Who has Mozart's life?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is one of the representatives of the Viennese classical music school in Europe. As a model of classical music, he played a great role in the development of European music. Mozart composed 22 operas, 4/kloc-0 variations, 42 concertos, a requiem and hundreds of sonatas, chamber music, religious music and songs. Opera is the mainstream of Mozart's creation. Like Gluck, Wagner and Verdi, Mozart is one of the four giants in the history of European opera. In the field of symphony, together with Haydn and Beethoven, he wrote the most brilliant page in the history of European music. Mozart was also the founder of piano concerto, and he also made outstanding contributions to the development of European instrumental concerto. In addition, his Requiem has also become a valuable masterpiece in religious music. As a European composer at the end of18th century, Mozart's music profoundly reflected the spirit of this era, especially the thought of the civil class embodied in his opera works, which was undoubtedly of progressive significance at that time. Mozart endowed music with singing, but it was deeply sad, reflecting the fate of intellectuals in Mozart's era.

Golden childhood and adolescence

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756 65438+ Bold Mozart 10 was born in Leo on October 27th. He is a violinist, organist, composer and music educator. His violin lessons are famous not only in Austria and Germany, but also in other European countries.

Mozart showed extraordinary musical talent from the age of three. He often goes to the piano, presses the keys to listen carefully and tries to play the music he has heard. Once, Mozart's father went home with his friends. Four-year-old Mozart is sitting at the table. His father asked him what he was doing. He said that he was writing a piano concerto. When his father brought the employee paper to look at it, he shed tears with excitement. He said to his friends, "Look, everything written here is so correct and meaningful!" "

Mozart has amazing hearing and musical memory. At the age of seven, he played on his father's friend schacht Neil's violin. Two days later, Mozart practiced on his own violin. When schacht Nell called again, Mozart told him that the violin I played now was one eighth lower than that I played two days ago. Schacht Neil thought he was joking, but Mozart's father knew his son completely. He asked his friend to bring the violin from home. After proofreading, he found that Mozart's judgment was completely correct.

1762, Mozart, who was nearly six years old, mastered the playing technique of clavichord, and at the same time, he began to learn to play the violin. This autumn, my father got a holiday from the Archbishop. He took Mozart and his sister Nanil to Vienna. The arrival of the Mozart family caused a great sensation in Vienna. At the suggestion of others, the father brought Mozart and his sister to the court, and the royal family let the children play solo or in combination with four hands, improvising according to the theme given by others; People also cover the keys with cloth and let Mozart play complex songs. The technology of others is in the family of an outstanding musician in Salzburg, Austria. His father combined the innocence of children, and the music touched people around him. In court, they performed for two weeks before leaving.

Father's holiday was over, and they returned to Salzburg at the beginning of 1763. In the summer of the same year, Mozart's father asked the archbishop for leave again and took the children on a longer concert trip. During their trip to Paris, they visited many cities in Germany, such as Munich, Heidelberg, Frankfurt, Bonn and Cologne. Wherever he goes, Mozart and his brother will hold concerts, and every concert will cause a sensation among local nobles and residents. There is a poster in Frankfurt: "Today, August 3 1, the last concert will be held at 6 pm on Wednesday. A girl of 12 years old and a boy of 7 years old will play the clavichord. The girl plays the most difficult works of the masters, and the boy can also play the violin concerto. When playing a symphony, the boy will also play freely on the covered keys accompanied by guqin. If people play a sound or chord on the clavichord or any other musical instrument, or make sounds with other things, such as small bells and glasses, they can accurately name these sounds. Finally, he will improvise on the piano and organ, and the audience will improvise when they ask him what tonality. " From the poster, we can see the great influence of the concert at that time.

1763165438+10, Mozart finally arrived in Paris with his family, and the music life in the French capital greatly broadened his artistic horizons. In Paris, he listened to many famous musicians, as well as many symphony concerts, church choirs and organ concerts. Paris's complicated social life, fierce literary and artistic debates, and liberal and broad ideas are incomparable to the closed life of Germany and Austria. Facing the new cultural environment, Mozart enjoyed his activities in Paris. He held two public concerts very successfully, becoming the most striking image of the upper class in Paris, especially favored by the court. He was even allowed to stand at the king's dinner table on New Year's Day, which was a great honor for musicians at that time. During his stay in Paris, Mozart also composed many musical works and published the first four sonatas for violin and piano there. At that time, he was seven years old.

