Compulsory one and compulsory two in senior high school: all climate types and related knowledge (geography)

Physical geography is a must for senior high school geography.

Unit 1 Map Theme

1. Longitude gradient: the east degree increases to the east longitude, and the west degree increases to the west longitude.

2. Latitude gradual change: the degree to the north increases to the north latitude, and the degree to the south increases to the south latitude.

3. The shape and length of the weft: a circle parallel to each other. The equator is the circle with the longest latitude, and it gradually becomes shorter towards the poles.

4. The shape and length of meridian: All meridians are semicircles with equal length where the north and south poles intersect.

5. Judgment of east-west meridian: East longitude increases along the rotation direction, while west longitude decreases.

6. Judgment of north and south latitudes: The degrees increase to north latitude and south latitude.

7. Division of the eastern and western hemispheres: 20 W to 160 E in the east is the eastern hemisphere, and 20 W to 160 E in the west is the western hemisphere.

8. East-west direction judgment: bad arc law (for example, 80 E is east of1E and west of170 W).

9. Scale size and graphic range: the larger the scale, the smaller the range; The smaller the scale, the larger the scope.

10. Determination of the direction on the map: generally, "north to south, left to west and right to east"; A map with a beacon tower, the arrow pointing to the beacon tower points to the north;

On the map of latitude and longitude network, longitude indicates the north-south direction and latitude indicates the east-west direction.

1 1. Contour density: the denser the contour lines in the same map, the steeper the slope; The denser the isobar, the greater the wind force; The denser the isotherm, the greater the temperature difference.

12. Convexity and topography of contour lines: where the contour lines protrude upward is the valley, and where the contour lines protrude downward is the ridge.

13. Contour line and convexity of river: the convex direction of contour line is opposite to the flow direction of river.

14. the protruding direction of isotherm and ocean current: the protruding direction of isotherm is the same as the flow direction of ocean current.

Unit 2 Special Topics on Earth Motion

1. Celestial body types: nebula, star, meteor, comet, planet, satellite, gas and dust in interstellar space, etc.

2. The hierarchy of celestial bodies: the master galaxy-the Milky Way (extragalactic galaxy)-the solar system-earth-moon system.

3. Planets are classified according to their characteristics: terrestrial planets (water, earth and fire), giant planets (wood) and distant planets (sky and sea).

4. Moon: (1) The front of the moon always faces the earth, and it also changes day and night. (2) There is no atmosphere, so the temperature difference between day and night on the surface of the moon is large, with many craters, no sound and no wind. (3) There are mountains, plains and volcanoes on the surface of the moon.

5. Reasons for life on the earth: stable lighting conditions, safe cosmic environment, suitable atmosphere and temperature, and liquid water.

6. The external structure of the sun and its corresponding solar activities: photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind).

7. Solar activity-sunspots (signs) and flares (strongest). The change period of sunspots is 1 1 year.

8. The influence of solar activity: sunspot-climate influence, flare-ionosphere-radio communication, charged particle flow-magnetic field-magnetic storm.

9. The influence of solar radiation: ① The main driving force to maintain the surface temperature and promote the water, atmosphere and biological activities and changes on the earth.

Solar energy is the energy we use every day.

10. Rotation direction: from west to east, counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole. Speed: ① linear velocity (decreasing from equator to poles to 0 ② angular velocity (equal everywhere except poles) Period ① sidereal day (real period 23h56m4s) ② solar day (24: 00, day and night cycle) Significance: ① day and night cycle ② places with different longitudes ③ level.

1 1, terminator line: along the direction of rotation, it transitions to the morning line at night and to the night line during the day (the height angle of the sun on the terminator line is 0 degrees).

12, terminator line and meridian: terminator line and meridian-vernal equinox coincide; The intersection angle between the termination line and the meridian is the largest-the summer solstice and the winter solstice.

13. Time calculation: required time = known time zone time difference+en route time.

14, time zone = longitude/15 (rounded when it is not divisible), time zone difference = time zone difference.

