thinking: thinking, thinking. Wang (w m 4 ng): Tong "Wang" means to feel confused and at a loss. Dài: preach "lazy". This means harmful. Intention: danger. This paragraph talks about the dialectical relationship between learning and thinking, and thinks that they should not be neglected.

Fifth: learning attitude

Confucius said, "Why not teach your daughter to read? Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, but knowing. " Confucius said, "Zhong You, let the teacher teach you the attitude of knowing and not knowing!" Knowing is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing. This is very clever. "1, teach women to know! Teach you the correct attitude of knowing or not knowing! (Yang Bojun, The Analects of Confucius) 2. What do you know about teaching women? Let me tell you what knowledge is! (Li Zehou's reading of the analects of confucius Today) 3. My niece knows! I'll teach you how to calculate, you know! (Qian Mu's New Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius) 4. Hey, what do women know? Education (teaching), you know? (Southern Analects of Confucius) 5. What do you know about your niece? Do you know everything I taught you? (Xu Zhigang's interpretation of The Analects) 6. What do you know about teaching women? (I) taught you, (you) understand! (Xue Jinxing middle school students textbook complete solution) 7. Let me teach you. Do you understand this truth? (Yang Rungen's Discovery of the Analects of Confucius) Confucius said: "Zhong You, teach you the attitude towards knowing and not knowing: knowing is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing-this is wisdom. Key words explanation: female: the interchangeable word "female" has passed "such as" and you. Zhi: The word "Tong Zhi" means "Yes": Tong Zhi is clever. One: teaching Confucius on behalf of others: teaching and imparting. Hu: Phonetic auxiliary words. Author: Zhong Youzi (Luz) (542 ~ 480 BC) was born in Bianqiao Village, Quanlin Town, surabaya county City, Shandong Province in the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius is a proud student and is famous for his political affairs. Yes: this one. Understanding of this paragraph: Confucius said this sentence means being cautious in words and deeds, not exaggerating his knowledge and skills, but seeking truth from facts. Be honest and modest, don't pretend to understand.

Sixth: learning attitude

Confucius said, "If you don't do it, you will be introspective." Confucius said: "When you see a talented person (a person with both ability and political integrity), learn from him and hope to be on an equal footing with him;" When you see an incompetent person, you should reflect on whether you have the same shortcomings as him and correct them. " Key words explanation: thinking: hope, thinking. Province: refers to reflecting on whether the same problem exists. Qi: Tong Xian: Have both ability and political integrity: both. Understand this passage from him: learn from everyone and pay attention to learning anytime and anywhere. Learn with an open mind, learn from others and learn from each other's strengths.

Seventh: learning attitude

Confucius said: "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " Confucius said, "When several people walk together, one of them can be my teacher. We should choose their strengths to learn. If we see their shortcomings, we should reflect on whether we have the same shortcomings as them, and if so, we will correct them together. "

Key words explanation: there must be my teacher: there must be someone who can be my teacher. Well, it's equivalent to "inside", which means "inside". Three: generally speaking, there are many people; In ancient Chinese, "three" is often not a specific number. Ok: let's go. Must: adverb, must. Teacher: Teacher, sir. Yan: the word "Yu" is there; Choice: choice. Its: pronouns refer to them. Good man: well, here is the advantage. And: conjunction. Follow: follow the study. Wisdom: the word refers to those who choose their goodness and follow it; Refers to a kind person; This is good: advantages. One: this word refers to bad people, but change it: it refers to bad people, that is, bad.

Eighth: cultivate one's morality and be a man

Ceng Zi said: "Scholars have a long way to go to strive for self-improvement. Isn't it important to think that benevolence is your responsibility? Isn't it far after death? " (Taber) Ceng Zi said: "An ambitious person must be broad-minded, strong and brave, because he shoulders a great mission (or responsibility), and the road to achieving it is far away. Isn't it important to realize the ideal of' benevolence' as your mission? Isn't it far to die without fighting? " Explanation of words: Scholar: Scholar Hongyi: Broad-minded, strong and brave: This refers to the Confucian principle of pushing others and being kind to others: the responsibility has stopped: far away.

Ninth: cultivate one's morality and be a man

Confucius said, "Cold tells the decline of pine and cypress." (Zi Han) Confucius said: "It's cold, only then do we know that the pine and cypress (b m 4 I) are the last to fall leaves." Deep meaning: people should stand the test of time, and also use pine and cypress to compare people's perseverance! What is said here is a structural auxiliary word, which is used between the subject and the predicate, cancels the independence of the sentence and becomes a biased structure, which is not translated or barely translated as "de" Cold: the cold season of the year, deep winter and then (ancient and modern words): nature, after. It means to explain separately. Sure, like this. Later, later. Understanding of this paragraph: this paragraph refers to a persevering social phenomenon, not following the crowd, maintaining integrity and perseverance.

Tenth: cultivate one's morality.

Zi Gong asked, "Who can walk for life without saying a word?" Confucius said, "I forgive you! Don't do to others what you don't want. " ("Wei Linggong") Zi Gong asked: "Is there a word that can be pursued for life? Confucius said, "It's probably the word" forgiveness "! Don't impose what you don't like on others. "Keyword explanation: a word: a word. Good: Pursuit. Its forgiveness: its: probably, maybe. Forgiveness: thinking about others' hearts with your own heart refers to Confucianism pushing yourself and others and being kind to others. Desire: like, think. Want to (do). S: Apply. Comment on this paragraph: "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" means don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you. It has positive significance in today's social moral cultivation and has become a warning motto.