Essentials of Bashang geography

The geographical focus of 8th grade last semester

1, China is located in the eastern hemisphere when viewed from the eastern and western hemispheres and in the northern hemisphere when viewed from the northern and southern hemispheres.

2. It is located in the east of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean from the position of the continent and the ocean.

3. From the latitude position, most of them are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the north temperate zone, and a few in the south are located in the tropics, with no frigid zone.

China has a land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, next only to Russian and Canadian.

5. China has a land border of more than 20,000 kilometers, with 15 neighboring countries. Chinese mainland has a coastline of18,000 kilometers, and six countries, including Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia, face China across the sea.

6. From north to south, the endangered seas in China are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea.

7. The administrative regions of the country are basically divided into three levels: province, county and township.

8. There are 34 provincial administrative regions in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions.

9. The total population of China is 654.38+29.5 million, which is characterized by a large population base and rapid population growth.

10. In order to adapt population growth to social and economic development and resources and environmental conditions, our government regards family planning as a basic national policy.

1 1, the population distribution in China is uneven, and the population density in the eastern region is high, especially in the southeast coast; The population density in the western region is small.

12, the population dividing line of China is from Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province to Tengchong City, Yunnan Province.

13. The most populous province in China is Henan Province, and the largest province is Xinjiang Province.

14. Among the 56 ethnic groups in China, the Han nationality has the largest population and the Zhuang nationality has the largest population.

15, the Han nationality is distributed all over the country, with the most concentrated in the east and middle, and ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast.

16, ethnic distribution has the characteristics of large mixed communities and small settlements.

17, China implements regional ethnic autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities, and establishes organs of self-government, autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, autonomous counties and ethnic townships.

18. The western part of China is dominated by mountains, plateaus and basins, while the eastern part is dominated by plains and hills. Topographic features: high in the west and low in the east, showing three steps.

19, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the southwest, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, and is known as the "roof of the world".

20. The dividing line between the first and second steps is Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain; The dividing line between the second and third steps is Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain.

Main mountain range trend: northwest-southeast trend: Qilian mountain range arc mountain range: Himalayan mountain range

East-west trend: Tianshan-Yinshan-Kunlun-Qinling, and south-north trend of Nanling: Hengduan Mountains.

Northeast-southwest trend: Daxing 'anling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain, Changbai Mountain-Wuyishan Mountain and Taiwan Province Mountain.

2 1. The four plateaus are: Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau;

Great basin is: Sichuan Basin, Qaidam Basin, Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin;

The three plains are: the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River.

22. The Loess Plateau is characterized by loose texture, serious soil erosion and crisscross gullies. The Inner Mongolia Plateau is characterized by being flat and boundless.

Characteristics of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Glaciers are widely distributed, and the basin with the most favorable agricultural production conditions is the (Sichuan) basin.

The characteristic ground of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is rugged (terraced fields). The basin with the highest altitude is (Qaidam) basin.

The basin with the highest latitude is Junggar Basin, and the basin with the largest area is Tarim Basin.

24. The common natural disasters in mountainous areas are collapses, landslides and mudslides. The 0℃ isotherm of 27.65438+ 10 is roughly distributed along the Qinling-Huaihe line.

25. Mountainous areas include mountains, rugged plateaus and hills, accounting for about two-thirds of the national territory.

26. The coldest place in winter is Mohe, Heilongjiang, and the hottest place in summer is Turpan, Xinjiang.

27. China is divided into five temperate zones from north to south: cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone. There is also a plateau climate zone with high terrain, cold climate and vast area.

28. The general trend of annual precipitation in China is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.

29. The division of dry and wet areas is based on the degree of dry and wet climate. The dry and wet areas in China are: humid area, semi-humid area, semi-arid area and arid area.

30. The dividing line between monsoon region and non-monsoon region is Daxinganling, Yinshan and Helan Mountains.

3 1, the biggest advantage of monsoon climate is the same period of rain and heat, but it will bring some disastrous weather such as cold wave, flood and drought, typhoon and so on.

32. The Tarim River is the largest inland river in China, which mainly comes from the melting water of ice and snow in Kunlun Mountain and Tianshan Mountain.

33. The longest and earliest artificial river in the world is the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. 40. Bayan Kara, the birthplace of the Yellow River, flows into the Bohai Sea.

34. Ningxia Plain has the reputation of "Jiangnan in the world". 42. The boundary city of the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River is Hekou, and the boundary city of the middle and lower reaches is Jin Meng.

35. The riverbed of the lower Yellow River gradually rises and becomes an "overground river".

36. After the Yellow River flows through the middle reaches, it produces the most sediment, because the terrain it flows through is the Loess Plateau.

37. The Yangtze River originates in Tanggula Mountain and flows into the East China Sea. It is the longest river with the largest amount of water and the widest drainage area in China, and is known as "water treasure house" and "golden waterway".

38. Yichang, the boundary city in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, is the boundary city hukou in the middle and lower reaches.

39. The hydropower resources of the Yangtze River are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches. The cities below Yibin are navigable in all seasons.

40. The three major sources in the plain area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the main tributaries above Yichang, the two major water systems of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, and the Han River in the north.

