What is the cause of tropical monsoon climate?

1, Tropical Rainforest Climate-Tropical Rainforest Belt

Located on both sides of the equator of all continents, it extends about 5 ~ 10 from south to north, such as Amazon Plain in South America, Congo Basin and Gulf of Guinea in Africa, and some islands in eastern Asia.

These areas are located in the equatorial low pressure area, and the airflow mainly moves upward, so there are many opportunities for water vapor condensation to cause rainfall. It rains all year round, and there is no dry season. The annual precipitation is more than 2000mm, the minimum rainy month precipitation is more than 60 mm, and there are many thunderstorms. The average temperature in each month is 25 ~ 28℃, and the summer is long all year round, with no seasonal change. The annual temperature is generally below 3℃, and the average daily temperature can reach 6 ~ 12℃.

In this high temperature and rainy climate all the year round, plants can grow all year round, with diverse tree species and dense vegetation.

2, savanna climate-savanna belt

This kind of climate is mainly distributed on both sides of the equatorial rainy climate belt, namely Central America, South America and Africa, which is about 10 ~ 15 north latitude (some extend to 25).

Its main characteristics are as follows: First, due to the north-south movement and the alternating influence of equatorial low pressure area and trade wind area, the dry and wet seasons in a year are distinct. The annual precipitation is generally 700-1000 mm. When controlled by the equatorial low pressure zone, the equatorial ocean air mass prevails, with convergent updraft, forming a wet season, wet and rainy, with dense tall grass and shrubs growing everywhere and sparse trees, that is, savanna landscape.

When affected by the trade winds, air masses prevail in the tropical continent, resulting in dry season, dry soil, withered grass and deciduous trees. Compared with the equatorial rainy climate, there are at least 1 ~ 2 months of dry season in a year.

Secondly, the annual temperature is high, with the characteristics of low latitude and high temperature. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 16 ~ 18℃. The hottest month appears after the dry season and before the rainy season, so the climate in this area is generally divided into three seasons: dry, hot and rainy. The annual temperature is slightly higher than that in the equatorial rainy climate zone.

3. Tropical desert climate-tropical desert belt

It is distributed outside the tropical dry and wet season climate zone, roughly between north latitude 15 ~ 30, and is most widely distributed in North Africa, Southwest Asia and central and western Australia.

The tropical arid climate zone is controlled by subtropical high and trade winds all the year round, and the tropical continental air mass prevails, and the airflow sinks, and the hot and dry weather becomes the main feature of this climate. The temperature is high, and it is known as the "hot pole" in the world. There is little precipitation, the annual rainfall is less than 200 mm, and it changes greatly, even it doesn't rain for many years. Strong sunshine and strong evaporation further aggravate the dryness of the climate.

Tropical semi-arid climate, distributed in the outer edge of tropical arid climate zone, is characterized by: first, the rainy season is short, and the annual precipitation can be increased to 50 mm; Second, the temperature on the high latitude side is not as high as that on the low latitude side.

4. Subtropical monsoon climate-subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

The subtropical monsoon climate appears on the east coast of subtropical continent, with latitude of 25 ~ 35, which is a zone where tropical marine air mass and polar continental air mass alternately control and compete with each other.

It is mainly distributed in Qinling Mountains in eastern China, south of Huaihe River, north of tropical monsoon climate, south of Japan and south of Korean Peninsula. It's warm in winter here, and the average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃. Summer is hot, the average temperature in the hottest month is above 22℃, and the temperature changes obviously in seasons with four distinct seasons.

The annual precipitation is generally 1000 ~ 1500mm, which is more in summer, but there is no obvious dry season. Compared with the temperate monsoon climate, the seasonal changes are basically similar, except that the winter temperature is relatively high and the annual precipitation increases.

5. Mediterranean climate-subtropical evergreen hardwood forest belt

Located on the west coast of subtropical latitude, the latitude is about 30 ~ 40. The west coast of the mainland includes the Mediterranean coast, the coast of California, the central coast of Chile in South America, the southern tip of South Africa and the southern tip of Australia. It is a transitional zone between tropical semi-arid climate and temperate maritime climate.

These areas are significantly affected by the seasonal displacement of the pressure zone, and the subtropical high controls the airflow in summer, so it is very hot in summer except the cold current along the western coast of the mainland, and the downward flow is not conducive to clouds and rain, so the climate is dry; Winter is influenced by the west wind, which is mild and humid. The annual rainfall is moderate, ranging from 300 ~ 1 000 mm, mainly in winter.

6. Temperate monsoon climate-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest belt

It appears on the east coast of the mainland around 35 ~ 55 north latitude, including northern and northeastern China, most of Korea, northern Japan and parts of the Far East.

