Review outline of the first volume of seventh grade geography

Review outline of the first volume of seventh grade geography (planetary edition)

Unit 1 Earth

Lesson 1 the shape and size of the earth

1. Human understanding of the earth: ① China's Zhou Dynasty's theory of "the sky is as round as a cover and the place is as chess".

② The "Huntian Theory" put forward by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty in China holds that "the land of heaven is like a shell wrapped in yellow".

(3)1522, Magellan's fleet sailed around the world successfully;

(4)1961year, Soviet astronaut Gagarin became the first person in human history to witness that the earth is a sphere.

2. The true shape of the earth: irregular sphere with slightly protruding equator and slightly flat poles.

3. Earth size: the average radius is 637 1km, the equatorial circumference is about 40000km, and the surface area is about 5 1 100 million square kilometers.

Lesson 2 understanding the longitude and latitude network on the earth

1.① north pole-the intersection point between the northern end of the earth axis and the earth surface; (2) South Pole-the intersection point between the southern end of the earth axis and the earth surface; (3) the earth axis-the imaginary axis of the earth's rotation; (4) Equator-the great circle with equal distance between the earth's surface and the north and south poles and perpendicular to the earth's axis.

2. Meridian and latitude: On the globe, the circle parallel to the equator is called latitude. The semicircle connecting the north and south poles and perpendicular to the equator is called meridian, also called meridian. Latitude indicates the east-west direction and longitude indicates the north-south direction. You can draw countless longitude and latitude lines on the earth.

3. North latitude: n; South latitude s; East longitude: e; West longitude: W.

4. The equator is the starting point of dividing latitude, and it is set as 0 parallel; According to international regulations, the meridian passing through the former site of Greenwich Observatory in London, England is 0 meridian, also called prime meridian.

5. Latitude: 0 to 90 N in the northern hemisphere and 0 to 90 S in the southern hemisphere.

Longitude: East Hemisphere: 0 east to 180, West Hemisphere: 0 west to 180.

6. The equator divides the earth into two hemispheres: the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere. It is customary in the world to divide the earth into two hemispheres, the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere. The warp coil consists of 20 W and160 E.

Schematic diagram of longitude division and east-west hemisphere division:

Description: Longitude less than 20 west longitude is in the Eastern Hemisphere, and longitude less than160 east longitude is also in the Eastern Hemisphere. The rest are in the western hemisphere. (small in the east and large in the west)

7.0-30 is low latitude, 30-60 is middle latitude and 60-90 is high latitude.

8. Interpretation of ordinary latitude and longitude net:

Lesson 3 the rotation of the earth

1. The rotation of the earth around its axis is called the rotation of the earth. The direction of rotation is from west to east (the rotation of the earth is counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole). The period of rotation is 24 hours, which is what we usually call a day.

The reason of day and night phenomenon is that the earth is an opaque sphere. The reason for the alternation of day and night is the rotation of the earth.

3. Geographical significance of the earth's rotation: day and night alternate, local time.

Lesson 4 The Revolution of the Earth

1. The earth revolves around the sun at the same time, and the direction of the earth's revolution is also from west to east, with a period of one year, about.

365 days.

2. When the earth rotates, its axis is inclined, and the seasons in the northern hemisphere are opposite to those in the southern hemisphere.

3. About the equal division of a day:

(1) Tropic of Cancer: The direct point of the sun moves back and forth regularly between 23.5 north and south latitudes, so these two latitudes are called Tropic of Cancer. 23.5 N is called the Tropic of Cancer, and 23.5 S is called the Tropic of Cancer. There is direct sunlight once a year, while the area between the two has direct sunlight twice a year, and there is no direct sunlight outside the two.

(2) 1 year in March, the sun shines directly on the equator, and the world is divided equally between day and night. After that, the direct point of the sun moved northward, and the days in the northern hemisphere became longer; Around June of 1 year, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, with the longest day and the shortest night in the northern hemisphere, and the extreme day appears in the north of the Arctic Circle. After that, the direct point of the sun moved south, and the days in the northern hemisphere became shorter, but the days were still long and the nights were short. 1 year around September, the sun went straight to the equator again, and the world was equally divided day and night again. After that, the direct point of the sun continued to move southward, and the days in the northern hemisphere continued to shorten; 12 Around February 22nd, the sun was shining directly on the Tropic of Capricorn, with the shortest day and the longest night in the northern hemisphere, and the polar night appeared in the north of the Arctic Circle. After that, the direct point of the sun moved northward, and the days in the northern hemisphere became longer, but the days became shorter and the nights became longer. Until the vernal equinox of the following year, the direct point of the sun returned to the equator again, and the world was equally divided day and night again. The length of day and night, the occurrence of extreme day and night, and the seasons in the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere are opposite.