15, Universal Time: when the prime meridian (0) time is taken as the standard, it is also called Greenwich Mean Time, and it is also the time zone of the zero-time zone.

16, date division: east of zero meridian is "today" on the earth, and west is "yesterday".

17, international date line: the date of crossing international date line from west to east (not completely crossing 180 meridian) is reduced by one day, and the date of crossing from east to west is increased by one day.

18. Location of satellite launch base: natural factors (① meteorological conditions need sunny days; ② initial speed of earth rotation: depending on latitude and terrain; ③ flat and open terrain); Human factors (vast territory and sparsely populated, convenient transportation, meeting the needs of national defense security).

① Taiyuan: Strong technical force; ② Jiuquan: continental climate with many sunny days; ③ Xichang has low latitude and high initial launch speed;

④ Wenchang, Hainan: low latitude and high initial launch speed; Convenient transportation.

19, revolution speed: 65438+1early October-perihelion-fast, early July-perihelion-slow; Significance: ① the change of day and night, ② the change of sun height at noon, ③ the change of four seasons, ④ the formation of five zones.

20. The ecliptic angle formed by revolution and rotation (23 26'): ① The existence of the ecliptic angle-the movement of the direct point of the sun-the change of the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon-the existence of the ecliptic angle in four seasons-the movement of the direct point of the sun-the seasonal movement of the wind belt in the pressure belt-the formation of the Mediterranean climate and the tropical grassland climate; ② Five-zone dividing line: Tropic of Cancer is tropical. If the Huang Chi Angle becomes smaller, the tropics and frigid zones become smaller and the temperate zone becomes larger.

If the ecliptic angle is zero, the sun will always shine directly at the equator, the world will be divided equally between day and night, and the Mediterranean climate and savanna climate will disappear.

2 1, the variation law of noon sun height: ① decreasing from the direct point to the north and south sides; (2) the calculation of noon sun height = 90-△ (latitude interval between straight point and seeking point); ③ The height angle at noon is the largest in the area north of the Tropic of Cancer from summer to Japan, and the minimum in the southern hemisphere;

During the winter solstice, the noon height angle in the south of Capricorn is the largest in a year, and the smallest in the northern hemisphere. (4) The area between the Tropic of Cancer-there are two direct opportunities-two maximums (5) The higher the latitude, the smaller the midday sun altitude angle and the larger the building spacing.

22. Time distribution of day and night: ① In which hemisphere is the direct sunlight point, which hemisphere has long days and short nights. In the northern hemisphere in summer, the direct sunlight point is in the northern hemisphere, with long days and short nights. (2) Which hemisphere the direct point of the sun moves to, the daytime in this hemisphere will become longer, and the daytime in the northern hemisphere is the longest on June 22nd, and the shortest on June 22nd, 65438+February 22nd. ③ The maximum day length between the Tropic of Cancer and the maximum noon sun height angle do not appear on the same day, such as Haikou City.

23. Latitude distribution of the length of day and night: The days in the northern hemisphere are long in summer and short in night, and the days are longer as you go north (the earlier the sunrise is, the later it is). For example, in the northern hemisphere of Beijing-Shanghai-Guangzhou, the days are short and the nights are long, and the days are longer as you go south (the earlier the sunrise is, the later it is). Such as Haikou, Guangzhou and Shanghai.

24. Day length = sunset time-sunrise time; Length of day =24 hours-length of night

Sunrise time = 12:00- day length /2 (or 0:00+ night length/2); The sunrise time at that point on the equator is 6 o'clock.

Sunset time = 12:00+ day length /2 (or 24:00- night length/2); The sunset time at this point on the equator is 18: 00.

25, the earth is a non-luminous, opaque sphere-the phenomenon of day and night appeared.

Earth's rotation-a sphere alternating day and night (the rotation speed period affects the temperature difference between day and night)

The rotating sphere tilted by the earth-the movement of the straight point, the change of the height of the sun at noon, the length of day and night-four seasons and five zones.

