Knowledge points of geographical environmental protection in senior high school

▲ Environmental sustainable development

1, sustainable development of China-China agenda 2 1 century

Chapter II: Environmental Pollution and Prevention

▲ Heavy metal pollution: pollution process and harm: human or animal poisoning through water or food chain.

▲ Water eutrophication:

1, pollutants: plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.

2. Pollution sources: industrial wastewater, domestic wastewater and agricultural wastewater.

3. Harm-① death of aquatic plants and fish; ② deterioration of water quality; (3) the lake turned into a swamp.

▲ Marine oil pollution

1, how to remove oil

① Dispersion: spraying strong detergent, which is not suitable for inshore or fishing ground; ② Sedimentation: Spraying powdery lime is harmful to benthos.

③ Absorption: use wheat straw to absorb oil, in still water environment ④ Fencing: oil pollution is small, in still water environment.

⑤ laissez-faire: let it decompose naturally ⑤ combustion: the oil layer is 2mm, causing air pollution.

▲ Hazards of water pollution:

Harm human health, reduce crop yield and quality, affect the yield and quality of fishery production, restrict industrial development, accelerate the degradation and destruction of ecological environment, and cause economic losses.

▲ Water pollution prevention measures

(1) Countermeasures for the prevention and control of industrial water pollution

1. Optimize industrial structure and industrial structure

2. Actively promote cleaner production, improve the reuse rate of industrial water, and implement the total pollutant discharge control system.

3. Improve laws and regulations, strengthen law enforcement and improve the environmental monitoring network.

(2) Countermeasures for urban water pollution prevention and control

1. Incorporate the prevention and control of water pollution into the overall urban planning.

2. Strengthen the protection of urban surface and underground water sources.

3. Vigorously develop low-consumption and high-efficiency wastewater treatment and reuse technology.

(3) Countermeasures for prevention and control of rural water pollution

1. Develop water-saving agriculture

2. Rational use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

3. Strengthen the effective treatment of livestock manure, wastewater from township enterprises and domestic sewage from villages and towns.

▲ Prevention and comprehensive utilization of solid waste pollution

(1) solid waste reduction

1. For municipal solid waste: gradually change the fuel structure, clean vegetables into the city, reduce waste generation, strengthen the ecological design of products, carry out classified collection of waste, and do a good job in product recovery and recycling.

2. For industrial solid waste: popularize clean production technology and develop material recycling technology.

(2) Harmless treatment and disposal of solid waste

▲ Factors of air pollution diffusion and self-purification:

(1) Pollutant discharge: If the discharge is small, it will be easy to spread.

⑵ Meteorological conditions: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, cloud conditions, radiation, etc.

All meteorological conditions conducive to increasing wind speed and turbulence are conducive to the diffusion of pollutants;

When there is inversion weather and the atmosphere is unusually stable, it is not conducive to the diffusion of atmospheric pollutants.

⑶ Topography: The topography of basins and valleys is not conducive to the diffusion of pollutants.

▲ Causes of northern cities with inhalable particulate matter as the main air pollutant (taking Beijing as an example)

① There is little precipitation, dry and windy weather in the north, serious desertification in some areas, and more natural dustfall.

② Coal burning ③ Motor vehicle exhaust

④ Dust from the construction site

▲ Pollution control of inhalable particulate matter of air pollutants

① Replace coal with clean energy.

(2) Formulate automobile exhaust emission standards to meet the emission standards.

③ Expand the green area. Dust control in construction site

(4) Strengthen the management of polluting enterprises, reduce pollutant emissions and meet the discharge standards.

▲ Acid rain of air pollutants:

1, acid rain-precipitation with pH less than 5.6; When the PH value is less than 4.5, serious acid rain will occur.

2. The main atmospheric pollutants that form acid rain are sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, which form sulfuric acid rain and nitric acid rain respectively.

3. Pollution source:

Natural pollution sources: Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and other natural phenomena release a large number of acidic gases.

Man-made pollution source; Industrial and mining enterprises, vehicles and domestic stoves burn coal, oil and natural gas and emit acid gas into the atmosphere.

Harm: ① Acidifying rivers and lakes, ② Acidifying soil, reducing crop yield, ③ Corrosing leaves and destroying forests.

(4) Corrosion of stone and steel, resulting in building damage.

The main type of acid rain in China is sulfuric acid rain (because of burning high-sulfur coal), and nitric acid rain is caused by automobile exhaust.

Acid rain in China appeared in the southwest in 1980s, spread to the south of the Yangtze River and the east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in 1990s, and now it has spread to North China and Northeast China.

