Analysis of natural conditions in Guangzhou

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(1) Geographical location and scope

Guangzhou is the capital of Guangdong Province and the political, economic, scientific, technological, educational and cultural center of Guangdong Province. Guangzhou is located in the south of Chinese mainland, south-central Guangdong Province, on the northern edge of the Pearl River Delta, close to the lower reaches of the Pearl River Basin. Its range is 1 12 degrees 57 minutes east to 1 14 degrees 3 minutes north to 22 degrees 26 minutes north to 23 degrees 56 minutes. It is adjacent to Boluo and Longmen counties in Huizhou in the east, Sanshui, Nanhai and Shunde districts in Foshan in the west, Qingyuan, Fogang and Xinfeng counties in Shaoguan in the north, Dongguan and Zhongshan in the south, and faces Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions across the sea.

Due to the numerous islands and dense waterways in the Pearl River Estuary, including Humen, Jiaomen, Hongqimen, etc., Guangzhou has become an excellent seaport for ocean transportation in China and the import and export shore of the Pearl River Basin. Guangzhou is also the intersection of Beijing-Guangzhou, Guangzhou-Shenzhen, Guang Mao and Guangzhou-Meishan railways, and the civil aviation transportation center in South China, with very close ties with all parts of the country. Therefore, Guangzhou is called the "South Gate" of China.

(2) the characteristics of land area and land resources

In 2005, the total area of Guangzhou was 7434.40 square kilometers. Among them, 10 municipal area is 3843.43 square kilometers, accounting for 51.7% of the total area of the city; The two county-level cities cover an area of 3,590.97 square kilometers, accounting for 48.3%.

The cultivated land area in Guangzhou is 130 1 10,000 hectares, and the forestry land area is 257,000 hectares. Guangzhou has diverse land types, wide suitability and complex terrain. The terrain decreases from north to south, and the highest peak is the paradise top at the junction of Conghua City and Longmen County in the north, with an altitude of 12 10 m; Northeast China is a middle and low mountainous area; The middle is a hilly basin; The south is the coastal alluvial plain, which is an integral part of the Pearl River Delta. Due to the interaction of various natural factors, various land types have been formed. According to the vertical zone of the land, it can be divided into the following types: (1) medium and low mountains. It is a mountainous area with an altitude of 400-500 meters, mainly distributed in the northeast of Guangzhou, with a general slope of more than 20-25 degrees. The parent materials of soil are mainly granite and sand shale. This kind of land is an important water conservation forest base, which is suitable for developing ecological forest and hydropower. (2) Hilly land. The slopes in the vertical zone below 400 ~ 500m above sea level are mainly distributed among mountains, basins and plains, and in Zengcheng, Conghua, Huadu and the eastern and northern parts of the urban area. Soil-forming parent materials are mainly composed of sand shale, granite and metamorphic rocks. This kind of land can be used as the growth base of timber forest and economic forest. (3) Gangtai. A gentle slope with a relative elevation of less than 80m and a slope of less than 15 degrees. Mainly distributed in Zengcheng, Conghua, Baiyun and Huangpu districts, and scattered in Panyu, Huadu and Tianhe districts. Soil-forming parent materials are mainly accumulated red soil, red rock series and sand shale. This kind of land can be developed and utilized as agricultural land, and is also suitable for planting fruits, economic forests or pastures. (4) alluvial plain. There are mainly the Pearl River Delta Plain, Guanghua Plain alluvial by Liuxi River, and the alluvial and marine plains along the coast of Panyu and Nansha. With deep soil layer and fertile land, it is the main production base of grain, sugarcane and vegetables in Guangzhou. (5) the beach. It is mainly distributed in the coastal areas of Nansha, Wanqingsha and Xinken Town in Nansha District.

(3) Climate characteristics

Guangzhou is located in the south subtropical zone, and its climate belongs to the typical maritime climate of the south subtropical monsoon. Because the back of the mountain faces the sea, the maritime climate is particularly remarkable, with warm and rainy, sufficient light and heat, small temperature difference, long summer and short frost period. Because of the same period of water and heat, it is very beneficial to the growth of crops, but the threat of natural disasters is also great. Disastrous weather such as typhoon, rainstorm, cold wave, thunder and lightning, smog and so on often bring adverse effects to industrial and agricultural production, transportation and so on.

Sufficient light and heat resources. In 2005, the annual sunshine hours in Guangzhou were 1288.5 ~ 1780.0 hours, the annual average temperature was 2 1.9 ~ 22.8℃, the annual extreme maximum temperature was 38.6 ~ 39.3℃, and the annual extreme minimum temperature was 0.0 ~ 2.3℃. This summer, high temperature and hot weather occurred in all districts (county-level cities). In winter, Conghua City and Zengcheng City have basically no cold damage except frost and freezing.