26. Typical seasonal phenomena

geographical phenomena

Time season

Summer half year in the northern hemisphere

Winter half year in the northern hemisphere

Earth revolution

At the beginning of July, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth's revolution are the slowest near the perihelion.

At the beginning of 1 month, near perihelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth's revolution are the fastest.

Noon sun height

Around June 22nd, the area north of the Tropic of Cancer reached the maximum, and the equator and southern hemisphere reached the minimum.

On February 22nd, 65438+, it reached the maximum in the south of Capricorn and the minimum in the equator and the northern hemisphere.

The length of day and night

The day is long and the night is short, and the extreme day appears in the Arctic Circle.

The days are short and the nights are long, and the polar night appears in the Arctic Circle.

isothermal line

Terrestrial isotherms all protrude northward.

Terrestrial isotherms all protrude to the south, while oceans are the opposite.

Pressure belt, windbreak belt

As the sun points to the north.

As the sun points south.

snow line

snow line rising

Snow line descent

North Indian Ocean Current

Affected by the southwest monsoon, the ocean current flows clockwise.

Affected by the northeast monsoon, the ocean current flows counterclockwise.

Precipitation in China

Affected by the summer plum wind, there is more precipitation.

Affected by the winter plum wind, the precipitation is less.

Rivers in China.

Because of the high temperature, there are many ice and snow melts in inland rivers, and the outflow rivers are affected by the summer monsoon, and most rivers enter the flood season. Northeast China is divided into spring flood season and summer flood season.

Most of them enter the dry season. There was an ice age in the rivers north of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains, and some rivers were cut off.

Monsoon in China

Most parts of the country are affected by the summer monsoon from the ocean, which is hot and rainy.

Most parts of the country are affected by the mainland winter wind, which is cold and rainy.

Agricultural production in China

With the general high temperature in the country, crops have entered the growing period, and the crop maturity system has gradually changed from three crops a year to three crops a year and then to one crop a year from south to north.

Crops in most parts of the north are in the wintering period, and the tropical areas in the south are abundant in water and heat, which can produce anti-season vegetables and fruits.

Meteorological disaster

Drought and flood (spring drought in North China and summer drought in the Yangtze River), rainstorm and typhoon (gale, rainstorm and storm surge)

Cold wave, sandstorm, drought, snowstorm

geologic hazard

There are many landslides and debris flows.

fewer/ lesser

Unit 3 Special Topics on Atmosphere

1, the characteristics of troposphere: ① the temperature decreases with the increase of height; ② The atmospheric convection motion (12km) is remarkable; ③ The weather is complicated and changeable.

2. Characteristics of stratosphere: ① Temperature increases with height; (2) The atmosphere is stable, mainly horizontal movement, which is conducive to high-altitude flight.

3. Thermal process of the atmosphere: solar radiation-ground warming-ground radiation-atmospheric warming-atmospheric (inverse) radiation-atmospheric insulation.

4. Weakening effects of the atmosphere on solar radiation: absorption, reflection and scattering.

5. The relationship between solar radiation (illumination) and weather and topography: sunny weather, high terrain, thin air and stronger illumination;

The distribution of solar energy in China is the highest in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the lowest in Sichuan Basin.

6. Heat insulation of the atmosphere: strongly absorb long-wave radiation on the ground and return heat to the ground through atmospheric reverse radiation.

7, temperature and weather: cloudy during the day, the temperature is not high (strong cloud reflection); Cloudy at night, high temperature (strong atmospheric inverse radiation).

8. Vertical distribution of temperature: Tropospheric temperature decreases with the increase of altitude.

9. Horizontal distribution of temperature ① Latitude distribution: The higher the latitude, the lower the temperature. The area with the richest heat in China: Hainan Island ② Land and sea distribution: land and sea in summer and land and sea in winter; (3) Where the temperature is high, the isotherm protrudes to the high latitude; conversely, the isotherm protrudes to the low latitude.