▲ How to prevent acid rain

① Establish acid rain control zones and SO2 pollution control zones; ② Limit the exploitation of high-sulfur coal.

③ Developing clean coal combustion technology and coal desulfurization technology ④ Adjusting energy structure, developing and utilizing new energy and clean energy.

⑤ Strengthen the recycling of SO2 in waste gas.

▲ Air pollution prevention and control measures:

① Improve energy efficiency and save energy ② Develop clean coal technology ③ Develop clean energy and renewable energy ④ Control acid rain and sulfur dioxide pollution.

⑤ Others, such as adjusting industrial structure, rational production layout, planting trees, controlling ground dust, etc.

Chapter III Utilization and Protection of Natural Resources

▲ Shortage of fresh water resources:

Regional distribution of fresh water shortage: the world is mainly distributed in the Middle East and Africa. China is mainly distributed in North China and Northwest China.

1, reason:

Natural reasons: ① The total amount of available fresh water resources is limited: rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater.

② The temporal and spatial distribution of freshwater resources is uneven, and the average runoff is ranked as Brazil, Russian, Canadian, American, Indonesian and China.

Man-made reasons: ③ serious pollution and waste of fresh water resources; ④ Population growth, economic development, and rapid growth of water demand for production and living.

2. Singapore belongs to the tropical rain forest climate, but it is a country short of water. Try to analyze the reasons.

① Small land area, less surface runoff; ② Developed economy and large water consumption for production and living.

▲ Hazards caused by the shortage of fresh water resources:

① Restrict economic development; (2) affecting food production safety; ③ Destroy the ecological environment; ④ Damage to human health; ⑤ Initiate international conflicts.

▲ Temporal and spatial distribution of freshwater resources in China:

Time: more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring, with great interannual variation.

Space: more in the south and less in the north, less in the east and west.

(2) Differences in different regions of China.

South China: (Take Shanghai as an example) The total amount of water resources is rich, and there are many water belts-water shortage.

Cause: Serious water pollution.

North China: The total amount (Yellow River, Huaihe River and Haihe River) is not rich, and the most serious water shortage is the transitional zone-resource-based water shortage.

Reasons: Natural reasons: ① Less precipitation and great seasonal and interannual changes.

(2) The runoff of rivers flowing through this area is small, with great seasonal and interannual changes.

Man-made reasons: ③ Dense population, developed industry and agriculture, and large water consumption.

④ Water resources are seriously polluted and wasted.

Northwest China: the total amount is not rich, and there is a water shortage area-ecological problems caused by economic water crowding out ecological water, such as intensified land desertification.

There are many people in the area north of the Yangtze River, with more land and less water. Water resources are mismatched, water resources are the most tense, and water shortage is the most prominent problem.

▲ Rational utilization and protection of water resources

Open source: ① building reservoirs; (2) opening canals to divert water; ③ Rational development and extraction of groundwater; ④ Wastewater treatment and reuse; ⑤ Desalinate seawater.

⑥ Artificial rainfall

Throttling: agriculture: ① improve irrigation technology, reduce irrigation quota ② develop water-saving agriculture.

Industry: ③ Improve water use efficiency ④ Improve water reuse ⑤ Implement sewage recycling ⑤ Develop cleaner production.

Seawater desalination-At present, some oil-producing countries in the Middle East have established practical desalination plants. ※

Ecology: Returning farmland to lakes, forests, grazing and grassland, and planting trees according to local conditions.

Others: raise water prices, enhance public awareness of water conservation, formulate water laws, and adjust industrial structure.

▲ Cultivated land is decreasing.

1. Reasons for the shortage of cultivated land resources in the world:

① Land desertification, soil erosion and other reasons lead to land degradation, which reduces the arable land area.

(2) With the rapid increase of population, more and more cultivated land is needed.

③ Non-agricultural land is increasing.

2. The reasons for the shortage of cultivated land resources in China.

(1) The proportion of cultivated land in the land area is not large, and the per capita cultivated land is small.

② The distribution of cultivated land is uneven, and the per capita cultivated land level is quite different.

③ Non-agricultural construction land grew rapidly.

(4) There are many medium and low yield fields, and unreasonable utilization of cultivated land leads to land degradation and serious cultivated land pollution, which aggravates the shortage of cultivated land.

3. Distribution of cultivated land in China: It is mainly distributed in plains, basins and hilly areas in humid and semi-humid areas east of the 400 mm isoprecipitation line. Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia have the most arable land per capita.

