What is the natural language?

After beginning of spring, the earth gradually woke up from a deep sleep. Snow and ice melted, vegetation sprouted, and all kinds of flowers bloomed for the first time. Two months later, the swallow returned lightly. Soon, the cuckoo also came. So it becomes a hot summer, that is, the period when plants breed fruits. In autumn, when the fruits are ripe, the leaves of plants gradually turn yellow and fall in the autumn wind. The geese flew south, and the insects active in the fields and grass disappeared. Everywhere I go, I see a scene of falling grass, ready to meet the snowy winter. In the temperate and subtropical regions of the earth, this is the case year after year, and it goes on and on.

For thousands of years, working people have paid attention to the relationship between natural phenomena such as the rise and fall of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds and the climate, and arranged farming accordingly. Apricot blossoms are in full bloom, as if nature is preaching to cultivate the land quickly; Peach blossoms are blooming, which seems to imply that we should plant millet quickly. The cuckoo began to sing, and the working people understood what it was singing: "Grandparents, cut wheat and transplant rice." In this way, flowers and birds sing, grass grows and warblers fly, all of which are the languages of nature.

These natural phenomena were called phenology by working people in ancient China. Phenological knowledge originated very early in China. Many agricultural proverbs handed down from ancient times contain rich phenological knowledge. In modern times, using phenology knowledge to study agricultural production has developed into a science, that is, phenology. Phenology records the growth and decline of plants and the reproduction of animals, such as the arrival of peach blossoms and swallows, so as to understand the climate change over time and the impact of this change on animals and plants.

Phenological observation uses "living instruments", which are living organisms. It is much more complicated and sensitive than meteorological instruments. Phenological observation data reflects the synthesis of climatic conditions such as temperature and humidity, and also reflects the influence of climatic conditions on organisms. When applied to agricultural activities, it is simple and easy to master. This is the importance of phenology to agriculture. Here is an example.

According to the phenological records in Beijing, the flowering of peach, apricot blossom, apple, elm leaf plum, Xifu begonia, clove and Robinia pseudoacacia in196/kloc-0 is about ten days later than that in 1968+0, and five or six days later than that in 1960. According to these phenological observation data, it can be judged that the agricultural season in Beijing 1962 came late. However, crops such as peanuts planted in the early spring of that year were planted according to the date of previous years, and the result was frozen by low temperature. This loss can be avoided if we can pay attention to the phenological delay and choose the appropriate sowing date.

What factors determine the coming of phenology?

The first is latitude. The farther north the peach blossoms bloom, the later the migratory birds come. It is worth pointing out that the number of days of phenology difference between north and south varies with seasons. Chinese mainland has a remarkable climate, and Leng Xia is hot in winter. The temperature difference between north and south is very wide in winter, but not much in summer. In spring, early spring and late spring are different. For example, in March and April of early spring, Nanjing peach blossoms bloom 20 days earlier than Beijing, but by the end of spring and early May, Nanjing Robinia pseudoacacia only blooms 10 days earlier than Beijing. Therefore, in North China, it is often felt that spring is short, winter has passed and summer has arrived.

Longitude difference is the second factor affecting phenology. All offshore areas are warmer in winter than inland areas at the same latitude, and colder in spring. Therefore, the arrival of spring in coastal areas is a few days later than that in inland areas. For example, the latitude of Dalian is about 1 south of Beijing, but in Dalian, forsythia and plum blossoms bloom one week later than Beijing. For example, Jinan apples bloom in mid-April or Grain Rain Festival, and Yantai will go for a long summer. The latitudes of the two places are similar, because Yantai faces the sea and spring comes late.

The third factor affecting phenology is the difference between high and low. Phenological phenomena such as flowering of plants are late in spring and summer, and deciduous trees are early in autumn. However, the study of this factor should take into account special circumstances. For example, at the turn of autumn and winter, in clear Wan Li, the temperature at a certain height is inversely proportional to the height. This is called inversion layer. Because cold air is heavy, it flows to lower places on windless nights. This phenomenon is very obvious in autumn and winter in mountainous areas, especially in the morning of these two seasons. It is often found that there is frost at the foot of the mountain and frost at the mountainside. It is for this reason that it is very successful to introduce tropical crops into hillsides in hilly areas of South China, but it is not suitable at the foot of the mountain.

In addition, there are differences between ancient times and modern times in the morning and evening when phenology comes. According to a long-term phenological record in the south of England, the average flowering and flowering dates of seven trees in early spring from 174 1 750 are compared with the ten-year average from 192 1 to 1930, and it can be seen that the latter is 9 times earlier than the former. In other words, spring is nine days ahead of schedule.