10, temperature annual range: ① influencing factors: thermal properties of land and sea; Water status of surface vegetation; How much sex and rain.

② Variation law: inland-coastal, mainland-ocean, bare land-grassland-woodland-lake, sunny-cloudy.

1 1, thermal cycle characteristics (1) The horizontal place near the ground is hot-vertical airflow rising-low pressure (cyclone)-rainy (2) The horizontal place near the ground is cold-vertical airflow sinking-high pressure (anticyclone)-sunny (3). (4) Air flow from low latitudes-warm and humid; (5) Airflow from high latitudes-cold and dry; (6) air flow from the ocean-humidity; (7) Air flow from the mainland (land wind)-dry.

(8) Two different air currents meet-front-rain and wind.

12, horizontal air pressure temperature: the temperature near the ground is high, the air expands and rises, and the ground forms a low pressure; On the contrary, when the temperature is low, the air near the ground contracts and sinks, and high pressure is formed on the ground.

13. Wind formation: The horizontal movement of the atmosphere is called wind, and the horizontal pressure gradient force is the direct cause of wind formation. The denser the isobar, the greater the wind speed.

14, wind direction: (1) wind direction-the direction of the wind;

(2) Determine the wind direction according to the isobar distribution: Take the figure on the right as an example, draw the wind direction at point A and its acting force.

① Determine the direction of horizontal pressure gradient force: perpendicular to isobar, pointing from high pressure to low pressure.

② Determine the geostrophic deflection direction: vertical wind direction, right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere.

(3) The near ground is affected by friction (the direction is opposite to the wind direction), and the wind direction is oblique to the isobar.

15, the wind direction of the upper atmosphere is the result of the joint action of pressure gradient force and geostrophic deflection force, and the wind direction is parallel to the isobar;

The wind near the ground is influenced by the pressure gradient force, geostrophic deflection force and friction force, and the wind direction forms an angle with the isobar.

16, front and weather (cold and warm air masses move horizontally and meet)

① The cold front passes through the rain area behind the front, and there is rain and snow to cool down. After crossing the border, the air pressure increased, the temperature plummeted and the weather turned fine;

② The warm front crossing rain area is in front of the front, and most of it is continuous precipitation. After crossing the border, the temperature rose, the air pressure dropped and the weather turned fine.

17. The main front affecting the weather in China is the cold front, such as the rainstorm in summer in northern China, the cold wave in winter in China, and the sandstorm in winter and spring.

18, pressure system and weather (the same air mass moves vertically):

① Cyclone (low pressure) vertical airflow rises, and the weather is rainy. ② Anti-cyclone (high pressure) vertical airflow sinks and the weather is fine;

19, 3-circle circulating pressure belt wind belt:

① Three-circle circulation (vertical distribution)

Draw a three-cycle diagram on the right.

② Pressure area and wind area (horizontal distribution)

Draw the distribution map of pressure zone and wind zone on the right ("leaving the north to press the south")

(3) The red flag of the Great Wall Research Station floats to the northwest, and the window should avoid the southeast direction;

The red flag of the Yellow River Research Station floats to the southwest, and the window should avoid the northeast.

20. Movement of pressure belt and wind belt: It moves with the movement of the direct point of the sun.

Direction of movement: As far as the northern hemisphere is concerned, it generally moves northward in summer and southward in winter.

"South Asia cannot be separated from East Asia"

2 1. Monsoon circulation: the difference of land and sea heat makes the center of Asia and the Pacific change with the seasons;

Summer: the Asian low is formed in the Asian continent, and the Hawaiian high is formed in the Pacific Ocean.

Winter: Asian high is formed on the Asian continent, and Aleutian low is formed on the Pacific Ocean.

22. Monsoon circulation in East and South Asia: (as shown on the right)

East Asia: southeast wind in summer and northwest wind in winter; It is mainly caused by the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

South Asia: southwest wind in summer and northeast wind in winter, which is formed by the seasonal movement of wind zone and pressure zone and the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

23. Drought and flood disasters and rain belt movement in China are closely related to the intensity of subtropical high.