6. The country with the largest cultivated land area in Asia is India; The country with the largest cultivated land area in the world is the United States.

The contradiction between supply and demand of cultivated land is essentially a contradiction between man and land, and controlling population growth is the key to solve this contradiction. ※

▲ Measures taken by China to solve the contradiction between the present land situation and the increasing food demand.

① Take measures to keep the total amount of cultivated land unchanged; ② Improve the land utilization rate; ③ Improve the quality of cultivated land; ④ Prevention and control of land degradation.

▲ Three ecological problems in China: rocky desertification, soil erosion and desertification.

1. Rocky desertification: place of occurrence-Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in China, hilly areas of Guangdong and Guangxi (humid subtropical and karst areas).

External force-water erosion.

Cause: nature: ① steep slope; ② Shallow soil layer; ③ There is abundant precipitation, and the intensity of precipitation is high in summer.

Man-made: ① Overcutting, ② Deforestation, ③ Steep slope reclamation.

2. Soil erosion: Taking the Loess Plateau as an example.

External force-water erosion

Reason: Nature: ① Loess soil is loose; (2) the precipitation is concentrated and there is heavy rain; ③ Low vegetation coverage.

Man-made: ① destroying vegetation-changing farming and animal husbandry methods, building palaces, chopping wood and fighting.

② Irrational farming system-shortage of crop rotation ③ No attention to environmental protection during mining.

④ The contradiction between man and land is prominent.

Jiangnan hills: red desert

External force-water erosion

Reasons: Nature: ① There is a lot of precipitation, concentrated in summer, with heavy rainfall, large surface fluctuation, unstable soil and water on sloping land, developed water system and strong erosion ability.

Man-made: ① deforestation; ② excessive cutting; ③ The contradiction between man and land is prominent.

3. Desertification: A Case Study of Northwest China

External force-wind erosion.

Reasons: Nature: ① Dry climate, less precipitation; ② The surface is covered with deep sandy sediments; (3) windy days are frequent and concentrated; ④ The ecological environment is fragile.

Man-made: ① over-logging, ② over-grazing, ③ over-farming, ④ improper utilization of water resources, ⑤ neglect of environmental protection in industrial and mining traffic construction, and ⑤ prominent contradiction between human and land.

▲ Prevention and control measures of soil erosion:

① Biological measures: Returning farmland to forests and grasslands, planting trees and grass, and creating economic forests.

② Engineering measures: build reservoirs, repair terraces and silt dams.

③ Agriculture and animal husbandry measures: contour farming, using organic fertilizer, timely farming, and keeping livestock.

▲ Rational development and utilization of fossil fuels

Primary energy refers to energy that can be directly obtained from nature. Coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, solar energy, wind energy, etc.

Secondary energy means that it cannot be directly obtained from nature, and electric energy is the most important secondary energy.

▲ Distribution of fossil fuels

1. Distribution of coal: There are more in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere.

2. Coal belt: World-Eurasia coal belt: from North China to the west through Xinjiang, across Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Germany, France and Britain.

The United States and Canada in North America, and the coal in the southern hemisphere is distributed in Australia and South Africa.

China-mainly distributed in North China, in which Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia have the largest reserves, and the south is seriously short of coal except Guizhou.

▲3. Distribution of oil and natural gas

Distribution area of major oil fields

world

Eastern Hemisphere

From the Mediterranean to Indonesia via the Middle East.

The Middle East and North Africa have the most abundant reserves. The Middle East is the largest oil export region in the world.

Western Hemisphere

From Alaska, through Canada, the western United States,

Mexico and Venezuela, to Colombia

China

east

Daqing, Liaohe, Dagang, Zhongyuan, Shengli and other oil fields and coastal continental shelf

the west

Tarim great basin, Qaidam Basin, Junggar Basin and Turpan-Hami Basin.

4. Thinking: What do you think is the important role of west-to-east gas transmission in China's economic development and environmental protection?

The West-to-East Gas Transmission Project is a large-scale infrastructure construction project in China in the early 20th century. The west-to-east gas transmission project is not only conducive to the implementation of the strategy of developing the western region, coordinating the economic development between the east and the west, but also conducive to improving the atmospheric environment quality in the eastern region.

3. Top five countries in water resources: China, Russian Federation, Brazil, United States and Canada.

Countries with the largest proportion of hydropower: Norway and Brazil

Ecological environment protection

▲ Ecological disaster of deforestation

With the development of human society, especially since the industrial society, the destruction of forests is accelerating. ※

Primitive forest: ① Subhard coniferous forest: existing in northern Eurasia and northern North America; (2) Tropical rain forest: it exists in Congo basin in Africa, Amazon basin in South America and Southeast Asia.

