Which area does Dunhuang in Gansu belong to?

Dunhuang is a county-level city managed by Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, located in the northwest of Gansu Province. It has always been an important town on the Silk Road and a national historical and cultural city. Dunhuang is famous for its grottoes and murals, with the majestic Qilian Mountains in the south, the vast Taklimakan Desert in the west and the rugged Beisai Mountain in the north. It is the location of Yumenguan and Yangguan, the world cultural heritage Mogao Grottoes and the Great Wall of Han Dynasty.

Chinese name

Dunhuang

zone

3 1200 km2

Foreign name

Huangdun

Human population

200,000 people (20 10 year)

Administrative category

county-level city

Climatic conditions

Temperate continental climate

Belonging area

Northwest China

famous scenic spot

Mogao Grottoes, Mingsha Mountain, Crescent Spring, Yumenguan and Yangguan

region within the jurisdiction

7 towns and 2 townships

? airport

dunhuang airport

train station

Dunhuang Railway Station

Telephone area code

0937

License plate code

Gan f

postcode

736200

geographical position

Northwest Gansu

Administrative code

620982

Dunhuang has a long and ancient history. The word "Dunhuang" was first seen in Historical Records Biography of Dawan, and Ying Shao in the Eastern Han Dynasty explained that "Dun, Da also; Brilliant and prosperous "means grand and brilliant. Historically, Dunhuang was once the hub of communication between China and the West, the throat of the Silk Road, an international city for foreign exchanges and a military center in the western regions, occupying a glorious chapter in the long history of China.

Dunhuang was called "Three Dangers" in ancient times. "Du Sizhi" contains: "Three dangers are Shazhou Wangshan, commonly known as Xiuyu Mountain, which is 30 kilometers southeast of the county. Three dangers are towering, like eggs about to fall. Therefore, cloud. " Up to now, there are three towering and strange peaks in the southeast of Dunhuang city, which are three dangers in ancient times. Today, it is still called Sanwei Mountain.

In ancient times, 4,000 years ago, equivalent to Yu Shun, there were human ancestors living here in Dunhuang area. According to historical records, Shun "escaped from three seedlings and three dangers" and became the earliest resident in Dunhuang history. According to archaeological findings, during the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China, Qiang, Rong and other nationalities once lived here, belonging to the culture type of Huoshaogou in Yumen. Dunhuang was called Guazhou in the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was named after the real estate melon. At that time, nomadic peoples such as Yue and Wusun lived here. During the Warring States period, the Yue people gradually became stronger, annexed the Qiang people and drove away Wusun, becoming the new owner of Dunhuang.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Xiongnu, who lived in the north, rose and defeated Yue's family, and Dunhuang was occupied by Xiongnu. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, after the war against Xiongnu, Xiongnu was forced to "go far away" and Hexi area was incorporated into the territory of the Han Dynasty. From then on, the great cause of the Central Plains Dynasty governing Hexi and the Western Regions began, which opened a chapter in the development of Dunhuang in history. Zhang Qian's "hollowing out" trip to the western regions opened the far-reaching Silk Road. Dunhuang County was founded in the sixth year of Ding Yuan (BC 1 1 1). At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty and changed Dunhuang County to Dunde County, while the Eastern Han Dynasty renamed Dunhuang County. During this period, Dunhuang's economy developed rapidly and its strategic position improved. The deputy commander of the central government in charge of western affairs was stationed in Dunhuang and became the military and political center for governing the western regions.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Dunhuang County was still under the jurisdiction of Cao Wei regime. The Western Jin Dynasty inherited it in this way. When the Eastern Jin Dynasty was cool, Dunhuang, Jinchang and Gaochang counties jointly established Shazhou with Duhu, Wu Si and Yumen Guards. In the fourth year of Long 'an in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 400), Li Yong established Xiliang, with Dunhuang as its capital. In the early Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 439), Dunhuang Town was established, Guazhou was established in AD 526, and Dunhuang was the governing place. Throughout the Han and Wei dynasties, although wars were frequent, Dunhuang's economy and commerce became increasingly prosperous, the culture of the Central Plains spread widely, and Buddhism flourished eastward. Dunhuang once became the center of beamless culture. During this period, the Mogao Grottoes were excavated two years before the Eastern Jin and Qin Dynasties (AD 366). Shazhou was established in the early Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 564 AD, Dunhuang County was renamed Mingshan County, which belonged to Dunhuang County and was named after Mingsha Mountain in the south of the county.

In the early years of Sui Dynasty, Guazhou was abolished as a county, and Dunhuang County was restored in the third year of Daye (AD 607). At the same time, Shaxian County was renamed Dunhuang County. In the second year of Wude in Tang Dynasty (AD 6 19), Shazhou was established, and Dunhuang entered a period of historical prosperity. In the second year of Tang Jianzhong (AD 78 1), he was trapped in Tubo. In the second year of Dazhong (AD 848), Zhang Yichao, a native of Shazhou, led a state uprising, overthrew the rule of Tubo nobles, established the regime of Guiyijun, and annexed Hexi area to the Tang Dynasty until the Xixia occupation in Song San (AD 1036). This period was called Guiyijun period in Dunhuang history. Dunhuang in Song Dynasty was occupied by Xixia and ruled Dunhuang 19 1 year. After the destruction of Xixia in the Yuan Dynasty, sandbars were re-established in the 14th year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 277).

