Distribution and influence of climate

tropical rainforest climate

Tropical rain forest climate landscape

Located on both sides of the equator of all continents, it extends about 5 ~ 10 from south to north, such as the Amazon Plain in South America, the Congo Basin in Africa, the Gulf of Guinea and some islands in Southeast Asia. These areas are located in the equatorial low pressure area, and the airflow mainly moves upward, so there are many opportunities for water vapor condensation to cause rainfall. It rains all year round, and there is no dry season. The annual precipitation is more than 2000mm, the minimum rainy month precipitation is more than 60 mm, and there are many thunderstorms. The average temperature in each month is 25 ~ 28℃, and the summer is long all year round, with no seasonal change. The annual temperature is generally below 3℃, and the average daily temperature can reach 6 ~ 12℃. In this high temperature and rainy climate all the year round, plants can grow all year round, with diverse tree species and dense vegetation.

Features: It is hot and rainy all year round.

Distribution: near the equator (between 23.5 degrees north and south latitude)

Reason: Controlled by equatorial depression all the year round, updraft prevails.

Typical areas: Amazon river basin, Congo river basin, Indonesia

Vegetation type: dense tropical rain forest (slab root, right)

Animal representatives: elephants, orangutans, hippos …

tropical savanna climate

This kind of climate is mainly distributed on both sides of the equatorial rainy climate belt, that is, Central America and South America, about 5 ~ 15 north latitude (some extend to 25).

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The main characteristics of Africa are: firstly, due to the north-south movement and the alternating influence of equatorial low pressure area and trade wind area, the dry and wet seasons in a year are distinct. The annual precipitation is generally 700- 1.

000 millimeters. When controlled by the equatorial low pressure belt, the equatorial ocean air mass prevails, with convergent updraft, forming a wet season, which is wet and rainy. Dense tall grass and shrubs are growing everywhere, and sparse trees, that is, sparse trees and grass.

Primitive landscape. Be trusted by the wind shadow

When it rings, the tropical continental air mass prevails, which is dry and rainy, resulting in dry season, dry soil, withered grass and fallen trees. Compared with the equatorial rainy climate, there are at least 1 ~ 2 months of dry season in a year. Secondly, the temperature is high all year round.

It has the characteristics of low latitude and high temperature, and the average temperature in Leng Yue is above 16 ~ 18℃. The hottest month appears after the dry season and before the rainy season, so the climate in this area is generally divided into three seasons: dry, hot and rainy. The temperature is slightly higher throughout the year.

Greater than the equatorial rainy climate zone.

Features: high temperature all year round, rainy season (wet and dry seasons)

Distribution: Both sides of tropical rain forests in Africa and South America (5 ~ 15 N).

Cause: Alternating control of low pressure (rainy season) and trade winds (dry season)

Vegetation type: tropical sparse grassland (baobab)

Animal representatives: zebra, giraffe, antelope. ...

tropical desert climate

It is distributed outside the tropical dry and wet season climate zone, roughly between the north latitude15 ~ 30 and North Africa, Southwest Asia and central and western Australia.

Some of them are the most widely distributed. In the tropical arid climate zone, subtropical high and trade winds exist all the year round.

Under control, the tropical continental air mass prevails and the airflow sinks, so hot and dry becomes the main feature of this climate; The temperature is high, and it is known as the "hot pole" in the world. There is little precipitation, the annual rainfall is less than 200mm, and the variability is very low.

It doesn't rain for many years, plus strong sunshine and strong evaporation, which further aggravates the dryness of the climate. Tropical semi-arid climate, distributed in the outer edge of tropical arid climate zone, has the following main characteristics: First, the rainy season is short and decreases year by year.

The water quantity can be increased to 50mm；; Second, the temperature on the high latitude side is not as high as that on the low latitude side.

Features: It is hot and dry all year round.

Distribution: near the tropic of cancer, west coast of mainland (south latitude 15 ~ 30)

Cause: subtropical high and trade wind control.