After their trip to Paris, the Mozart family came to England in April 1764, and they stayed in England for more than a year. In this more than a year, Mozart won the appreciation of the British audience on the one hand, and broadened his horizons on the other. The British audience showed great interest in him, and they asked him to play the most difficult new works at that time and improvise tunes according to the fixed bass. He was also arranged to improvise for singers and performers. In addition, Mozart was interviewed by others at a fixed time every day, which amazed these explorers every time. In England, he heard Handel's magnificent oratorios for the first time. He was stunned by the music in this hall. There, he also met john cleese Ann Bach, a composer who was famous in Europe at that time and had a far-reaching influence on Mozart, and the second son of the great J. S. Bach. The optimism and bright colors in his music deeply touched the heart of the music prodigy. Influenced by john cleese Ann Bach, Mozart gradually regarded composition as the happiest thing in life. Apart from giving concerts and receiving guests, he devoted almost all his time to music creation. He not only composed chamber music, such as clavichord and violin, but also began to compose symphonies. Mozart wrote three symphonies in succession when his father was ill in bed. In London, he published six sonatas for clavichord and violin, three symphonies and forty-three small collections. When he left England, he had become a creative genius.

At the invitation of the Dutch ambassador, the Mozart family left London for concerts in The Hague and Amsterdam. During the ten-month tour in Holland, almost all the works performed were created by Mozart himself. Later, they set foot on their way home, continued to perform along the way, and held concerts in Paris, Geneva, Bern, Munich and other places. Finally, in June 1766 1 1, I returned to my hometown Salzburg from Munich after three years' absence.

Almost three years' tour has made Mozart mature a lot. Although he is only ten years old, he never treats himself as a child, and his strong desire to create makes him blindly develop in the direction of composing music. When he left Salzburg three years ago, he was just a child prodigy. Now, when he returns to his hometown, he has shown his extraordinary ability to compose music. Shortly after returning to Salzburg, the local archbishop invited Mozada and other adult composers to create large-scale oratorios for the church. Mozart, who was only ten years old, wrote a complete first movement for this oratorio. The following year, he also presented a small opera "Apollo and Janchette" for the Salzburg University Drama Festival. In September of the same year, Mozart's father led his son to Vienna to attend the wedding of Princess Maria and the King of Naples. They stayed in Vienna for nearly a year. At that time, the aristocratic class in Vienna had turned their social interest from concerts to dances, so Mozart was not favored by the upper class there. Nevertheless, the trip to Vienna brought him some gains. There, he accepted the creation of two operas and completed them all. The first opera "False Silly Girl" is selected from the plays of Italian dramatist Cole Cerini. Mozart hoped that his opera could be supported and rehearsed by the Italian comedy troupe that was performing in Vienna at that time, but due to economic problems, the theater leaders gave up the plan to stage it. The second opera Bastian and Bastianna was created by the famous Viennese hypnotist Dr. Sumaru at that time. Sumaru is a music fan. He owns a home theater. Thanks to his support, Mozart's operetta got a chance to be staged. At that time, many Viennese newspapers reported this performance as follows: "All the music of this celebration is the famous Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who is the 12-year-old son of Mr. Leo Polder Mozart who works in the Duke's Church of Salzburg. He wrote it with his unique talent. The exercise of Vienna Mozart became more mature.

Italy is the birthplace of European opera and the center of European music at that time. This should be a must for those who are bent on becoming musicians. 1769 At the end of the year, my father took Mozart to Italy. Before that, rumors about Mozart had already spread among Italian music lovers. When Mozart and his son arrived in Rovereto, they began to attract people's attention. As soon as the news came out that he was going to play the organ in the church, the audience swarmed and many people blocked the way to the church. Later, Mozart held concerts in Verona, mantua and other cities. Italians almost dedicated their worship of music to this 13-year-old prodigy, and the local newspaper touted him as follows: "Mozart was born to overwhelm all recognized music masters."