▲ Ecological value of forest: ① regulating climate, ② conserving water, conserving soil and water, preventing wind and fixing sand, ③ absorbing noise, vacuuming, releasing oxygen, purifying air, ④ breeding species, maintaining biodiversity, ⑤ protecting farmland and ⑤ beautifying environment.

▲ It is clear that forests in different regions play different roles. ※:

Three-North Shelterbelt-Water Conservation, Soil and Water Conservation, Wind Prevention and Sand Fixation

Coastal Shelterbelt-Defend against typhoons and tsunamis and improve the coastal ecological environment.

Soil and Water Conservation Forests and Mountain Forests in the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River —— Water Conservation and Soil and Water Conservation

The function of urban green space-smoking to remove dust, filter air, absorb noise, beautify the environment and adjust climate.

Mangroves-protecting the coast and biodiversity.

▲6. Consequences of forest destruction: ecological imbalance, environmental deterioration, frequent floods, increased soil erosion, land desertification, global temperature rise and species extinction.

▲7. Causes of forest destruction: ① excessive burning and reclamation; ② Large-scale development of farms and pastures; ③ Commercial logging; ④ Mining, water conservancy, highway construction and urban construction; (5) Deforestation in the agricultural era; ⑤ War and forest fire.

▲3. What measures are there to protect forests in China?

① Strengthen the rule of law, prohibit deforestation, close hillsides to facilitate afforestation, return farmland to forests, build nature reserves, plan logging, combine harvesting and afforestation, actively create artificial forests, encourage protective development, change the economic structure of mountainous areas, and raise people's awareness of environmental protection.

▲ Concept distinction of grassland:

(1) Grassland-Desert Grassland in Inner Mongolia, Qinghai and Gansu.

(2) Grassland: Grassland can be considered as grassland that has been developed and utilized by people.

(3) Lawn: It is a grassland with special functions that is artificially constructed and managed.

(4) Meadow: a perennial herbaceous vegetation developed under humid conditions.

(5) Grassland is a general term, including grassland, grassland and lawn.

▲2. Causes and control measures of grassland degradation in China.

⑴ Reasons: Natural reasons: ① Dry climate and fragile ecological environment; ② Global warming, increased evaporation and decreased precipitation; ③ Rodents and serious pests.

Man-made reasons: ① overgrazing, ② excessive reclamation, ③ indiscriminate mining and excavation, ④ indiscriminate hunting of wild animals, ⑤ less manual management, and ⑤ unreasonable utilization of water resources.

(2) Prevention and control measures: ① implement grazing prohibition and rotation system; (2) changing the nomadic mode of living on aquatic plants to the mode of house feeding and semi-house feeding; ③ Strengthening grassland infrastructure; (4) establish forage base and build "Caokulun"; ⑵ Optimize the herd structure and graze rationally; (2) Returning farmland to grassland, grazing, reclamation and digging are prohibited.

▲ Ecological value of wetlands-regulating climate, regulating water storage, purifying water quality, releasing oxygen, beautifying environment and maintaining biodiversity.

(3) Distribution: Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China is one of the largest wetlands in the world (causes: ① high latitude, low temperature, weak evaporation ② extensive frozen soil, hindering surface water infiltration ③ low terrain, poor drainage, easy water accumulation ④ river flooding); There is the highest wetland in the world on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Sanjiangyuan Wetland Nature Reserve, which Sanjiang? ) plays an extremely important role in protecting water resources and regulating global climate change.

▲ Reasons for wetland reduction

Natural causes (long time): ① sediments fill lakes and swamps; ② global warming, warm and dry climate.

Man-made reasons (short time): ① soil erosion, causing a lot of sediment deposition; (2) Reclaiming land around lakes, resulting in a decrease in the area of lakes and coastal beaches; (3) environmental pollution, leading to water eutrophication; (4) Irrigation flows to rivers by diverting water, resulting in a decrease in water quantity.

▲ The area of lakes in China has decreased.

The main reasons are: excessive water diversion irrigation and blind reclamation of lakes.

Impact: regulating temperature, reducing floods, loss of animal and plant habitats and other functions. The decrease of lake area and water surface often leads to the increase of lake salinity.

