Dreaming about the history of mercury

1. The history of Mercury was recorded in the Book of Songs, the earliest collection of poems in China during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). There are poems about planets, which show that before the Spring and Autumn Period, ancient people were quite familiar with planets. Before the Qin Dynasty (2265438 BC+0 ~ 206 BC), Mercury was called the morning star. Do you know the "history" of Mercury? Let's have a look.

The ancients saw that Mercury was always on both sides of the sun, and it was never more than an hour (30 degrees) away from the sun. Now they know that the angular distance between mercury and the sun is no more than 28 degrees. It can be seen that China's ancient observation is quite fine. The ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy's record about Mercury is considered to be the earliest in the West, which was on the 5th day of 265 BC 165438+ 10/KLOC-0. At that time, Mercury was located near the two bright stars of Scorpio β and 8, and it was a tripod.

In the dark period of the Middle Ages in Europe, which lasted for more than 1000 years, all astronomy, including mercury knowledge, was stagnant. It was not until 1543 that Copernicus, a great Polish astronomer, published his immortal book "On the Movement of Celestial Bodies" on his deathbed, and put forward the theory that the earth orbits the sun like Mercury and Venus. Some people refute Copernicus: If the two planets, water and gold, orbit around the sun in the earth's orbit, we should see their phase changes. Why doesn't anyone see this phenomenon?

The reason cited in the rebuttal is correct. However, just because the phases of Mercury and Venus were invisible to the naked eye at that time does not mean that they will be invisible in the future. Copernicus answered confidently: "God will let people invent some kind of instrument to help our eyesight, and one day you will see their position." Sure enough, after the invention of the telescope, Galileo discovered the Venus phase immediately, and later, the Polish astronomer Jahannes Hewelius discovered the Mercury phase.

The phenomenon that mercury seems to pass through the sun is called the transit of mercury. If the orbital planes of mercury and the earth coincide, it goes without saying that whenever mercury is between the earth and the sun, that is, it will transit the sun. The problem is that they do not overlap, but intersect at an angle of 7. In this way, in addition to the necessary condition of downward rendezvous, another condition must be added: when downward rendezvous, the earth and mercury are at or near the intersection of two orbital planes. When does the transit of Mercury occur?

Kepler, a German astronomer who is very clear about planetary motion, made the first forecast of the transit of Mercury in history. At 1629, he told everyone that the transit of Mercury and the transit of venus will occur at 163 1, the former at1/0.7, and the latter at 1.6. In the 171920s, it was very rare to make such a definite prediction.

French astronomer Gassendi decided to verify the transit of Mercury. Considering that there may be errors in the forecast, he began to closely monitor the surface of the sun two days ago. He introduced sunlight from the window into the darkroom, made it image on a white screen, and stared at the sun with his assistant. Finally, five hours after Kepler predicted, they saw the transit of Mercury.

Today, we know that the earth passes around May 8th and 165438+ 10/0 every year.

2. Observation history of Mercury China

Mercury was called "morning star" or "evening star" in ancient times.

The Book of Jin: Astronomy (A Biography of Seven Miscellaneous Stars)

The stars say that the winter water in the north is wise and listens. Loss of wisdom and hearing, violation of winter season, injury to water vapor, punishment to see the stars. When the stars meet, the main punishment is Ting Wei, and the main ones are Yan, Zhao and Dai Bei. The image of the prime minister. It is also the spirit of war and the symbol of fighting. He also said that when the army is in the wild, the stars are biased towards the generals, and when the army is absent, the punishment will be imposed, but the yin and yang should be ineffective, and the time is not harmonious. When the time comes, the cold department will be dishonored and the state will be hungry. When you can't get out, it means that the soldiers are big. It lies in the ground motion between rooms, that is, the so-called madness of the stars in and out, which often dominates Yi Di. And the barbarian star is also the master of the gains and losses of criminal law. Yellow is small, but it moves big. Light catches the moon, and the country is flooded.

The earliest observation record

Mercury was first discovered by Semou (3000 BC), and they called it Ubud-Idim-Gude-Uda. The earliest people who recorded the observation data in detail were Babylonians, who called them gu-ad or gu-utu. The Greeks gave it two ancient names, Apollo when it appeared in the morning and Hermes when it appeared in the evening, but Greek astronomers knew that the two names had the same meaning. The Greek philosopher Heraclitus even thought that Mercury and Venus revolved around the sun, not the earth. The observation of mercury is very complicated because it is too close to the sun. The only time you can observe it on earth is at sunrise or sunset.

When Mercury is brightest, the visual magnitude reaches-1.9, etc. Because the line of sight between mercury and the sun is not large, mercury is often too close to the sun and submerged in the dazzling sunshine. Even under the most suitable observation conditions, it can only be seen on the eastern horizon after sunset, in the afterglow of sunset in the lower part of the western sky, or before sunrise.