Mozart's concert repertoire is very rich and varied. He is not only a composer, but also a performer and conductor. What is even more surprising is that he also plays and sings opera arias as a singer. Mozart's genius in music attracted the attention of the world-class Milan Opera House at that time, and the Opera House invited Mozart to write an opera for them. In Bologna, the Italian cultural center, Mozart also got to know Pastor Marzini, a famous European composer, theorist and educator at that time and an academician of Bologna Conservatory of Music. The master of religious music gave Moza a profound influence in the writing of fugue. Since then, Mozart has held concerts in Rome and Naples. During the whole performance in Italy, Mozart also absorbed the essence of Italian opera, and the Italian music culture was deeply imprinted in his memory. Once, after listening to the composer Gregory allegri's famous multi-part chorus "Hymns" in church, he wrote down the scores of all the multi-part choruses from memory. Mozart's genius deeply touched the Pope and awarded him the medal of "Golden Wheel". 1770 In August, Bologna Conservatory of Music awarded 14-year-old young academician title.

In 65438+February of the same year, Mozart's opera "The King of the Black Sea" was staged in Milan Opera House, and the performance was an unexpected success. Italian audience never imagined that a foreign composer as young as 14 could create an orthodox Italian opera so successfully. The opera was staged for 20 consecutive performances, and the audience was full. On his way back to Salzburg from Italy, Mozart gave concerts in Turin, Venice and Padaya. When he came to Milan again on his way home, he once again attended the second opera for the carnival of 1773.

1772 10 Mozart returned to Salzburg. Four months later, he went to Milan, Italy at the invitation of the Duke of Fielding in Naples. Mozart serenaded the Duke's wedding with a play called "Kannio of Alba", which was in the form of an Italian pastoral and accompanied by a ballet scene. This music is very charming. The serenade was repeated in the days of the wedding celebration, eclipsing other works that participated in the performance at the same time. Maria Celezia, the mother of Duke Fielding and queen of Austria, was very happy to give Mozart a gold watch engraved with his portrait, which was the favorite expression of the aristocratic class at that time. However, just when young Mozart was brilliant, a series of misfortunes came. Duke Ferdinand changed his mind about keeping Mozart; The protector of Mozart's father, Archbishop Sigmund of Salzburg, died suddenly, and the new owner, Count Ieronim Cololedo, was very hard on them. At the same time, Mozart's dream of serving in Milan and Vienna courts failed one after another. So he had to return to Salzburg. Although Subat, a famous music critic at that time, enthusiastically praised Mozart as "one of the greatest musicians of all time" in German News magazine, Mozart, as a musician, was trapped in the court of Salzburg, completely lost his freedom and became a servant of music, which undoubtedly had a great impact on the growth and development of young Mozart.

Rough youth

Mozart spent his childhood and adolescence in the sun. However, just when he began to really understand life, he was imprisoned under the gloomy eyes of the archbishop. He has no freedom, no joy, and can't hear the warm cheers of the audience. The archbishop often prevented Mozart's father from participating in the music life of the court, trying to isolate the relationship between Mozart's father and son. At the same time, he put all kinds of pressure on Mozart, and whenever he was found to resist a little, he humiliated him in a rude way. The Archbishop only tolerated others to cater to his artistic interests, and was extremely jealous of Mozart's genius and the honor he won, in an attempt to destroy the genius's will and turn him into a tame servant.

However, the dream of the Bishop of Colorado did not come true, and the talented Mozart still built his own music world in his heart with strong perseverance and brave spirit. In addition, harmonious family atmosphere, friendly friendship and longing for nature also gave him the strength to get rid of the archbishop's imprisonment mentally. Of course, the most powerful force is his creative desire. Once he was immersed in composing music, all the ugliness around him seemed to quietly leave. Mozart at this time is not like when he didn't travel and perform. The music culture from all over Europe and the music creation of celebrities have been deeply imprinted in his mind. The accumulation of knowledge and the broadening of vision make his creation mature. Mozart composed dramatic symphonies in G minor, dreamy piano sonatas in G major and poetic minuets in D major. What deserves special mention is the violin concerto he created during this period. In a short period of one year from 65438 to 0775, Mozart wrote five violin concertos in succession. These works have reached a high level in expressiveness and exquisite structure, which profoundly reflects Mozart's unrestrained feelings, joy and profound sadness contained in this cheerful singing.