Vegetation type: tropical desert

Animal representative: dromedary camel

Tropical monsoon climate

The tropical monsoon climate is distributed on the east coast of the mainland between north latitude 10 and 25. Mainly distributed in the south of Taiwan Province Province, China, Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island.

As well as Indochina Peninsula, most parts of Indian Peninsula and Philippine Islands; In addition, it is also distributed in the northern coastal zone of the Australian mainland. The annual average temperature is above 20℃, and the highest in Leng Yue is generally above 18℃. The annual precipitation is large, concentrated in summer, which is due to more convective rainfall under the control of equatorial ocean air mass in summer and a large amount of precipitation brought by tropical cyclone transit, resulting in more rain in summer than in tropical dry and wet seasons; On some windward coasts, due to the influence of topography, the summer precipitation even exceeds that in the equatorial rainy climate zone. The annual precipitation is generally above 1 500 ~ 2 000 mm, and the tropical monsoon develops in this area, and the dry and wet seasons are obvious, that is, the northeast wind blows in the northern hemisphere in winter, forming a dry season; In summer, the southwest wind from the Indian Ocean blows (the northwest wind blows in the southern hemisphere), which is rich in water vapor and concentrated in precipitation, forming a wet season.

Features: high temperature all year round, rainy summer, dry season and rainy season.

Distribution: Indian Peninsula, Indochina Peninsula (from 10 to 25 N on the east coast of the mainland).

Reasons: the thermal difference between land and sea and the seasonal movement of wind area in pressure area.

Vegetation types: evergreen broad-leaved forest, rice.

Animal representatives: Asian elephant, peacock. ...

Subtropical region

mediterranean climate

Located on the west coast of the continent at subtropical latitude, between 30 and 40, including the Mediterranean coast, California coast, central coast of Chile in South America, southern tip of South Africa and southern tip of Australia. It is a transitional zone between tropical semi-arid climate and temperate maritime climate.

These areas are significantly affected by the seasonal displacement of the pressure zone, and the subtropical high controls the airflow in summer, so the temperature is very hot in summer except for the cold current along the western coast of the mainland, and the downward flow is not conducive to clouds and rain, so the climate is dry; Winter is influenced by the west wind, which is mild and humid. The annual rainfall is moderate, ranging from 300 ~ 1 000 mm, mainly in winter.

Features: It is hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

Distribution: 30 ~ 40 degrees north latitude on the west coast of the mainland.

Cause of formation: alternating control of westerly belt and subtropical high

Plant type: subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (grape olive, etc.). )

Subtropical monsoon climate

The subtropical monsoon climate appears on the east coast of the subtropical continent at 25 ~ 35 north latitude, which is the alternation of tropical marine air masses and polar continental air masses.

Climatic zone landscape Nanling

Control and compete with each other in the intersecting areas. It is mainly distributed in Qinling Mountains in eastern China, south of Huaihe River, north of tropical monsoon climate, south of Japan and south of Korean Peninsula. It's warm in winter here, and the average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃. Summer is hot, the average temperature in the hottest month is above 22℃, and the temperature changes obviously in seasons with four distinct seasons. The annual precipitation is generally 1 000 ~ 1 500 mm, which is more in summer, but there is no obvious dry season. Compared with the temperate monsoon climate, the seasonal changes are basically similar, except that the winter temperature is relatively high and the annual precipitation increases.

Features: It is hot and rainy in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

Distribution: 25 ~ 35 N east coast of mainland.

Cause: Sea-land temperature difference

Plant type: subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (rice, citrus, tea ...)

Animal representatives: giant panda, golden monkey, etc.

Subtropical monsoon humid climate

Southeast North America and eastern Argentina in South America have subtropical monsoon humid climate.

Southeast Australia. These areas are called subtropical monsoon humid climate because there is a considerable amount of precipitation in winter, and there is little difference between winter and summer. 1 month average temperature is generally above 0℃, in summer,

It's very hot. The average temperature in July is about 25℃, and the direction of Xia Feng changes obviously in winter. The annual precipitation is generally above 1000mm, with more precipitation in spring and summer and less precipitation in autumn and winter.