Case: The reasons for the shrinking area of Dongting Lake are as follows: ① Sediment deposition; ② Reclaiming land around the lake

The reasons for the shrinking area of Qinghai Lake are: ① global warming, climate warming and drying, decreased precipitation and intensified evaporation; (2) drinking water irrigation to reduce the amount of water entering the lake;

The reasons for the shrinking area of Aral Sea in Central Asia are as follows: ① Global warming, climate warming and drying, decreased precipitation and intensified evaporation; (2) drinking water irrigation to reduce the amount of water flowing into the lake;

The reason why there are few wetlands in western China is that it is located inland, with dry climate and little precipitation.

▲ Measures to protect wetlands

① Restoration and reconstruction of degraded and damaged wetlands ② Establishment of nature reserves ③ Returning farmland to wetlands and returning farmland to lakes ④ Capital construction and water conservancy projects attach importance to wetland protection ⑤ Establishment of World Wetland Day and international cooperation to protect wetlands.

▲ Biodiversity: Three levels: genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.

The most species-rich areas in the world: tropical rain forests and coral reefs

The causes of species extinction in different periods of human society: early hunting and gathering; Now-pollution and ecological destruction

▲ Protecting biodiversity

① In-situ protection, establishing nature reserves, ② ex-situ protection, establishing animal and botanical gardens, ③ in-vitro protection, and establishing gene bank and seed bank.

▲ Distribution characteristics of ecological and environmental problems in China

1, figure 4. 16

Region name

natural background

Main ecological problems

cause

nature

think

West side of Daxinganling

The west of Daxinganling in Inner Mongolia is a semi-arid area.

Arid grassland area

Forest destruction, soil erosion (wind erosion), grassland degradation

Semi-arid grassland areas,

Less precipitation

Over-farming, over-grazing, over-burning firewood

Arid and semi-arid areas in northwest China

Northwest arid area

Arid desert

Oasis area

Grassland degradation and soil erosion

Less precipitation

Excessive logging, excessive reclamation,

Huanghuaihai plain area

Half of warm temperate zone

Wet yellow sea

Undulating region

land

land

make inroads/incursions into

corrode

Wind erosion, secondary salinization

In warm temperate and semi-humid areas, spring drought is serious,

Strong evaporation, strong wind and low terrain.

Dense population and serious over-cultivation; Irrational irrigation

South subtropical hilly region

Southern Goya

hilly area

Soil erosion

Subtropical hills are rich in precipitation and rivers develop.

Intense erosion

Deforestation, deforestation, steep slope land reclamation

Subtropical Hengduan Mountains and Yunnan-Guizhou

upland

Southwest Hengduan mountain area,

the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

Subtropical hilly area in western China

Soil erosion (soil erosion), forest destruction,

Species extinction,

Biodiversity plummeted.

Subtropical hilly area

Area, complex geological conditions, steep slope,

The soil layer is shallow and the precipitation is abundant.

Deforestation, deforestation, steep slope land reclamation

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau High

Cold region

Soil erosion (freeze-thaw erosion, glacier erosion),

Grassland degradation

Alpine region, climate change, fragile ecological environment

The influence of human activities

▲6. Eco-environmental problems in different regions of China and their control countermeasures.

Ecological and environmental problems

Main distribution area

natural background

Main preventive and control measures

Forest destruction

Northeast, Southwest and South China Forest Regions

Mid-temperate and subtropical remote mountainous areas

Closing hillsides for afforestation, planned logging, combination of cutting and cultivation, returning farmland to forests, and changing the economic structure of forest areas.

Grassland degradation

Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang

It belongs to semi-arid and arid grassland area.

Returning grazing to grassland, closing grassland and feeding livestock in houses

Wetland atrophy

Sanjiang lowlands, lakeside and seashore

It belongs to the marine marginal area of humid low plain lakes.

Establish wetland nature reserves, stop reclamation, and return farmland to lakes.

Biodiversity plummeted.

Forests, grasslands and offshore waters

Abundant species resources

Expand nature reserves, establish ecological corridors, combine cutting and breeding, and rationally graze,

Implement a closed fishing period system.

Soil erosion (soil erosion)

Loess Plateau and Southeast Hills

Semi-humid hilly area

Returning farmland to forests, planting trees and grass, and changing slopes into ladders

desertification

Semi-arid areas of northwest and north China

It belongs to semi-arid inland or severe spring drought area.

To solve the local people's living energy consumption, logging is strictly prohibited.

A) save resources and reduce pollution

B) Green consumption and environmental protection shopping

C) reuse and reuse

D) classification, recycling and reuse.

E) protect nature and everything exists.