In a.d. 1280, it was promoted to the general government of shazhou road, which was subordinate to Zhongshu province, Gansu province. In the third year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1405), it was changed to Shazhou Wei, and then Han Dongzuo was added. In the seventh year of Jiajing (AD 1528), the Ming government closed Jiayuguan. After 200 years, Guazhou and Shazhou did not stand, and Dunhuang declined day by day.

In the first year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1723), Shazhousuo was established and upgraded to Shazhouwei. In the fourth year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1726), more than 2,400 families emigrated from 56 counties in Gansu to settle in Shazhou. In the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (A.D. 1760), it was changed to Dunhuang County until Dunhuang was liberated on September 28th, 949. In the same year, the People's Government of Dunhuang County was established on October 7th, 65438/KLOC-0, which governs Jiuquan area. ? 1On September 28th, 987, with the approval of the State Council, Dunhuang County was revoked and Dunhuang City was established. [ 1]

administrative division

Dunhuang City governs 7 towns and 2 townships: Shazhou Town, Suzhou Town, Mogao Town, Zhuanqukou Town, Qizhen Town, Yueyaquan Town, Guojiabao Township, Huang Qu Township and Yangguan Town; Living base of state-owned Dunhuang farm of Qinghai Petroleum Administration Bureau. Shazhou Town is the seat of the municipal party committee and municipal government, and is the political, economic and cultural center of the city. Qizhen, 7 kilometers west of the city, is a new oil city, which is now the seat of Qinghai Petroleum Administration Bureau and the logistics life base of Qinghai Oilfield. [2]

geographical position

Dunhuang City is located in the northwest of Gansu Province and belongs to Jiuquan City, Gansu Province. East longitude 9213'-95 30', north latitude 39 53'-4135'. East and west are connected with Guazhou County, Subei Mongolian Autonomous County and Aksai Kazak Autonomous County respectively. The total area of the city is 310.2000 square kilometers, of which the oasis area is10.4000 square kilometers, accounting for only 4.5% of the total area. It is surrounded by the desert Gobi, so it is called "Gobi Oasis".

Climatic conditions

Most areas of Dunhuang belong to temperate continental climate. The obvious characteristics are dry climate, less rainfall, large evaporation, large temperature difference between day and night and long sunshine time. The average annual precipitation is 39.9 mm, the evaporation is 2486 mm, and the sunshine hours are 3246.7 hours. There are four distinct seasons here, warm and windy in spring, hot in summer, cool in autumn and cold in winter. The annual average temperature is 9.4℃, the monthly average maximum temperature is 24.9℃ (July), the monthly average minimum temperature is-9.3℃ (65438+1October), the extreme maximum temperature is 43.6℃, the minimum temperature is -28.5℃, the annual average rainfall is 39.9 mm, the evaporation is 2490 mm, and the annual average frost-free period is/.

natural resource

Dunhuang is rich in mineral resources, mainly including mirabilite, asbestos, vanadium, gold, manganese and other four categories of 26 varieties. Among them, Fangshan Yakou vanadium mine has proven reserves of 6.5438+0.2586 million tons, ranking fourth in the country. In recent years, Dunhuang jade with large reserves has been discovered, and its quality is second only to Hetian jade.

scenic spot

Mogao Grottoes

Mogao Grottoes, also known as "Thousand Buddha Cave", is located at the foot of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang County, and is named after Mogao Grottoes Town. It is the largest and most famous Buddhist art grottoes in China. It is distributed in three or four layers on the cliff of Mingsha Mountain, with a total length of 1600 meters. There are 492 existing grottoes, with a total area of 45,000 square meters of murals and more than 2 100 painted Buddha statues. Grottoes vary in size, statues vary in height, the big ones are magnificent, the small ones are exquisite, the accomplishments are deep and the imagination is amazing.

Mingsha

Mingsha Mountain is located seven kilometers south of Dunhuang City. It was called Shensha Mountain and Shajiao Mountain in ancient times. The whole mountain system is composed of sand, which is about 40 kilometers long from east to west, 20 kilometers wide from north to south and tens of meters high. The mountain peak is steep, like a sharp sword. There is a layer of wet sand under the sand dune. The wind blows sand, and the sound can make the sand layer sing, hence the name. According to historical records, when the weather is clear, even if the wind stops and the sand is quiet, it will make a string of sounds of silk and bamboo, just like playing music. Therefore, "Shaling Qingming" is a scene of Dunhuang. This is a kind of wonder in natural phenomena, which has been called "desert wonder" since ancient times and is known as "one of the scenic spots beyond the Great Wall".