Ground observation time

The best time to observe Mercury is about 50 minutes before sunrise or 50 minutes after sunset. When we look at Mercury, the planet closest to the sun, we also look at the direction of the sun. It is important to remember not to look directly at the sun.

If you look at Mercury through a telescope, you can choose to find Mercury before sunrise or after sunset when one side of the sun or the other side is farthest from the sun. The astronomical almanac will tell you whether this so-called "great distance" is in the west (right) or east (left) of the sun. If it is in the west, it can be observed in the early morning; If you are in the east, you can observe it at dusk. Knowing the date and which side of the sun to look for, we should try to choose a place where nothing blocks the horizon. The search for mercury should be within a range of about an tussah field from where the sun rises or sets. You will see a little red star.

You can observe it for about 2 weeks before being submerged by the sun. After 6 weeks, it will reappear at a relative distance angle.

Copernicus and Mercury Observation

Speaking of the five planets, Mercury is the most difficult to observe with the naked eye since ancient times. According to legend, Copernicus, a great astronomer, lamented that he had never seen Mercury in his life.

In fact, it is not so difficult to observe mercury with the naked eye. If you want to observe mercury, it is very important to choose its long distance, and for observers at 30 degrees or even 20 degrees north and south latitude, mercury is extremely important relative to the declination of the sun!

Copernicus has never seen Mercury for two most important objective reasons: First, the northern hemisphere is not suitable for observing Mercury relative to the southern hemisphere in recent 5000 years, because whenever Mercury is at the apohelion, observers in the northern hemisphere will find that the declination of Mercury is always lower than that of the sun. Even though Mercury is close to the sun's maximum angle of 28 degrees, it almost rises and sets with the sun. On the contrary, when mercury reaches perihelion, observers in the northern hemisphere will find that mercury rises and sets with the sun. However, the perihelion is only 18 degrees, so it is still difficult to observe Mercury. It will take thousands of years for Mercury to revolve 90 degrees. Second, the higher the geographical latitude, the harder it is to see the inner planets. At high latitudes, the dusk of the sun lasts for a long time, and the sky is still bright before sunrise or after sunset, which is not conducive to observing Mercury. Even in the northern hemisphere, mercury is at least brighter than Vega every time it is higher than the declination of the sun, but the bright sky background still makes it difficult for mercury to observe.

In the northern hemisphere, such as China, if you want to observe Mercury, it is easy to do it if the weather is fine, as long as you choose the right date. The best months for observing Mercury in a year are March, April and 965438+1October, that is, around the spring and autumn equinox. In spring and autumn, the declination difference of the ecliptic is the largest (declination changes the most). When the sun and mercury are at the same distance angle on the ecliptic, the declination of the distance is also larger than other ecliptic regions. When the declination of mercury is greater than the declination of the sun, the northern mercury can be observed under the horizon for a long time. The experience is: look for Pisces and Aries in the west at the vernal equinox, and find Mercury in the lion and Virgo at the autumnal equinox. Mercury is quite bright, glowing yellow in the light blue dawn and dusk sky.

Mercury can usually be observed through binoculars or even directly with the naked eye, but it is always close to the sun and it is difficult to see in the twilight. Mike Harvey's planet-finding map points out the position of Mercury in the sky (and the positions of other planets) at this time, and then it is more and more carefully customized by the astronomical program "Starry". (Note: The next transit of Mercury will be on 20 16)

3. Observation History of Mercury In ancient China, Mercury was called "morning star" or "evening star".

The Book of Jin: In astronomy (Biography of the Seven Weirds), the stars say that the northern winter waters are wise and listen. Loss of wisdom and hearing, violation of winter season, injury to water vapor, punishment to see the stars.

When the stars meet, the main punishment is Ting Wei, and the main ones are Yan, Zhao and Dai Bei. The image of the prime minister. It is also the spirit of war and the symbol of fighting.

He also said that when the army is in the wild, the stars are biased towards the generals, and when the army is absent, the punishment will be imposed, but the yin and yang should be ineffective, and the time is not harmonious. When the time comes, the cold department will be dishonored and the state will be hungry.

When you can't get out, it means that the soldiers are big. It lies in the ground motion between rooms, that is, the so-called madness of the stars in and out, which often dominates Yi Di.

And the barbarian star is also the master of the gains and losses of criminal law. Yellow is small, but it moves big.

Light catches the moon, and the country is flooded. The earliest observation record of Mercury was first discovered by Semu people in (3000 BC), and they called it Ubu-idim-gud-ud.