(1) The rain belt moves in late spring (May), in South China (Pearl River Basin) (spring drought in North China, spring waterlogging in Northeast China) and in early summer (June-July), the rain belt moves to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River-Meiyu (quasi-static front) in July-August, and the rain belt moves to Northeast China and North China, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River enter a "summer drought".

② The rainy season in the north starts late and ends early, and the rainy season is short; The rainy season in South China starts early, ends late and is long.

(3) Drought and flood disasters The subtropical high moves northward quickly (the summer monsoon is strong), resulting in flooding in the north and drought in the south.

The subtropical high moves slowly northward (the summer monsoon is weak), which leads to drought in the north and waterlogging in the south.

The basic causes of floods and droughts in China are: the strength of summer monsoon and the advance and retreat in the morning and evening.

24. Climate forming factors: solar radiation, atmospheric circulation, underlying surface and human activities.

25. Steps to judge the climate type: ① judge the northern and southern hemispheres, ② judge the hot areas, and ③ judge the rain type.

① Four tropical climate types: the monthly average temperature is above 15 degrees, and there are great differences among different precipitation climate types.

Tropical rain forest climate (affected by equatorial low pressure all the year round, with high temperature and rainy all year round)

Tropical desert climate (affected by subtropical high or land trade winds all year round, with high temperature and little rain all year round)

Tropical monsoon climate (northeast wind prevails in South Asia in winter, which is a dry season, southwest monsoon in summer, and rainy season in June-September).

Tropical grassland climate (rainy season when equatorial low pressure moves, dry season when trade winds move, agricultural activities are sown in rainy season and harvested in dry season)

② Subtropical climate type: The maximum Leng Yue temperature in winter is above 0 degrees, and there are only two climate types in the world:

Mediterranean climate: except Antarctica, it is distributed on all continents, at 30? ——40? The west coast of the mainland lies between the westerly belt and the subtropical high, with mild and rainy winter and hot and dry summer.

Subtropical monsoon climate: winter-northerly wind-low temperature and little rain, summer-summer monsoon-high temperature and rainy.

③ Temperate climate type: Except the maritime climate, the most Leng Yue temperature in winter is below 0℃.

Temperate maritime climate: 40? -60? The west coast of the mainland (the high latitude side of the Mediterranean climate) is controlled by the west wind all the year round, and it is mild and rainy all year round.

Temperate monsoon climate: distributed in 35? -55? The east coast of the mainland (the high latitude side of the subtropical monsoon) is cold and dry due to the winter monsoon and hot and rainy due to the summer monsoon.

Temperate continental climate: controlled by continental air mass throughout the year, the daily range is larger than that of annual range, and precipitation is scarce, mainly in summer.

26, the different characteristics of continental and maritime climate (taking the northern hemisphere as an example):

The diurnal range of continental climate and temperature is greater than that of annual range, with the highest temperature in July and the lowest temperature in 65438+ 10. The annual precipitation is small.

The maritime climate has a small daily variation and a small annual variation. It is the hottest in August, the most in Leng Yue in February, and the annual precipitation is more.

27. Major meteorological disasters: refer to disasters directly caused by factors such as rainstorm and flood, drought, typhoon, cold wave, strong wind and dust, fog, high temperature and low temperature.

typhoon

Drought and flood disaster

cold wave

occurrence time

Summer and autumn season

Spring, summer and autumn

Late autumn, winter, early spring

home

Tropical or subtropical ocean surface

Mongolia, Siberia

Affected area

Eastern coastal areas of China

Except some desert areas in the west.

The vast areas except Qinghai-Tibet, Yunnan-Guizhou and Hainan.

Changes in the weather

Strong wind, rainstorm, storm surge

Heavy rain, rainstorm or rainstorm

Strong wind, rain and snow, freezing rain

28. Major atmospheric environmental problems: global warming (greenhouse effect carbon dioxide), ozone layer destruction (ozone depletion caused by HCFCs) and acid rain (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide).

