What's with Morse code?

Morse code (also translated as Morse code) is an intermittent signal coding, which represents different English letters, numbers and punctuation marks through different arrangement orders. It was invented by American Alfred Weil in 1837. Morse code is an early form of digital communication, but it is different from modern binary code, which only uses zero and one or two states. Its coding includes five types: dot, dash, pause between dots, short pause between words, moderate pause between words and long pause between sentences. [ 1]

South O.S is an international morse code rescue signal, not an abbreviation of any word. In view of the frequent maritime accidents at that time, it was often impossible to send out distress signals in time and organize rescue as quickly as possible, resulting in heavy casualties and property losses. 1908, the international radiotelegraph convention officially identified it as an international universal distress signal. The combination of these three letters has no practical significance, just because its code "...-..." (three dots, three dashes and then three dots) is the easiest for the sender to send and the easiest for the receiver to identify.

Morse code plays an important role in early radio, which every radio communicator needs to know. Due to the progress of signal technology, countries have been

Morse code ceased to be used in 1999, but it is widely used in real life because it occupies the least bandwidth and has technical and artistic characteristics.

Morse code consists of two basic signals and different intervals: short point signal, pronounced "di"; Press and hold the long signal "-"for a certain time and read "Da". Interval time: down,1t; ; Ta，3t； Between drops,1t; ; Between characters, 3t; Between words, 7 t. [3]

Morse code of 1837 is a number represented by dots and dashes. Numbers correspond to words. You need to look up a code table to know the numbers corresponding to each word. You can click, stroke and pause with the electric keys.

Although Morse invented the telegraph, he lacked relevant professional knowledge. He signed an agreement with Alfred Weil to help him make more practical equipment. Alfred Weil conceived a scheme in which each character and punctuation can be sent independently of each other through dots, strokes and pauses in the middle. They agreed to include this scheme of marking different symbols in Morse's patent. This is now known as American Morse code, which was used to transmit the world's first telegram.

This code can be transmitted by a smooth-pitched, intermittent radio signal, usually called "continuous wave" and abbreviated as CW. It can be an electronic pulse in a telegraph line or a mechanical or visual signal (such as a flash).

Generally speaking, any coding method that can express written words with variable-length signals can be called Morse code. But now this term is only used to refer to two kinds of Morse code representing English letters and symbols: American Morse code is used in cable telegraph communication system; The international Morse code still in use today only uses dots and dashes (no pause).

The telegraph company charges according to the length of the letter to be sent. The commercial code carefully designed a set of five characters to send as a word. Do byoxo want to climb out of it? ); Why don't you answer my question? ); AYYLU (the code is not clear, repeat it clearly. )。 These five-character abbreviations can be sent separately in Morse code. On the network side, we will also talk about some of the most commonly used Morse business codes. Q- abbreviation and Z- abbreviation are still used in amateur radio: they were originally used to exchange information such as communication quality, frequency change and telegraph number between operators; In addition, manufacturers will still add "SMS(...- ...)" to the message ringtone of mobile phones, and in Hong Kong's wireless TV, since the opening of 1967 channel, the audio of "Today's News" will be played in the background music of every news report.

As an almost extinct code, American Morse code uses different dots, dashes and unique spaces.

Represents numbers, characters and special symbols. This Morse code is mainly designed for ground telegraphers, and it is transmitted by telegraph wires, not by radio waves.

This ancient and staggered code is designed to match the operator's response mode. Unlike now, you can hear the tone of the code from speakers or headphones. You can only hear the click of a mechanical generator of these earliest telegraphs, and even hear the answer from the send key: this key is set to passive mode when not sending signals, and is responsible for making sounds.

Most of these operators serve railways or future Western Union transmission. Like many young people at that time, Edison in his teens was such an operator. [2]

Modern Times

Modern international Morse code was invented by Friedrich Clemens gerk in 1848, which was used for telegraph communication between Hamburg and Kukes port. After 1865, after several modifications, it was standardized by the Paris International Telegraph Conference, and was later named International Morse Code by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

Today, the international Morse code is still in use, although it has almost completely become the patent of amateur radio enthusiasts. Until 2003, ITU was responsible for managing the work of obtaining amateur radio licenses for Morse code professionals all over the world. In some countries, some bands of amateur radio are still reserved for sending Morse code signals.