The earliest people who recorded the observation data in detail were Babylonians, who called them gu-ad or gu-utu. The Greeks gave it two ancient names, Apollo when it appeared in the morning and Hermes when it appeared in the evening, but Greek astronomers knew that the two names had the same meaning.

The Greek philosopher Heraclitus even thought that Mercury and Venus revolved around the sun, not the earth. The observation of mercury is very complicated because it is too close to the sun. The only time you can observe it on earth is at sunrise or sunset.

When Mercury is brightest, the visual magnitude reaches-1.9, etc. Because the line of sight between mercury and the sun is not large, mercury is often too close to the sun and submerged in the dazzling sunshine.

Even under the most suitable observation conditions, it can only be seen on the eastern horizon after sunset, in the afterglow of sunset in the lower part of the western sky, or before sunrise. The best time to observe Mercury on the ground is about 50 minutes before sunrise or 50 minutes after sunset.

When we look at Mercury, the planet closest to the sun, we also look at the direction of the sun. It is important to remember not to look directly at the sun.

If you look at Mercury through a telescope, you can choose to find Mercury before sunrise or after sunset when one side of the sun or the other side is farthest from the sun. The astronomical almanac will tell you whether this so-called "great distance" is in the west (right) or east (left) of the sun.

If it is in the west, it can be observed in the early morning; If you are in the east, you can observe it at dusk. Knowing the date and which side of the sun to look for, we should try to choose a place where nothing blocks the horizon.

The search for mercury should be within a range of about an tussah field from where the sun rises or sets. You will see a little red star.

You can observe it for about 2 weeks before being submerged by the sun. After 6 weeks, it will reappear at a relative distance angle.

Copernicus and Mercury Observation Speaking of Mercury among the five major planets, it has been the most difficult to observe with the naked eye since ancient times. According to legend, Copernicus, a great astronomer, lamented that he had never seen Mercury in his life.

In fact, it is not so difficult to observe mercury with the naked eye. If you want to observe mercury, it is very important to choose its long distance, and for observers at 30 degrees or even 20 degrees north and south latitude, mercury is extremely important relative to the declination of the sun! Copernicus has never seen Mercury for two most important objective reasons: First, the northern hemisphere is not suitable for observing Mercury relative to the southern hemisphere in recent 5000 years, because whenever Mercury is at the apohelion, observers in the northern hemisphere will find that the declination of Mercury is always lower than that of the sun. Even though Mercury is close to the sun's maximum angle of 28 degrees, it almost rises and sets with the sun. On the contrary, when mercury reaches perihelion, observers in the northern hemisphere will find that mercury rises and sets with the sun.

However, the perihelion is only 18 degrees, so it is still difficult to observe Mercury. It will take thousands of years for Mercury to revolve 90 degrees. Second, the higher the geographical latitude, the harder it is to see the inner planets.

At high latitudes, the dusk of the sun lasts for a long time, and the sky is still bright before sunrise or after sunset, which is not conducive to observing Mercury. Even in the northern hemisphere, mercury is at least brighter than Vega every time it is higher than the declination of the sun, but the bright sky background still makes it difficult for mercury to observe. In the northern hemisphere, such as China, if you want to observe Mercury, it is easy to do it if the weather is fine, as long as you choose the right date. The best months for observing Mercury in a year are March, April and 965438+1October, that is, around the spring and autumn equinox.

In spring and autumn, the declination difference of the ecliptic is the largest (declination changes the most). When the sun and mercury are at the same distance angle on the ecliptic, the declination of the distance is also larger than other ecliptic regions. When the declination of mercury is greater than the declination of the sun, the northern mercury can be observed under the horizon for a long time. The experience is: look for Pisces and Aries in the west at the vernal equinox, and find Mercury in the lion and Virgo at the autumnal equinox. Mercury is quite bright, glowing yellow in the light blue dawn and dusk sky.

Mercury can usually be observed through binoculars or even directly with the naked eye, but it is always close to the sun and it is difficult to see in the twilight. Mike Harvey's planet-finding map points out the position of Mercury in the sky (and the positions of other planets) at this time, and then it is more and more carefully customized by the astronomical program "Starry".

(Note: The next recent transit of Mercury is at 20 16).

If you go somewhere else, what will you do? If you ask me, my answer is that I will tell the aliens that we are willing to live in peace with them. We want to be their friends. We joined their plan not to plunder their resources, but to learn. I will show them our history and technology. I will let aliens know that the universe belongs to everyone, not just the earth. .