Subtropical desert climate

Subtropical desert climate is

The extension of tropical desert climate to high latitudes. Similar to the tropical desert climate: little rain, partly cloudy, strong sunshine, high temperature and strong evaporation. The difference from the tropical desert climate: the temperature is lower in the cool season, and it is wetter than the tropical desert all year round.

Haoda The reason is that the temperature in midsummer is similar to that in tropical desert, but in cool season, due to the higher latitude, less solar radiation is obtained, and polar continental air masses invade. There will be whirlwind rain in the cool season. The cool season is often affected by extratropical cyclones, in August.

(Southern Hemisphere February) Tropical Ocean Air Mass Invasion. There is a small amount of convective rain. Subtropical grassland and desert climate are mainly distributed in the western mainland and inland areas with 25 ~ 35 north and south, and their basic characteristics are similar to those of tropical desert.

The climate is similar. It is distributed in North Africa, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, southern Australia, southern Pambas grassland, Patagonia and parts of South Africa.

Features: drought and little rain all year round, high temperature and heat in summer.

Distribution: the western mainland and inland areas of 25 ~ 35 north latitude.

Cause: It is formed by subtropical high and dry trade winds.

Plant type: desert

Animal representative: camel

temperate climate

Temperate maritime climate

Temperate maritime climate landscape

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Located on the west coast of the mainland, 40 ~ 60 north latitude. Being in the westerlies all the year round, it is deeply influenced by the ocean air mass, and there is a warm current passing along the coast. There is no severe cold in winter and no intense heat in summer. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃, which is the hottest month.

Below 22℃, the annual and daily temperature difference is small. There is precipitation all year round, especially in autumn and winter. The annual precipitation is above 1000mm, and the windward slope in mountainous areas can reach 2000 ~ 3.

000 mm above. This climate is the most typical in Western Europe, with the largest distribution area, and also distributed in the corresponding latitudes of the west coasts of North and South America, as well as Tasmania and New Zealand in Oceania.

Features: Wet all year round, warm in winter and cool in summer.

Distribution: 40 ~ 60 degrees north latitude on the west coast of the mainland.

Reason: It is controlled by the mid-latitude westerly wind all the year round.

Mid-latitude monsoon climate

It appears on the east coast of the mainland near 35 ~ 55 north latitude, including North China and Northeast China, most of Korea, northern Japan and the Far East.

Part of it is in winter, influenced by the northerly winds in the inland areas at high latitudes, and the polar continental air mass is prevalent, cold and dry; In summer, influenced by polar ocean air mass or denatured tropical ocean air mass, southeast wind, warm and rainy weather prevail.

Season. The annual precipitation is about 65438±0000mm, about two thirds of which is concentrated in summer. There are four distinct seasons throughout the year and the weather is changeable. With the increase of latitude, the temperature amplitude in winter and summer increases correspondingly, while the precipitation decreases gradually.

Features: It is hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter.

Distribution: East coast of the mainland near 35 ~ 55 N.

Cause of formation: the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

Wet weather in temperate zone

The temperate continental humid climate is located in the eastern part of North America and the eastern part of Eurasian temperate maritime climate zone. The changes of temperature and precipitation in this climate are somewhat similar to those in temperate monsoon climate. However, the seasonal variation of wind force and direction is not as significant as that of temperate monsoon climate. Affected by cyclones in winter, the precipitation is slightly higher than that in temperate monsoon climate. The concentration of rainwater in summer is not as significant as that in temperate monsoon climate.

Features: high temperature and convective rain in summer, cold and little rain in winter.

Distribution: East of North America W 100, 40-60 N.

Cause: The west wind from the ocean has undergone continental degeneration, with low temperature and high humidity. However, frontal cyclones often pass by. The proportion of precipitation in winter is less, but the temperate maritime climate is more than the temperate monsoon climate.