During the years when he worked under Bishop Coeroli, Mozart used his gentle personality, approachable attitude and attractive talents to make extensive contact with the surrounding nobles, although limited by the Bishop. Mozart often wrote some chamber music works for the celebrations of aristocratic families, and also played and taught them. However, these pleasant exchanges cannot change Mozart's real living environment. It is difficult for him to contain the raging fire in his heart, fall madly in love with the art of traditional Chinese opera, and are eager to create drama music by himself. Mozart had to spend the most painful time of his youth in Salzburg because his talents were not fully developed. Mozart endured the pain because he knew that if he broke with the bishop, his father would be dismissed and his family would starve. Mozart once wrote to Reverend Martini, a respected teacher, with a deep feeling, and told him about the bitter water accumulated in his heart. The letter said, "Dear Master, I often want to talk to you by your side and exchange my views with you. I live in a country with unlucky music. Although apart from musicians who have left here, we also have real artists and outstanding composers, who are very literate and talented. The situation in the theater is very bad ... how far I am from you and how much I have to say to you! " Just when Mozart was in deep pain, life seemed to take a new turn. The archbishop finally agreed to Mozart's vacation and allowed him to leave Salzburg temporarily.

1777 In September, accompanied by his mother, Mozart finally embarked on the road of travel and performance again. They arrived in Munich first. Mozart held a concert here as a teenager and made many noble friends here. At this time, these people have been unable to help him, so they can only arrange some small family concerts for this former prodigy to show their sincerity. Later, they left Munich and went to Fort horace and Mannheim. Mannheim was the center of German music at that time, and there was also a good opera house, where Mozart was warmly welcomed by local musicians. He wrote two flute concertos for flute player Wendelinga, one concerto for oboe Rama and several violin sonatas for violinists of Manheim Symphony Orchestra. Mozart met Gezboyer, a famous opera composer, in Mannheim and watched his opera In Fort Valts, Shi Feng. He also made friends with the famous writer Vilander, who inspired Mozart's later opera creation.

Everything in Mannheim made Mozart completely immersed in music, and he seemed to feel full of creative inspiration, especially opera creation. He decided to get rid of the Italian style and set out to create German-Austrian national operas. Just when he was full of ambition, he met his first love, the young female singer Alloy Zia Webgert, and his strong love washed away his desire to create operas. He wrote a very beautiful aria for her and a violin sonata in E minor, which poured his affection for her. Love life completely disrupted Mozart's plans in Mannheim, and he even wanted to take Alloy Zia on a trip to Italy. All this was finally opposed by his father, and his and his mother's travel expenses in Mannheim were running out. Mozart had to bid farewell to his lover in tears and go to Paris to find new opportunities.

1778, Mozart came to Paris with his mother. They lived in a shabby little hotel and lived a very hard life. The prodigy of that year seems to have disappeared from people's memory. He looked for his old friends everywhere, but they were all cold to him. Mozart was depressed, and then he really realized that the upper class only held an entertainment attitude towards art, and their enthusiasm and cheers for him at the beginning were only to satisfy their own desire for recreation. Now, he has grown up. Although he has made great progress in art, he can no longer bring the mystery of his childhood to dignitaries. In addition, there was a sensational art debate in Paris at that time, that is, the debate between the famous opera reformer Gluck and the Italian Orthodox Piesini. So people's attention will not be paid to this young man from a small place at all. Finally, thanks to some old friends of my father, he was introduced to some noble families as music teachers, and he barely made ends meet.

During his stay in Paris, Mozart composed a flute and harp concerto for the Duke of England and his daughter. Wrote a small dance drama for the famous dancer Norwell; He also wrote a symphony and got a chance to play it. But none of this can change Mozart's position in Paris. Most unfortunately, due to the sultry weather and malnutrition, his mother was seriously ill and bedridden. However, Moza sought medical treatment everywhere, and finally died late at night on July 3, leaving Moza to live alone. After that, Mozart couldn't get help from his friends, and he couldn't find other ways to get out of trouble, so he buried himself in his creation and completed piano sonatas in A minor, C major, F major and A major in almost two months. These four works show that Mozart's creation tends to be mature. Facing the cold reality, Mozart finally left Paris under the pressure of his father. On the way home, he missed Alloy Zia, but when he saw her again in Munich Theatre, he was given the cold shoulder. Mozart returned to Salzburg with a bitter heart.