There is abundant rainfall. In that year, the total precipitation of all districts in Guangzhou was between 1384.4 ~ 2278.3mm, except Panyu District, which was less than the average of previous years by 15.0%, and other districts were 5.0% ~ 18.8% more. The total precipitation in Zengcheng is 2278.3 mm, ranking first in the city, 65438+ more than the average in previous years. Rainfall in rainy season (April to September) accounts for 80% ~ 83% of the whole year. Due to the influence of topography, there is more precipitation in mountainous areas than in plains, and more in the north than in the south. The time distribution of precipitation in that year was extremely uneven, and the precipitation in each district was obviously high from April to June. In June, affected by local heavy rain and upstream water, Zengcheng was flooded. At the same time, the rainy season coincides with strong light and high heat, forming a fairly high climatic biological potential, reaching 77865 ~ 97950 kg/ha.

The monsoon climate is prominent. The alternation of winter and summer monsoon is a remarkable feature of Guangzhou monsoon climate. The northerly wind in winter is formed by the cold air mass extending southward from the polar continent, and the weather is dry and cold; The southerly wind in summer is caused by the northward expansion of tropical ocean heating mass, and the weather is warm and humid. The conversion of summer wind direction and winter wind direction is generally in September each year, and the conversion of winter wind direction and summer monsoon is generally in April each year.

(4) Water source characteristics

Guangzhou is located in the south water-rich area, with developed water system, numerous rivers (swells) and vast waters. There are 2 1 river with rainfall collection area exceeding 100 square kilometer, and 23 1 river in the old eight districts, with a total length of about 9 13 kilometer. It not only constitutes the unique cultural characteristics of Lingnan water town, but also plays an outstanding role in improving urban landscape and maintaining the stability of urban ecological environment.

The main characteristics of Guangzhou's water resources are that there are few local water resources and relatively abundant transit water resources. The water area of the city is 74,400 hectares, accounting for 10% of the land area of the city. The main rivers are Beijiang River, Dongjiang River, Zengjiang River, Liuxi River, Baini River, Guangzhou Section of Pearl River, Shiqiao Waterway and Shawan Waterway. Beijiang River and Dongjiang River flow through Guangzhou, join the Pearl River and enter the sea. The local average total water resources is 7.979 billion cubic meters, including 7.8865438 billion cubic meters of surface water; Groundwater is 65.438+48.7 million cubic meters. In terms of local water resources, per square kilometer 106.0 1 10,000 cubic meters, per capita water resources 1 139 cubic meters, which is half of the national average water resources. The water resources of transit passengers are1886.10.50 billion cubic meters, which is 23 times of the total local water resources. Passenger water resources are mainly concentrated in Nanwanghe area and Zengcheng city, among which the passenger water resources diverted from Xijiang River and Beijiang River into Guangzhou reach1591500,000 cubic meters, the passenger water resources diverted from Dongjiang River into the main stream of Dongjiang River are142.03 million cubic meters, and the water from the upper reaches of Zengjiang River is 2.828 billion cubic meters. The southern river network area is in the tidal influence area, with large runoff and strong tidal action. Humen, Jiaomen and Li Hongqi of the Pearl River enter Lingdingyang and leave Guangnan South China Sea, with an annual high of 2.7/kloc-0.0 billion cubic meters and an annual low of 408.8 billion cubic meters. Compared with the annual runoff of 65.438+03.77 billion cubic meters of the three sluice gates, the annual tidal current can bring a lot of water, part of which is available fresh water resources.

(5) Biological resources

The natural conditions in Guangzhou provide a good ecological environment for a variety of creatures to inhabit and multiply and grow crops. There are many kinds of creatures and they grow rapidly. The zonal vegetation is subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, but there are few natural forests, and the forests in mountainous and hilly areas are secondary forests and artificial forests.

Cultivated crops have obvious characteristics of transition from tropical to subtropical, and are one of the richest fruit resources in China, including tropical, subtropical and temperate regions, with 40 families, 77 genera, 132 species and more than 500 varieties. It is also the origin and species center of litchi, citrus, longan and olive. Vegetables are famous for their high quality and variety, with more than 400 varieties in 14 category. Flowers include foliage plants, fresh cut flowers, potted flowers, bonsai, potted citrus, ornamental seedlings, industrial flowers and so on. In recent years, more than 300 traditional varieties and new varieties have been introduced and developed. There are many kinds of grain, cash crops, livestock and poultry, aquatic products and wild animals, and there are many famous and special varieties.

(6) Mineral resources

The geological structure of Guangzhou is quite complex and has good metallogenic conditions. 46 kinds of minerals have been discovered and 794 mineral deposits have been discovered, of which 43 kinds have been investigated and 29 kinds have been proved. Among the minerals with proven reserves, there are 15 large and medium-sized minerals and11mining area. The main minerals are building granite, marl, ceramic soil, potassium, albite, refractory clay, quartz sand, mirabilite, nepheline, orthoclase, marble, mineral water and underground hot water. Among them, the building granite reserves are 2 1.05438+0.600 tons, the marl reserves are 376.0497 million tons, and the ceramic soil reserves are 24.499.51000000/kloc-0. There is a serious shortage of fuel minerals and metal minerals in the area, and the scale is small and scattered.