4 1, China's natural resources are characterized by rich total amount and insufficient per capita.

42. Land resources are divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land according to land use and land use status.

43. The main characteristics of China are less arable land, more forest land, more difficult land to use and insufficient land resources, especially the contradiction between man and land.

44. China's cultivated land and forest land are mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon region, and grassland is mainly distributed in the western inland areas where the annual average precipitation is less than 400 mm.

45. The phenomena of man-made destruction of land resources include soil erosion, land desertification and indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land.

46. The basic national policy of land resources is to cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land.

47. Water on Earth: Ocean water accounts for 97%, while fresh water resources only account for 2.5%.

48. The freshwater resources on the earth are mainly polar and alpine glaciers. At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater.

49. China's total water resources are less than Brazil, Russian Federation, Canadian, American and Indonesian, ranking sixth in the world. If calculated per capita, it is only 65438+ 0/4 of the world average.

50. China is rich in water resources in the south, but scarce in the north, especially in North China and Northwest China. One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions is inter-basin water transfer (South-to-North Water Transfer Project, Luanhe River Diversion Project and Yellow River Diversion Project).

5 1. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project is to transfer water from the Yangtze River system to North China and Northwest China, which are seriously short of water.

In view of the serious shortage of water resources in China, it is particularly important to save water. (Agricultural, industrial and household water-saving methods)

53. Among various modes of transportation, railway transportation is the most important mode of transportation in China. The distribution pattern of China traffic network: dense in the east and sparse in the west.

54. Main railway lines in China: north-south direction: Jingha line (Beijing-Harbin);

East-west direction: Beijing-Baotou-Baolan line (Baotou-Lanzhou);

Longhai (Lianyungang-Lanzhou)-Lanxin Line (Lanzhou-Urumqi);

Shanghai-Hangzhou-Zhejiang-Jiangxi (Hangzhou-Zhuzhou)-Xiang Qian (Zhuzhou-Guiyang)-Guikun (Guiyang-Kunming) Line

Beijing-Shanghai line (Beijing-Shanghai); Beijing-Guangzhou line (Beijing-Guangzhou); Beijing-Kowloon Line (Beijing-Kowloon) and Liujiao Line (Jiaozuo-Liuzhou);

Baocheng Line (Baoji-Chengdu)-Chengkun Line (Chengdu-Kunming)

Major transportation hubs and railway trunk lines in China;

Beijing: (Jingha Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line) and (Beijing-Kowloon Line). Xuzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line).

Zhengzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line). Lanzhou: (Longhai Line), (Jingbao Line) and (Baolan Line).

55. Agricultural production sectors include farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries.

56. Agriculture is the basic industry supporting the construction and development of the national economy.

57. Natural grasslands are widely distributed in the western region, and there are four pastoral areas in China: Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet.

58. Forestry is concentrated in northeast, southwest and southeast regions. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most developed areas of freshwater fishery in China.

59. The announcement of rice and wheat in food crops presents a pattern of "rice in the south and wheat in the north".

60. Oil production has formed two major producing areas: the Yangtze River rape belt and the Huanghuai peanut area.

6 1, sugar crops show obvious distribution characteristics of "Longnan and North Sweet".

62. Cotton production is mainly in the north, forming three major cotton regions: southern Xinjiang, the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin.

63. Industry is the leading industry of the national economy.

64. Zhongguancun is the earliest experimental zone for high-tech development in China.

65. Industrial distribution characteristics: (coastal), (along the river) and (along the traffic)

Spatial distribution of industry:

(1) Industrial bases along national railways such as Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Harbin and Beijing-Shanghai.

(2) Industrial belt in the Yellow River Basin.

(3) The economically developed areas along the Yangtze River centered on (Shanghai), (Nanjing), (Wuhan) and (Chongqing).

(4) Coastal areas (Yangtze River Delta), (south-central Liaoning), (Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan) and (Pearl River Delta) are the most developed economic core areas.

Developing high-tech industries:

(1) Features: A large proportion of scientific and technical personnel are employed; The cost of development and research is high; Product update is fast.

(2) Distribution characteristics: it is mostly attached to big cities and has the characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration.

High-tech industrial development zones are attached to big cities, and their distribution characteristics are (large dispersion) and (small concentration).

66. Qinling-Huaihe River is an important geographical dividing line:

The isotherms at 0℃ are 1 and 1 2. The dividing line between warm temperate zone and subtropical zone.

3. Isoprecipitation line with annual precipitation of 800 mm.. The dividing line between wet zone and semi-wet zone.

5. The dividing line between subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate. The dividing line between dryland agriculture and rice agriculture

7. The dividing line between rice production and wheat production, the dividing line between sugar cane and sugar beet, and the dividing line between rape and peanut.

The dividing line between one crop and three crops a year, two crops a year and three crops a year.

8. The dividing line between evergreen broad-leaved forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest. The dividing line between north and south of China

10, the river flow to the north of this line is large, the water level changes little, and the ice age.

The river flow south of the line is small, the water level changes greatly, and there is no ice age.

1 1, the dividing line between land transport and water transport