(3) People in the northern hemisphere usually regard March, April and May as spring, June, July and August as summer, September 10, 1/autumn, 12,1and February as winter. According to different latitudes, people divide the earth into five zones (northern frigid zone, southern frigid zone, northern temperate zone, southern temperate zone and tropical zone). The tropical ground gets the most light and heat, with direct sunlight; The ground in temperate zone gets less light and heat than tropical zone, but more than cold zone, and the four seasons change obviously. There are few extreme day and night phenomena in the heat obtained from the ground in cold areas.

In summer in the northern hemisphere, the sunrise is early and the sunset is late in most areas, but it is just the opposite in winter.

6. The geographical significance of the revolution of the earth: the change of the four seasons of the earth and the formation of the five zones.

Unit 2 Map

Lesson 1 Basic Elements of Maps

1. Three elements of a map: direction, scale, legend and comments.

2. There are three ways to determine the direction on the map: ① Usually, the direction is determined by "going up north and down south, left west and right east". (2) On the map with beacons, use beacons to determine the direction. (3) On the map with the latitude and longitude net, use the latitude and longitude net to determine the direction.

3. Scale: scale = distance on the map/actual distance (units should be unified).

4. Different scale means different practical scope. When the scale is the same, the larger the scale, the smaller the actual scope of the map and the more detailed the content.

Lesson 2 Map Interpretation

1. Altitude is the vertical distance of a place above sea level.

2. The various forms of the earth's surface are collectively called topography. Common landforms are plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins.

3. On the map, lines connecting points with the same altitude are called contour lines, and the map with contour lines representing ups and downs is called contour map peak: the middle is high, the middle is low, and the contour lines are closed.

Cliff: Contours overlap.

Saddle: The lowland between the two peaks is the saddle.

Ridge: high in the middle, low on both sides, and the contour line protrudes to the lower part.

Valley: the two sides are high, the middle is low, and the contour line protrudes to the high place.

Gentle slope and steep slope: where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse; Where the slope is steep, the contour lines are dense.

Lesson 3 Application of Maps

New members of map family: image map, electronic map, etc.

Unit 3 Ocean and Land

Lesson 1 The Distribution of Land and Sea

1. Land: 29%, ocean: 7 1%. Three parts land, seven parts sea. No matter how it is divided, any two hemispheres with the same area on the earth are ocean areas larger than land areas.

2. The land on the earth is surrounded and separated by the ocean, in which the vast land is called the mainland, the smaller land is called the island, and the mainland and its nearby islands are called the mainland together. The global land is divided into seven continents.

3. Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica and Europe. (The continents are arranged from big to small)

4. Asia and the European continent are integrated into one, which is called Eurasia.

The dividing line between continents: Urals, ural river and the Great Caucasus-the dividing line between Asia and Europe. Suez Canal, the dividing line between Asia and Africa. The dividing line between North and South America-Panama Canal. The Strait of Gibraltar is the dividing line between Europe and Africa. Bering Strait-the dividing line between Asia and North America. Drake Strait-the dividing line between South America and Antarctica.

5. Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean. (The ocean area is arranged from large to small)

Lesson 2 the face of land and sea

1. Main features of continents:

Asia: the terrain is complex and diverse, with high in the middle and low around, mainly plateaus and mountains.

Europe: The terrain is mainly plain.

Africa: The terrain is mainly plateau, which is called "plateau continent".

Oceania: The terrain is divided into three parts, the western plateau, the central plain and the great watershed in the east.

North and South America: Mountains in the west and plains and plateaus in the east.

2. The highest mountain-Mount Everest (Asia); The longest mountain range-Andes (South America);

The largest plain-Amazon Plain (South America); The largest plateau-Brazil Plateau (South America);

The largest basin-Congo Basin (Africa); The highest plateau-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Asia).

3. The lowest place on earth: Mariana Trench on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean (-11034m);

The highest point: Mount Everest (8844.43 meters).

4. Types of seabed topography: continental shelf, continental slope, basin, ridge and trench.

Lesson 3 Changes in Land and Sea

1. The forces that change the surface morphology come from the interior of the earth, such as crustal movement, volcanic movement and earthquake. The other comes from outside the earth, such as running water, wind and waves.

Internal force: the crustal movement forms the Himalayas; Volcanic eruption formed Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain; Volcanism formed the Wudalianchi.

External force: the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River formed by flowing water erosion; Wind erosion landform in Tarim basin formed by wind erosion.

2. The continental drift theory put forward by German scientist Wei Gena: 200-300 million years ago, there was only one continent on the earth (United continent); Later, the mainland gradually disintegrated, split and drifted to its present position, forming the present land-sea distribution pattern.

3. Plate tectonic theory is developed on the basis of continental drift theory. The theory of plate tectonics divides the world into six plates, the interior of which is relatively stable, and the crustal movement at the junction of plates is relatively active.