Because Morse only relies on stable radio signals, its radio communication equipment is simpler than other methods, and

And can be used in high noise and low signal environments. At the same time, it only needs a very narrow bandwidth, and it can also help two operators with different mother tongues to communicate with each other, which makes it very difficult to communicate with each other. This is also the most commonly used method of QRP.

In the United States, until A.D. 199 1 year, it was necessary to pass the Morse code transceiver test of five words per minute (WPM) in order to obtain the amateur radio certificate issued by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Before 1999, the highest level of amateur radio certificate (extra class) can only be obtained if the proficiency reaches 20WPM; 1999 12 13, FCC reduced this requirement of extra classes to 13WPM.

In 2003, the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC03, a biennial special conference on frequency allocation sponsored by the International Telecommunication Union) made a decision to allow countries to choose whether to require the use of Morse code in amateur radio license management. Although there is still a written requirement in the United States and Canada, in some other countries, it is being prepared to completely cancel this requirement.

Skilled amateurs and military operators can often receive (copy) Morse code at a speed of over 40WPM. Although the traditional telegraph key is still used by many enthusiasts, semi-automatic and fully automatic electronic keys have been widely used today. Computer software is also often used to generate and decode Morse code radio signals.

Morse password is simple and clear, and there is almost no ambiguity. The code is mainly represented by two characters: ""and "-",one is long and the other is short, which is used in many occasions, such as sending distress signals. In the movie Wind, Moore code is sewn on clothes to spread the news. This method is used in the cartoon Detective Conan and Reasoning Confrontation, New vs Okiya Subaru (tv5 1 1).

When Moore's password light is used to call for help, it is defined as "-"light is on for a long time and "."When the light is on for a short time, then all kinds of information can be sent out through the switch of the flashlight, such as distress information.

If the lights are displayed according to the law of "short bright dark short bright dark short bright dark short bright dark long bright dark short bright dark short bright dark short bright dark short bright short bright short bright short bright short bright short bright short bright short bright short bright short bright", then it means SOS.

Because the Moore code of SOS is:-This code is actually very simple, three short three long three short.

In addition to lights, distress signals can also be made by sound (two different sounds). This way of asking for help is something we should all understand, and it may come in handy when necessary [4].

20/kloc-in June, 2005, Kenji Goto, a Japanese hostage kidnapped by the terrorist organization Islamic State (IS), was beheaded, which shocked the international community. On February 1 day of that year, a Japanese netizen's interpretation film was circulated on the Internet, which pointed out that Goto blinked more times in the film released by IS than the hostage haruna yukawa on the right. Some Japanese netizens enlarged the picture of Kenji Goto, but after deciphering it, Goto typed the Morse code by blinking. The message he wanted to reveal was "Don't save me", which caused many netizens to talk about it. [

Representation method

There are two kinds of "symbols" used to represent characters: dots (. ) and dash (-), or "Dit" and "Dah". The length of the point determines

Improve the speed of sending messages as a reference for sending messages. The following is the time control chart:

- - - / - - - -

Nasa

Here, "-"means a line, and "."means a point. This is the exact sending time of the above message. Indicates that there is no signal, and each is the length of a point):

===.===...===.===.===...=.===.=...=.=.=...=.......===.=.===.=...===.===.===

^ ^ ^ ^ ^

Dash | word spacing

Dotted line spacing character spacing

The stroke is generally three points long; The interval between points and strokes is the length of a point; The interval between characters is the length of three points; The interval between words is the length of seven points.

Beginners are often taught to pronounce short, short and fast braille, exaggerating the interval between symbols and words. Comparatively speaking, this method is easier to learn.

People familiar with Morse code often speak or spell like this (where "long sound /Dah" is "awe"):

- - - / - - - -

dah dah dah dah dah dah didah Dit Didi Dit，dah dah dah dah dah Didi Dit。 [4]

Special symbol

This is a combination of some special points and strokes. They are connected by two-letter Morse code, which can save the interval time necessary for sending as two letters at ordinary times.

Ar: —— (Stop, end of message)

As:- (waiting)

K:———— (Inviting to transmit a signal) (generally, it means "your turn" with AR)

Sk:———— (Termination, end of contact)

Bt: —— (separator)

(I will resend the last sentence)

... (same)

..... (Error)

Common abbreviations

Abbreviations are different from the same symbols. Abbreviations keep the space between characters, and they are not used together.