In winter, affected by the northerly winds in high latitudes inland, polar continental air masses prevail, which are cold and dry; In summer, influenced by polar ocean air mass or denatured tropical ocean air mass, southeast wind prevails, which is warm, hot and rainy, with rain and heat in the same season.

The annual precipitation is about 65438±0000mm, about two thirds of which is concentrated in summer. There are four distinct seasons throughout the year and the weather is changeable. With the increase of latitude, the temperature amplitude in winter and summer increases correspondingly, while the precipitation decreases gradually.

7. Temperate maritime climate-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest belt

Located on the west coast of the mainland, 40 north latitude ~ 60 south latitude. Being in the westerlies all the year round, it is deeply influenced by the ocean air mass, and there is a warm current passing along the coast. There is no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃, the hottest month is below 22℃, and the annual and daily temperature difference is small.

There is precipitation all year round, especially in autumn and winter. The annual precipitation is over 65438±0000mm, and the windward slope in mountainous areas can reach over 2 000 ~ 3 000 mm. This kind of climate is the most typical in western Europe, with the largest distribution area, and it is also distributed in the corresponding latitudes of the west coast of North and South America, as well as Tasmania and New Zealand in Oceania.

8. Temperate continental climate-temperate desert belt

It is mainly distributed in the central part of Asia and North America at 35 ~ 50 north latitude. Here, deep inland or along the coast, there are high mountains, which can't stand the influence of sea breeze. It is a polar continental air mass all year round, with hot Leng Xia in winter, large annual and daily temperature difference and little precipitation, showing continental climate characteristics.

Due to the different latitudes, in addition, in the south-central Argentina of the South American continent, due to the rain shadow area of the westerly belt, the airflow from the Pacific Ocean sinks over the Andes and heats up adiabatically. In addition, there is a cold current along the coast and the air is stable, so it is dry all year round, and it also shows the characteristics of temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate.

Due to the different drought degrees in the above areas, there are obvious differences in natural vegetation. The annual precipitation in arid areas is generally below 250 mm, and plants are scarce, showing desert scenery; Outside the arid area, the annual precipitation is between 250 and 500 mm, which is a semi-arid area.

9. Subfrigid climate-Subfrigid coniferous forest belt

The continental climate in the sub-cold zone is the main climate type in the sub-cold zone, also known as the coniferous forest climate in the sub-cold zone. This kind of climate appears between 50 and 65 north latitude, also known as the sub-frigid coniferous forest climate, which is distributed in a belt and crosses North America and Eurasia.

Specifically, in North America, from Alaska to most parts of Labrador and Newfoundland via Canada; It starts from Scandinavia in the west of Eurasia (except the south), passes through Finland and the west of Russia (the southern border is on the line of Leningrad-Gorky-Sverdlovsk), and reaches the east of Russia (except the south).

The northern part is bounded by the hottest month 10℃ isotherm. The climate in this area is mainly influenced by the polar ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, which is the source of the polar continental air mass.

In winter, there are many opportunities for the Arctic air mass to invade. In warm seasons, tropical continental air masses can sometimes penetrate.

The main features of this climate are: the winter is long and cold, the average temperature is below 0℃ for 5 ~ 7 months every year, and the cold weather of -50℃ often occurs; Summer is short and warm, and the monthly average temperature is above 10℃, and the highest temperature can reach 18 ~ 20℃, especially the annual variation. The annual precipitation is generally 300 ~ 600 mm, mainly in summer rain. Due to weak evaporation, the relative humidity is high.

10, tundra climate-tundra zone

Mainly distributed in Eurasia and the Arctic Ocean coast of North America, it has the same polar climate as the ice sheet climate. Because it is often influenced by the ice ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, it is very cold all year round. The average temperature in the hottest month is 1 ~ 5℃, with less precipitation, weak evaporation and high cloud cover. Natural vegetation is mainly tundra (moss and lichen).

1 1, ice climate-ice zone

It is distributed in and around the polar regions, including Greenland, several islands in the Arctic Ocean and the ice sheet plateau of the Antarctic continent.

This is the birthplace of the ice ocean air mass and the Antarctic air mass. It stays in a state of long night all winter. Although summer is like spring all the year round, the sunshine is oblique and the heat gained is weak, so the climate is cold all the year round, and the temperature in each month is below 0℃.

The Antarctic continent has an average annual temperature of -25℃, which is the coldest continent in the world. 1967, the absolute minimum temperature measured by Norwegians was -94.5℃, which was called the "cold pole" in the world.

Most of the ground is covered with thick ice and snow, and there are many cold storms, which make it difficult for plants to grow.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Climate Types