4. Six plates: Asia-Europe plate, Indian Ocean plate, America plate, Pacific plate, Africa plate and Antarctica plate. Among them, the Pacific plate is dominated by the ocean.

5. Plate movement, some places show tension and some places show compression. Rifts and oceans that form cracks; Extrusion forms mountains, island arc chains or trenches.

6. The following phenomena are explained by plate tectonics: the Red Sea is expanding (at the stretching boundary between the African plate and the Indian Ocean plate), the Himalayas are growing (at the squeezing boundary between the Eurasian plate and the Indian Ocean plate), the Mediterranean Sea is shrinking (at the squeezing boundary between the Eurasian plate and the African plate), and the Atlantic Ocean is expanding (at the stretching boundary between the American plate and the African plate).

7. More than 90% of the world's earthquakes and volcanoes are distributed in the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean-Himalayan belt. Volcanoes and seismic belts in the world are mainly distributed at plate boundaries.

Unit 4 Weather and Climate

Lesson 1 Weather and Climate

1. The weather refers to the short-term change of a place, which is changeable. We often use sunny or cloudy, high temperature, wind and other languages to describe the weather.

2. Climate refers to the average weather conditions in a place for many years. The climate is stable, and temperature and precipitation are two basic elements of the climate, so the climate is described by temperature and precipitation.

Lesson 2 Changes and Distribution of Temperature

1. The temperature change with a period of one day is called the daily change of temperature; Annual temperature change is called annual temperature change. The range of temperature change is measured by temperature difference, including daily range and annual range; Use a temperature chart to show the change of temperature.

2. The highest temperature in a day usually appears at 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears before sunrise. The difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature in a day is the daily temperature difference.

3. The annual variation of temperature in tropical area is small, while that in temperate zone and cold zone is large.

4. Isotherm refers to the smooth curve formed by connecting points with equal temperature on the map. On the same isotherm, the temperature of all points is equal. Where the isotherm is sparse, the temperature difference is small. Where isotherms are dense, the temperature difference is large. The isotherm is closed, and the place where the center temperature is low indicates that it is a low temperature center. The isotherm is closed and the center temperature is high, indicating that this is a high temperature center.

5. Main factors affecting temperature distribution:

Latitude position: the world temperature gradually decreases from low latitude to high latitude.

Land and sea distribution: in the same latitude area, the land temperature is high in summer and the ocean temperature is low in winter. Topographic factors: the temperature decreases with the elevation.

6. On the annual average temperature distribution map of the world, the distribution of isotherm is roughly parallel to latitude; Compared with the northern hemisphere, the isotherm in the southern hemisphere is straighter, because the nature in the southern hemisphere is relatively simple and the ocean area is vast, while the land and ocean in the northern hemisphere are alternately distributed, resulting in the isotherm in the northern hemisphere being much more curved than that in the southern hemisphere.

Lesson 3 Distribution and Change of Precipitation

1. Precipitation includes rain, snow, hail and other forms, and the seasonal variation of precipitation is represented by precipitation histogram.

2. Lines connecting points with equal rainfall on the map are called isorainfall lines.

3. The equator is rainy; There is little rain; Near the tropic of cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast; In mid-latitude areas, it is rainy along the coast and less rainy inland.

4. Kilapanche in northeastern India is known as the "rain pole" in the world; The Atacama Desert in Chile on the east coast of the Pacific Ocean is called the "dry pole" of the world.

6. The basic instrument for measuring rainfall is the rain gauge. The unit of precipitation is millimeters.

Lesson 4 World Climate Types

1. Temperature and precipitation are two important factors of climate.

2. Tropical climate type: The tropical region is hot all year round, but the precipitation varies greatly from place to place, forming four different climate types: tropical rain forest climate, tropical grassland climate, tropical monsoon climate and tropical desert climate.

3. Temperate climate type: subtropical region with low temperature and latitude, subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate on the east coast of the mainland, and Mediterranean climate on the west coast; In the mid-latitude region, the west coast of the mainland has a temperate maritime climate, the east coast has a temperate monsoon climate, and the mainland interior has a vast temperate continental climate; There is a sub-frigid coniferous forest climate in high latitudes.

4. Cold zone climate: Cold zone climate is also called polar climate, including ice sheet climate and tundra climate. The climate of the ice sheet is distributed on the Antarctic continent and some islands in the Arctic Ocean, and the ground is covered with thick ice and snow. The tundra climate is distributed in the northern edge of Eurasia and North America, and low-level plants such as moss and lichen grow on the ground of tundra climate.

5. Plateau Mountain Climate: In the alpine plateau area of middle and low latitudes, the plateau mountain climate is formed due to high altitude and low temperature all the year round.

