Brief introduction of artificial meteorological satellite

Meteorological satellite (meteorological satellite)

Meteorological observation satellites can continuously, rapidly and extensively detect global atmospheric changes. On April 1960, the United States launched the first artificial experimental meteorological satellite for the first time. By the end of 1990, in the past 30 years, the world has launched 1 16 meteorological satellites, which has formed a global meteorological satellite network and wiped out 4/5 of the world. According to incomplete statistics, if natural disasters can be predicted for 3-5 days, the losses in agriculture can be reduced by 30%-50%, and only agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery can benefit 654.38+0.7 billion US dollars every year. For example, from 1982 to 1983, none of the 33 typhoons that landed in China were missed. 1986 Typhoon 8607, which landed near Shantou, Guangdong Province, lost more than 10 billion yuan due to timely and accurate forecast.

Meteorological satellite is essentially an automatic advanced weather station suspended in space, which is the product of the combination of aerospace, remote sensing, computer, communication and control. Due to different orbits, it can be divided into two categories: solar synchronous polar orbit meteorological satellites and geosynchronous meteorological satellites. The former is called sun-synchronous orbit meteorological satellite because the satellite is synchronous with the sun and opposite to the rotation direction of the earth; The latter keeps running synchronously with the earth and is fixed relative to the earth. It is called geostationary orbit meteorological satellite, also known as geosynchronous orbit meteorological satellite. There are also two forms of shooting satellite cloud pictures, which are very important in the process of weather forecast: one is a visible light cloud picture taken by using the backlight degree of objects on the earth to sunlight, which is limited to daytime work; The other is to form an infrared cloud picture with the help of the temperature of objects on the surface of the earth and the radiation degree of atmospheric temperature, which can work all day.

(Figure) This is a photo of European landforms without clouds taken by meteorological satellites. This kind of picture was not available before, and even high-altitude planes could not take it at this height. On April 1960 and 1, the United States launched the world's first experimental meteorological satellite "Qin Ross" 1. This experimental meteorological satellite is a 18 cylinder with a height of 48 cm and a diameter of 107 cm. The satellite is equipped with a TV camera, a remote recorder and a photo data transmission device. It circled the earth 1 135 times in a nearly circular orbit with a height of 700 kilometers, and * * * took 22,952 cloud pictures and topographic maps, with a useful rate of 60%. It had the best technical performance at that time. From 1960 to 1965, the United States launched 10 meteorological satellites, of which only the last two were in sun-synchronous orbits. 1 On February 3, 966, the United States developed and launched the first practical meteorological satellite "Elsa"1,which is the second generation of American sun-synchronous orbit meteorological satellite, with an orbital altitude of about 1400 km and a resolution of 4,000 meters. From 1966 to 1969, * * * launched 9 satellites and obtained a lot of meteorological data. Its launch successfully opened up a new field for the development of meteorological satellites in the world, greatly reducing all kinds of losses caused by meteorological reasons.