Temperate continental climate

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It is distributed in the middle of Asia and North America at 35 ~ 50 north latitude. Here, deep inland or along the coast, there are high mountains, which can't stand the influence of sea breeze. It is a polar continental air mass all year round, and it is hot in Leng Xia in winter, with annual and daily temperatures varying.

Large, less precipitation, showing continental climate characteristics. Due to the different latitudes, in addition, in the south-central part of Argentina on the South American continent, due to the rain shadow area of the westerly belt, the airflow from the Pacific Ocean crossed the Andes.

Sinking and adiabatic warming, coupled with a cold current passing along the coast and stable air, make it dry and rainy all year round, and also show the characteristics of temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate. Due to the different drought degrees, the natural vegetation in the above areas is obviously poor.

It's different. The annual precipitation in arid areas is generally below 250 mm, and plants are scarce, showing desert scenery; Outside the arid area, the annual precipitation is between 250 and 500 mm, which is a semi-arid area. There is also a sub-cold zone coniferous forest climate changed to temperate continental climate.

Features: large temperature difference between winter and summer, less precipitation throughout the year.

Distribution: 35 ~ 50 degrees north latitude, within the mainland.

Cause: Far from the sea, high latitude.

Subrigid zone

Subrigid continental climate

The continental climate in the sub-cold zone is the main climate type in the sub-cold zone, also known as the coniferous forest climate in the sub-cold zone. This kind of climate appears between 50 and 65 north latitude, also known as the sub-frigid coniferous forest climate, which is distributed in a belt and crosses North America and Eurasia. Specifically, in North America, from Alaska to most parts of Labrador and Newfoundland via Canada; It starts from Scandinavia in the west of Eurasia (except the south) and passes through Finland and western Russia (the southern border is in Leningrad-Gorky-Sverdlov I).

Line) to eastern Russia (except the south). The northern part is bounded by the hottest month 10℃ isotherm. The climate in this area is mainly influenced by the polar ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, which is the source of the polar continental air mass. In winter, the north

There are many opportunities for polar air masses to invade; In warm seasons, tropical continental air masses can sometimes penetrate. The main characteristics of this climate are: the winter is long and cold, and the average temperature is below 0℃ for 5 ~ 7 months every year, and -50℃ often appears.

Cold weather; Summer is short and warm, and the monthly average temperature is above 10℃, and the highest temperature can reach 18 ~ 20℃, especially the annual variation. The annual precipitation is generally 300 ~ 600 mm, mainly in summer rain. Andrew

Weak hair and high relative humidity.

Cold zone climate

Very cold weather

It is distributed in and around the polar regions, including Greenland, several islands in the Arctic Ocean and the ice sheet plateau of the Antarctic continent. This is the birthplace of the ice ocean air mass and the Antarctic air mass. It stays in a state of long night all winter. Although summer is like spring all the year round, the sunshine is oblique and the heat gained is weak, so the climate is cold all the year round, and the temperature in each month is below 0℃. The Antarctic continent has an average annual temperature of -25℃, which is the coldest continent in the world. 1967, the absolute minimum temperature measured by Norwegians was -94.5℃, which was called the "cold pole" in the world. Most of the ground is covered with thick ice and snow, and there are many cold storms, which make it difficult for plants to grow.

Climatic landscape of polar ice sheet

Arctic tundra climate

Mainly distributed in Eurasia and the Arctic Ocean coast of North America, it has the same polar climate as the ice sheet climate. It is often influenced by the ice ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, and it is cold all year round. The average temperature in the hottest month is 1 ~ 5℃, with less precipitation, weak evaporation and high cloud cover. Natural vegetation is mainly tundra (moss and lichen).

mountain climate

vertical distribution

Plateau areas in mid-latitude areas, such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Andes, have high altitude and low temperature all the year round (the temperature drops by 0.6 degrees Celsius every 100 meters above sea level), forming a plateau mountain climate. There are two most important characteristics of plateau mountain climate: high terrain and low temperature.