In Salzburg, Mozart once again lived a life similar to imprisonment. The bishop stipulates that you can't perform privately, leave the local area or compose music for others casually, and your every move is monitored. During this period, my father became withdrawn and stubborn because of his age. He devoted himself completely to religion and could not give Mozart any spiritual comfort, which deepened Mozart's inner pain. The only thing that comforted him was that in the autumn of 1780, he got an opportunity to write an opera. The Munich Theatre persuaded the Archbishop to agree that Mozart should write an opera for the celebration of Munich court, and gave him two months' creative leave. The opera script is selected from the story of the Greek myth Idomenho, King of Clit, which is not an ideal theme for Mozart, but out of a strong desire for opera creation, he quickly completed the first draft. Two months later, the opera began to be rehearsed in a hall of the court. Although Mozart's unusual musical skills were unacceptable to some actors, they also shocked people. After listening to the rehearsal of the first act, the examinee summoned Mozart with great interest. 178 1 year 65438+1October 29th, when the opera was officially staged, the musicians were full of praise, but the ordinary audience in Munich was cruel. No matter what others say, Mozart saw his new development from the music of this opera, and he was full of confidence in creating opera.

This new pursuit is bound to make Mozart more and more tired of his slave life. He hates the archbishop and is tired of his work as a court musician. Finally, after being insulted, he completely broke away from the archbishop. He resigned as a musician and decided to leave the court. In a rage, he wrote to his father and said, "He treated me cruelly, forced me to sweep the floor and clean the room, and paid me only a little money. I can't stand all this anymore. The soul ennobles people. I am not a duke, but I may be much more upright than many inherited dukes. " When his father persuaded him to change his mind, he said, "My happiness has just begun!" " "Mozart resolutely got rid of the shackles of the archbishop. Although poverty and hunger are waiting for him, he would rather endure all this than lose his freedom. Since then, he has embarked on a new life path, which is the beginning of his creation to a new stage.

Adult achievements and Yu Nian's sadness.

1782, Mozart came to Vienna alone and lived alone for the first time in his life. In the past days, he never left his family, even when he traveled and performed, he was always accompanied by his father and mother. In the first few days in Vienna, he lived a very irregular life, and at the same time, he had to do very heavy work to make a living. He wrote in the morning, taught in the afternoon, and performed in the evening. After the performance, he continued to write until late at night. There is no free time from morning till night. Work so hard just to make a living. Nevertheless, Mozart was still full of energy, especially his sense of spiritual freedom, which made him completely forget poverty and hardship. Mozart's sincerity, kindness and genius made people around him want to be close to him. In Vienna, he quickly established his own circle of friends. Some writers, musicians, dramatic actors and scholars he once admired often become friends with him now.

In Vienna, Mozart happened to meet the Webgerts. Alloy Zia, who fell in love with him in those years, is now a famous opera singer and married court artist Langer several years ago. Old Weinberg has passed away, and Mrs. Weinberg and her three daughters live in Zia, Aroi. With the friendship of that year, Mozart was invited to live in the Weber Gert family, and their help naturally relieved many housework troubles. More importantly, the warmth of the sisters in Weibao completely made up for his pain of leaving home. Due to frequent emotional communication, Mozart fell in love with Alloy Zia's sister, 18-year-old Constantine, and Constantine loved him very much. Mozart married her on August 4th, 1782 despite his father's objection.