Lesson 5 Factors Affecting Climate

1. The natural factors affecting climate mainly include latitude, land and sea, topography, etc.

2. Latitude factor: Influenced by the shape of the earth, different latitudes receive different solar heat, which leads to obvious differences in temperature and precipitation in high latitudes.

3. Land and sea factors: the water vapor on the land mainly comes from the ocean, so there is generally more precipitation in areas close to the ocean and affected by the humid airflow of the ocean; In areas far from the ocean, precipitation is generally less. In addition, due to the different thermal properties of land and sea, the heat absorption and heat dissipation are also different. The land absorbs heat quickly and dissipates heat quickly; The ocean is the opposite. Therefore, in the same latitude zone, the temperature in summer is higher than that in the ocean; On the contrary, in winter, the temperature of the ocean is higher than that of the land.

4. Topographic factors: The temperature decreases with the elevation. Generally speaking, the temperature drops by about 6℃ for every elevation increase of1000m. There is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope.

Lesson 6 Human Activities and Climate

1. Climate has a great influence on human production and life. For example, rice is suitable for growing in hot and humid conditions, and wheat is suitable for growing in a cool and dry environment.

2. Human activities also have an impact on the climate, and this impact is getting bigger and bigger. On the one hand, human activities can improve the local climate conditions; On the other hand, some human activities will lead to climate deterioration, thus affecting human production and life.

Unit 5 World Residents

Lesson 1 World Population

1. Natural population growth rate = birth rate-death rate. At present, the population growth in Europe, North America and Oceania is slow, while the population growth in Africa, South America and Asia is rapid.

2. The density of population distribution is usually explained by population density. Population density = total population/total area.

The distribution of the world population is very uneven. East Asia, South Asia, Europe, eastern North America and other coastal plain areas with low latitudes are densely populated areas. Extremely arid desert areas, too humid rain forest areas, high latitude areas with severe cold all the year round, and high plateaus and mountainous areas are sparsely populated.

4. Population problem in developed countries: slow population growth, even negative growth, leading to population aging, labor shortage and other problems; Population problems in developing countries: rapid population growth and overpopulation have led to a series of social problems.

Human beings must control fertility, improve the quality of the population, and make population growth adapt to social and economic development and coordinate with the natural environment.

Lesson 2 Race, Language and Religion in the World

1, the world residents are mainly divided into yellow, white and black people. Caucasians are mainly distributed in North Africa, Europe, Oceania, North America, West Asia and South Asia. Yellow people are mainly distributed in eastern, southeastern and northern Asia, as well as North America. Black people are mainly distributed in south-central Africa, northwest Oceania and America.

Christianity, Islam and Buddhism are the three major religions in the world. Christianity originated in West Asia and is the religion with the largest number of believers in the world. Islam originated in Arabia, and its followers are called Muslims. Buddhism was founded in ancient India and later spread to other parts of Asia. In China, Tibetan Buddhism is called Lamaism.

3. Religious distribution: Christianity is distributed in Europe, North America, South America and Oceania; Islam is distributed in western and southeastern Asia and northern and eastern Africa; Buddhism is distributed in East Asia and Southeast Asia.

4. Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic. These six languages have been identified as working languages by the United Nations. Chinese is the most widely used language in the world and English is the most widely used language in the world.

Lesson 3 human habitation

1. A densely populated place has become a settlement. Settlements are generally divided into two types: urban and rural.

2. Dense settlements: plain areas in the middle and lower reaches of rivers (flat terrain, fertile soil, abundant water resources, convenient transportation and abundant natural resources).

Unit 6 Regional Development and International Cooperation

Lesson 1 Regional Development Differences

1. There are more than 200 countries and regions in the world, which are distributed on all continents except Antarctica.

Russia is the largest country in the world and the Vatican is the smallest country in the world.

The dividing line between a country and its neighbors (or the high seas) is the national border. The territory, internal water, territorial sea and airspace within the national boundaries are collectively referred to as territory.

There are more than 30 immigrant places and territories in the world that have not gained independence. These places and territories are called regions.

According to the level of economic development, countries in the world can usually be divided into developed countries and developing countries. Most developed countries are located in North America, Europe and Oceania, mainly including the United States, Canada, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Most developing countries are located in Asia, Africa and Latin America. China is the largest developing country in the world.

Lesson 2 World Cooperation and International Organizations

1. The world today faces many problems, such as population and poverty, resources and environment, and inequality in world trade.

3. "North-South relations": the difference in economic development between developing countries and developed countries is called "North-South differences"; The discussion on economic and political issues between developing countries and developed countries is called "North-South Dialogue". The mutual cooperation among developing countries is called "South-South cooperation".

The United Nations is the largest and most influential international organization in the world. The five permanent members of the United Nations: China, Britain, France, the United States and Russia.

The World Trade Organization is a permanent global economic and trade organization. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. China officially joined the World Trade Organization on 200 1.