Crescent spring

At the foot of Mingsha Mountain, it was called Shajing in ancient times and Yaoquan in common name. There are many kinds of medicinal materials such as Apocynum venetum and Lycium barbarum in the scenic spot, which has been one of the "Eight Scenes of Dunhuang" since the Han Dynasty and was named "Che Xiao of Yue Quan". The crescent spring is nearly 100 meters long from north to south and about 25 meters wide from east to west. The spring is deep in the east and shallow in the west, with the deepest point of about 5 meters. Bending like a crescent moon, hence the name, it is called "the first spring in the desert". There are four unique features of the crescent spring: the crescent shape remains the same, the evil land flows into a spring, the sand mountain does not soak in sand, and the old fish in the ancient pond is not old. Evening and dusk are the best places to visit Mingsha Mountain and Crescent Spring. Chen Yun and Shi Zan said here: "Crescent Moon Spring is the funny point of Mingsha Mountain? Mingsha Mountain is the echo of Crescent Moon Spring? Finally, I have a successful performance in the Gobi. "

Dunhuang Ya Dan National Geopark

Dunhuang Ya Dan National Geopark is located 200km west of Dunhuang, with a vertical and horizontal distribution area of10km. The mound is tall, mostly10 ~ 20m long and 200 ~ 300m long. Place names, also known as Sanlongsha, first appeared in the Han Dynasty, located outside the ancient Yumenguan Gate, where the northern line of the Silk Road passed. Sandong Shayadan landform is perpendicular to the prevailing northwest wind direction, but consistent with the flow direction of mountain torrents, forming the second largest scenic spot in Dunhuang with Yumenguan. Because of its peculiar characteristics, there is a ghost town.

Huang Du ancient city ruins

Located in the desert Gobi on the south side of Dunhuang-Yangguan Highway, 25 kilometers away from the city center. 1987 Dunhuang, a large-scale historical feature film co-produced by China and Japan, is based on the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival in Song Dynasty, and is designed and built in imitation of the ancient city of Shazhou, with a construction area of 65,438+10,000 square meters. The architectural style of Dunhuang ancient city has a strong western customs, with three gates in the east, west and south, and towering towers; The city consists of five main streets: Gaochang, Dunhuang, Ganzhou, Xingqing and Bianliang, with Buddhist temples, pawn shops, warehouses, restaurants and houses on both sides. The ancient city of Dunhuang reproduces the majestic posture of Dunhuang, an important town in the northwest during the Tang and Song Dynasties. It is known as the architectural art museum in the west of China, and has the unique advantage of shooting military films in the ancient western frontier. Now it has become the largest film and television shooting base in western China, where it has been filmed successively.

Suoyangcheng

It is an ancient city on the throat of the Silk Road. It played a very important role in politics, economy, culture and military affairs in ancient Hexi. There is a very open oasis near the ancient Suoyang City, which is the link between Jiuquan County and the western regions. There are dozens of ancient cities, ancient tombs, grottoes and temples around, and the scale of preservation is especially that of Suoyang City.

Cynomorium is divided into two cities, an outer city with a total area of 800,000 square meters and an inner city with a total area of 280,000 square meters. The pier in the northwest corner is18m high, with ancient military facilities such as enemy platform and ring platform on it. Cynomorium has the best preserved ancient military defense system and ancient irrigation system. At the same time, it is also a typical specimen of development and vicissitudes in the evolution of ancient desertification, and it is the most perfect tourist attraction combining ancient cultural relics and unique natural landscape in western China. [3]

Yangguan

Yangguan Town, located 70 kilometers southwest of Dunhuang City, opened up Hexi for Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, one of the "four counties, according to two customs". Since ancient times, the Silk Road has been the only way out of Dunhuang in the west and the gateway to the western border. Wang Wei, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, "Weicheng is light and dusty in rainy city, and the guest house is green and willow." Advise you to make another glass of wine. There is no reason for people to go out to Xiyangguan and make Yangguan famous forever.

Dunhuang Sanwei Mountain Tourist Area

Sanwei Mountain Tourist Area in Dunhuang is located 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, close to Mogao Grottoes, which complements Buddhism and forms a tourist landscape featuring Buddhist culture on the Silk Road. Sanwei Mountain stretches for dozens of miles from east to west, and the main peak faces Mingsha Mountain across the Daquan River. Its "three peaks stand tall, and if it is dangerous, it will be dangerous." Sanwei Mountain is a famous mountain in Dunhuang history and the birthplace of Dunhuang civilization history. According to Shan Hai Jing, Sanwei Mountain is the place where Sanqing birds live. In ancient myths and legends, Sanqingniao is a boy who feeds on the mythical queen mother, putting a mysterious veil on Sanwei Mountain. According to Zuo Zhuan and historical records, the Sanqing tribe, which originally lived between Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, was defeated in the tribal war at that time. According to historical research, Sanqingyuan was a nation with birds and dragons as its totem. The so-called Sanqing Bird lived here, that is, people with three bird totems in the south were exiled here, and Sanmiao people moved to Sanwei Mountain, becoming the earliest Dunhuang residents since written records in history, thus opening the first page of Dunhuang's splendid history.