Marriage has greatly changed Mozart's life, and at the same time, his creative career has also taken a new turn. Joseph II was forced to comply with public opinion and set up a national theatre in Vienna to stage operas and plays with rich national content, because people from all walks of life in Austria set off a wave of promoting the national spirit. The theater commissioned Mozart to write a national opera, which was Mozart's long-cherished wish. The play is based on the most popular Austrian drama theme at that time, and its title is Temptation of Harem. The play was written by Mozart's friend and very talented dramatist Stefani. This talented stage practitioner created this vivid and touching opera script from the interest of the audience. Mozart was very satisfied with the quality of the script and soon devoted all his enthusiasm to the conception and creation of the music of the play. In this opera, the composer combined many creative techniques. Mozart, like Idomenho, combined the writing methods of comic opera, orthodox opera, romanticism and folk lyric songs, trying to make the opera language get rid of the too external stylization of Italian orthodox opera around the simple and true content. We don't see any posturing in the aria of this opera. They all seem to be natural expressions of language. The development of melody and rhythm is also very consistent with the structure of lyrics. Even coloratura is not affectation or decoration, but is organically integrated into the natural expression of feelings. Mozart's achievements in Temptation of Harem played a decisive role in his later representative operas.

After The Temptation of Harem was staged in Vienna, it attracted the attention of the music industry. The famous opera composer Gluck enjoyed the opera very much. Unfortunately, this prestigious composer is old and weak now, so he can't give any help to this young genius. Mozart won the audience's welcome in Vienna by virtue of his diligence and talent. From 1783 to 1785, he plays almost every day, sometimes twice a day. At this time, Mozart has become the most popular and respected musician in Vienna, and the glory of his childhood seems to flash on Mozart again.

However, Mozart's achievements were not recognized by court officials at all. Joseph II never intended Mozart to enter the life of court music, let alone offer him a position. Apart from the official prejudice, the main reason is that the court music life in Austria was dominated by some musicians close to the royal family at that time. They were afraid that Mozart's genius would impact their position, so they tried their best to prevent Mozart from entering the court. Among these people, the composer Salyeli was the one who hurt Mozart the most. Salyeli became the director of court music after Gluck. Because he was jealous of Mozart's talent, he was always hostile to Mozart and used various means to prevent Mozart from entering the court music circle. Mozart didn't care what the despicable man did, but he later painfully called Salyeli the devil in his life.

During this period, Mozart was most gratified by the deep friendship he had established with Haydn. Haydn was 25 years older than Mozart, when his creation was in its heyday. With his genius insight, he asserted that Mozart was the greatest composer of our time. It is Mozart's greatest honor to be recognized by Haydn. In his view, the evaluation of him by the whole court group is far less significant than Haydn's appreciation of him. Haydn's creation had an important influence on Mozart, and Mozart was deeply grateful to the elder for his help. In order to thank Haydn, he wrote six quartets dedicated to this respected music master.

Frequent performances prompted Mozart to constantly create new piano works. Since 1782, Mozart's piano creation has reached a new level. On the basis of Haydn, he laid the form of four movements for piano sonata, and endowed the theme material of each movement with distinctive personality and amazing expressive force; His works, such as Piano Concerto No.20 in D minor (K.466) and Piano Concerto No.23 in A major (K.488), are all models of European classical concertos. In addition, he also created some impromptu piano works, among which Fantasia in C minor is the most famous. The composer endowed this work with brand-new texture and harmony, which made it reach a high level in the performance of musicals.

From 1782 to 1786, Mozart's creative skills and musical expression are invincible in Vienna. The reputation of the best pianist and his friendly attitude make the whole Vienna art world very friendly to him, and his humble abode is always crowded with guests from the art world. Among these guests, there is a court poet named L da Ponte (formerly known as Emmanuel Cunnieyano), who played a key role in the success of Mozart's opera creation. He is descended from the Jews. He was adopted by a monk and scholar as a child and later became the dean of a seminary. He is not interested in religious activities. With his literary talent, he became a court poet in Vienna and was responsible for writing plays for operas chosen by the emperor. Da Ponte didn't show his talent at all before he met Mozart, but only after he met a master musician did he show his aura. 1785, when Mozart was awarded to write operas for Vienna Theatre again, he resolutely found this collaborator. Two like-minded artists decided to use the French playwright Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais's The Wedding of Figaro as the material for the opera script. Because the play contains some progressive revolutionary ideas and social significance, the rulers of many European countries, including Austria, shut it out and banned it from performing. However, da Ponte skillfully adapted it, and kept the most wonderful plot in the play on the premise of avoiding distinct political tendencies. Mozart was not satisfied with the first draft of the script, and he began to conceive music after several revisions. 1 May 7861,this epoch-making opera is over.