My dream is to travel to Mercury 100, and my dream is to be a traveler. This is what I want to do most when I grow up. Easier said than done! I want to travel all over the country and all over the world! Having said that, you will definitely ask me: How did you come to be a traveler? I will say: I read that many travelers can freely visit and explore every corner of the motherland, travel around the world and enjoy the scenic spots of various countries-Tian 'anmen in Beijing, Disney in Hong Kong, Eiffel Tower in France, pyramids in Egypt, Angkor Wat in Cambodia, Mount Fuji in Japan, Niagara Falls, Grand Canyon in Colorado, Panama Canal ... and many more ... if you can't talk about it. My dream can only be realized by my own efforts. Now it seems that it is really not easy! From now on, you should study hard, strengthen exercise, let yourself have a strong body and master the knowledge of Chinese, mathematics, history, geography and other disciplines, so that you can become a knowledgeable person and your dream can be realized! I have a dream, that is to be a traveler.

Because travelers can travel around the world and enjoy the beautiful scenery everywhere. If I become a traveler, my first place to go is Beijing.

Because it is our capital and the place we all yearn for. There, I can visit Tiananmen Square, the Great Wall and the beautiful Summer Palace. I will also visit the palace where Little Swallow and Ziweige lived.

If I become a traveler, my second place to go is Xiaoxing 'anling. Because in the text, I know there are beautiful scenery and rich products here. I really want to see the stream full of spring water, the deer drinking water by the stream, the beautiful wild flowers in front of the workers' dormitory, and the sweet and sour mountain grapes, crispy hazelnuts and fresh mushrooms and fungus in the forest.

If I become a traveler, the third place I will go is Disneyland in Hong Kong. Every time I watch the TV program "Family Story", those winning families can go there to play. I envy them.

It is a paradise for children, where we can explore the world, fantasize about the world and visit tomorrow's world. There are many famous cartoon characters that our children like, and we can take photos with them. If I become a traveler, I certainly hope to visit not only the earth, but also the moon, mercury, Mars, Saturn and other planets. Maybe I will find other humans on those planets and make friends! My dream must be created through my efforts to make my life better.

Romantic France, mysterious Egypt, ancient Greece ... My dream is to be a traveler, travel around the world, learn about local customs and taste local specialties! I like watching programs about travel since I was a child. What impressed me most was Paris, France. The Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, the Paris Opera House and the Arc de Triomphe are all famous tourist attractions. Paris is also a holy place for shopping. French perfumes are very representative, such as Louis Vuitton and Langwan. French cuisine is also worth tasting, such as foie gras, oyster cups, local snails, Malinggu chicken, Masini chicken and onion soup. Not only food and architecture tempt me, but also nature tempts me! Until now, I have been paying attention to documentaries about nature! Africa is a continent famous for its wide variety and large number of wild animals. Lions, leopards, cheetahs and many other animals live there, forming a beautiful natural landscape.

The Great Rift Valley, which is also world-famous, is the largest fault zone in the world. It is called the scar on the earth. There are many long and narrow lakes at the bottom of the valley. There are 30 lakes, large and small, which concentrate most of the lakes in Africa, most of which are long and narrow from north to south. The deeper lake is Lake Tanganyika, the second largest lake in the world. Nature is mysterious, but it is also easy to be destroyed. We humans, for our own benefit, do not hesitate to destroy it. Therefore, I want to go to nature, appreciate the magic of nature and publicize the concept of protecting nature! So, from now on, I will do my homework, read more books about the world and watch some documentaries about travel and nature. Of course, I will study hard and earn more money in the future, otherwise how can I travel around the world? Every place in the world has its own wonderful place. So, I want to travel around the world, collect these beautiful things and weave them into my beautiful memories. If these things are not wonderful, they will also inspire me to move forward, inspire me to take risks and inspire me to grow! I hope it helps you! .

6. Mercury Aquarius The innovative genius of Mercury constellation

Mercury Aquarius is quite clever, which makes it not only eloquent and logical, but also shows Aquarius's unique courage to subvert tradition, openness, fearlessness, challenge authoritarianism and unique genius. However, Mercury Aquarius people are also good at considering reality and will not easily sacrifice the banner of rebellion. They are good at achieving their goals through compromise. They are often lonely, because the idea of living in the future is inevitably high and low, so it is inevitable that they are unhappy.

The great inventor Edison's mercury is located in Aquarius. No wonder Edison had so many great inventions in his life, because everyone in Mercury Aquarius seems to have an eye that can predict the future. They can imagine the future without difficulty and push them into the future with great and active imagination. And their super pragmatic execution makes invention and creation their daily behavior. They don't indulge in rambling and unrealistic fantasies, but they like to put their imagination into action.

Mercury Aquarius Anything is possible. Mercury Aquarius, who lives in the future, is always used to building their rational fraternity into a free and borderless social vision, and all their efforts are the dreams of all mankind beyond all narrow categories.