29. Greenhouse effect ① Burning a lot of fossil fuels-increasing CO2 in the atmosphere-enhancing atmospheric inverse radiation ② Deforestation-weakening photosynthesis-relatively increasing CO2-enhancing atmospheric inverse radiation ③ Enhancing atmospheric inverse radiation-greenhouse effect-increasing temperature-changing the distribution of global hot spots-adjusting economic structure (agricultural economic structure adjustment, middle latitude damage, high latitude benefit, suitable for planting. (4) The polar icebergs melt, the sea level in coastal areas rises, and the groundwater quality in coastal areas deteriorates.

30. Environmental benefits of greening: ① keep the balance of O2 and CO2 in the atmosphere through photosynthesis, and purify the air; ② Greening plants and shelterbelts can regulate climate, conserve water, maintain soil and water, prevent wind and fix sand ③ The function of urban green space is to eliminate smoke and dust, filter air, reduce pollution, reduce noise and beautify the environment.

Unit 4 Water Environment

1, water cycle: ① According to its occurrence field, it can be divided into land-sea cycle, inland cycle and ocean internal cycle. ② The main links of water cycle are evaporation, water vapor transport, precipitation and runoff. (3) Its significance lies in: constantly replenishing and updating fresh water resources, regenerating water resources, and maintaining the dynamic balance of global water.

2. The relationship between land and water body: ① The change of runoff in rivers with rainwater recharge is consistent with the change of rainfall: a The river with Mediterranean climate has the largest flow in winter; B monsoon climate is the main river, with the largest flow in summer; C temperate maritime and tropical rainforest climate, the river flow does not change much throughout the year; (2) The change of river runoff mainly supplemented by ice and snow is closely related to the temperature: the rivers mainly supplemented by glacial meltwater have the largest flow in summer. (3) River water and groundwater can supplement each other, and lakes play a role in regulating and storing river runoff.

3. Differences of river recharge in China: ① The rivers in the east of China are mainly recharged by precipitation (flood type in summer, snowmelt water in the northeast in spring).

(2) Rivers in Northwest China are mainly replenished by meltwater from snow and ice (flood type in summer and cut off in winter).

4. Interpretation of seawater isotherm: ① Judging the northern hemisphere (the colder the north, the northern hemisphere).

② The direction of ocean current is consistent with that of seawater isotherm: high temperature flows to low temperature, which is a warm current, and vice versa.

5. Factors affecting seawater temperature-solar radiation (income), evaporation (expenditure) and ocean current.

6. Formation of ocean current: The directional wind (the wind belt on the earth) is the most basic driving force for the formation of ocean current, and the wind current is the most basic type of ocean current.

7. Ocean current distribution (draw a map of ocean current distribution on the right):

① The mid-low latitude current circle is clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.

② Anti-clockwise current circle in the middle and high latitudes in the northern hemisphere ③ west wind drift formed in the sea area of 40-60 degrees in the southern hemisphere.

(4) Monsoon currents form in the North Indian Ocean, counterclockwise in winter and clockwise in summer.

8. Impact of ocean current on geographical environment: ① Impact on climate (warm current-raising temperature and humidity, cold current-lowering temperature and humidity).

② Affect marine life-fishing grounds ③ Affect navigation ④ Affect marine pollution.

9. The main fishing grounds in the world: Hokkaido, Beihai and Newfoundland-the intersection of cold current and warm current; Peruvian fishing ground-upwelling

10. The reasons why marine fisheries are concentrated on the continental shelf are as follows: ① the sunlight is concentrated here and the photosynthesis is strong;

(2) Rivers entering the sea bring rich nutrients, abundant plankton and rich bait.

1 1. Marine disasters refer to natural disasters originating from the ocean: tsunami and storm surge.

12. Marine environmental problems refer to marine ecological damage caused by human activities: marine pollution, sea level rise and red tide.