Morse code table

A-All after (used to ask for repetition after the question mark)

AB- all before (same)

ARRL- American Radio Broadcasting Union (American Radio Broadcasting Union)

ABT- about (about)

Advertising address

AGN- once again

aerial

ABN- somewhere in between

BUG- semi-automatic key

C- Yes (Yes, OK)

CLG call (dial)

CQ- Call any station (contact any platform)

See you later (see you later)

Because because (because)

continuous wave (CW)

CX- condition

Break away from ...

DX- Distance (sometimes referred to as long-distance contact)

ES-And (and)

FB- fine business (similar to "ok")

Federal communications commission (FCC)

FER- yes (yes)

FREQ frequency

Ga- Good afternoon or continue (depending on the context) (Good afternoon)

Good night (good night)

General manager-good morning (good morning)

GND- ground (ground potential)

GD- good (good)

Hi-laughter (laughter; (Laughter)

HR- here (here)

High pressure-Yes (Yes)

Cover-Bad Operator (Bad Operator)

Mills-milliampere (milliampere)

Zero-None (None)

Number (number)

OB- old boys (old boys)

OC- old buddy (buddy)

OM-oldman (any male amateur radio operator is om)

OO- official observer (official observer)

OP operator

OT- old timer (veteran)

OTC- Old-timer Club (Old-timer Club)

OOTC- doyen club

PSE- please (please)

PWR-Power (power supply)

Quarter century wireless association

R I- confirmation or decimal point (depending on the context)

RCVR- receiver (receiver)

Duplicate or report (depending on context)

Rst- signal report format (readability-signal strength-tone)

Radio telex typewriter (radio telex)

RX- receive (receive)

SAE- Self-writing Address Envelope (Self-writing Address Envelope)

Sase- self-solving, stamp envelope (self-solving, stamp envelope)

Saeed Saeed (speaking)

Special economic zones speak (speak)

signal

SIGS signal (signal)

SKED- schedule

SN- soon

SOS- (SOS = International)

SRI- sorry (sorry)

STN radio station (radio station)

Temperature-temperature

TMW- Tomorrow (Tomorrow)

TNX- Thank you (thank you)

Tu-thank you (thank you)

TX- transmit (transmitter)

You (you)

UR-Your or you're (you or you have) (depending on the context)

Urs-yours (yours)

VY- very (very)

WDS- word (word)

WKD- worked

WL- will (will)

Willless

WX- weather (weather)

XMTR- transmitter (transmitter)

XYL- wife (wife)

YL- young lady (for any woman) (young woman)

73- Sincere greetings (best wishes)

88- Love and kiss (be careful to use between "opposite sex")

99- Go away (being asked to leave, unfriendly)

See entry: q short word.

1997, when the French navy stopped using morse code, it sent the last message: "attention, everyone, this is the last cry before we are silent forever!"

How to speak?

Radio contact

To communicate correctly in Morse code, only letters are enough. In order to make communication more efficient, there are many modes in the world.

This is an example of CW communication between radio A (s 1) and radio B (s2):

S 1: CQC qcq cqde s1k [Call anyone (CQ), this is (Germany) s1,over (k). ]

S2: s 1des2k (calling S 1, this is S2, over) (the two stations will establish communication connection).

S 1: sk (goodbye. )

S2: Goodbye. )

For example, there is nothing to talk about between the radio stations above. This is just a demonstration of contact.

SOS distress signal

1In August, 909, the American ship "Arap" was unable to sail because of the broken stern shaft, so it sent out a "SOS" signal to the nearby coast and passing ships. This is the first time to use this signal.

19 12, when the famous Titanic cruise ship was in distress on its maiden voyage, it sent CQD (Marconi Radio Company of Britain decided to use CQD as the.

Ship distress signal), but because D (-) is easily confused with other letters, the surrounding ships did not realize that it was a distress signal and did not rescue quickly. The new distress signal SOS (-) is used when it is about to sink. After the sinking of Titanic, SOS was widely accepted and used.

In fact, although SOS signal was formulated in 1906, British radio operators seldom use SOS signal, and they prefer the old CQD distress signal. John George Philip, the chief radio officer of Titanic, kept sending CQD distress signals until Harold Brad, a junior radio operator, suggested him, "Send SOS, this is a new call signal, and this may be your last chance to send it!" Then Philip mixed the SOS signal with the traditional CQD distress signal. Carpathia didn't receive the distress signal until the next morning because she didn't listen to the radio 24 hours a day.