Phenology is a science close to ecology in biology and agrometeorology in meteorology. The study of phenology is first to predict the agricultural time and choose the sowing date. Besides, there are many meanings. Phenological data has important reference value for arranging crop zoning and determining the date of afforestation and seed collection. It can also be used to introduce plants into areas with the same phenological conditions, and can also be used to avoid or reduce the harm of pests. There are a large area of mountainous areas in China that can be cultivated, but the adaptability of climate and soil in many places to crops in mountainous areas remains to be investigated. In order to promote the development of agriculture in mountainous areas, it is necessary to carry out phenological observation in mountainous areas.

Phenology is a science related to high agricultural yield. It is necessary to further strengthen phenological observation, understand the language of nature, and strive for greater gains in agriculture. [Edit this paragraph] First, grasp the opening paragraph of the text as a whole. Writing the phenological landscape of nature vividly and explaining it in the description is like showing a picture of the scenery of the four seasons, which is both fascinating and memorable, stimulating readers' interest in reading. Phenological phenomena in nature, such as the prosperity and withering of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds, actually play a role in predicting agricultural seasons. From this perspective, phenology seems to be a "natural language" for transmitting information. The goal of the topic is "natural language", which is actually an intuitive statement of "phenology"

In addition, the language of the article is accurate and rigorous, which reflects the scientific nature of the explanation language. For example, the word "many" in the third paragraph "Many agricultural proverbs handed down from ancient times contain rich phenological knowledge" is limited in number, not generalized in scope and rigorous in wording. When explaining phenological phenomena, we should first distinguish between "plants" and "animals", and then generalize "creatures", and the words are carefully scrutinized everywhere. When explaining the four factors that affect phenology, numerical interpretation is used, such as "Nanjing Robinia pseudoacacia blooms 20 days earlier than Beijing", and example interpretation is used. For example, "the latitude of Dalian is about one degree south of Beijing, but in Dalian, forsythia and plum blossoms bloom one week later than Beijing." At the same time, it also uses the interpretation method of definition, such as "at the turn of autumn and winter, in a clear sky, the temperature at a certain height is inversely proportional to the low and high." This is called inversion layer. "[Edit this paragraph] II. Problem study 1. What is the order of the four factors that determine phenology? What are the advantages of this arrangement?

The author ranks the four factors that determine phenology according to the degree of influence, latitude has the greatest influence, followed by longitude, the difference between high and low, and the difference between ancient and modern times. In addition, latitude and longitude are different positions on the earth, the third factor is the difference in the same place, all of which are spatial factors, and the last factor is time, which is an arrangement order from space to time. This arrangement makes the article clear.

2. The number of examples depends on the need. You can name one, two or even more. In most cases, this article only gives one example. Why should we give two examples when explaining the influence of longitude difference on phenology?

According to needs, the number of examples can be one, two or even several. In most cases, this paper only gives one example and two examples to illustrate the influence of longitude difference on phenology. This is because the temperature in the offshore area is generally considered to be higher than that in the mainland area. In fact, the spring in the offshore area is colder than that in the inland area. This is a phenomenon that readers are unfamiliar with. If only one example is given, the reader will think it is accidental. If you give two examples, the reader will be convinced. [Edit this paragraph] Practice notes 1. Read the text and answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

1. What is phenology?

2. What is the significance of phenological observation to agriculture?

3. What are the factors that determine the coming of phenology?

4. What is the significance of studying phenology?

The purpose of this topic is to guide students to extract information from the text and train their generalization ability.

1. Natural phenomena such as the prosperity and decline of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds were called phenology by ancient working people; The science of studying agricultural production with phenology is phenology.

2. Phenology reflects the influence of climatic conditions on organisms, which is relatively simple and easy to master, and can be widely used in agricultural production.

3. Latitude and longitude, competition, ancient and modern differences.

4. Forecast the farming season and arrange the sowing date; Arrange crop zoning and determine the date of afforestation and seed collection; Introduce plants into areas with the same climatic conditions; Avoid or reduce the harm of pests; Promote agricultural development in mountainous areas.

Second, understand the meaning of the sentence and answer the following questions.

The purpose of this question is to try to find out the meaning of two important sentences in this article.

1. After beginning of spring, the earth gradually woke up from a deep sleep. Snow and ice melted, vegetation sprouted, and all kinds of flowers bloomed for the first time.

What do you mean "second"? Please use it to make sentences. )

Second, in order, in order. Or in a certain order, one by one.

Sentence making: As time goes by, once familiar names and faces gradually disappear from your memory.

2. Apricot blossoms are in full bloom, as if nature is promoting rapid land reclamation; Peach blossoms are blooming, which seems to imply that we should plant millet quickly. The cuckoo began to sing, and the working people understood what it was singing: "Grandparents, cut wheat and transplant rice."

What do these three examples mean? )

It shows that some common natural phenomena of agricultural products play a role in predicting agricultural time in agricultural production.

Third, choose one of the following two questions.

1. Collect some agricultural proverbs and talk about their phenological knowledge.

2. Contact the phenology knowledge in the text and talk about your understanding of the following poem. Have you ever had similar observations and experiences as a poet? Tell it to everyone.

Peach blossoms in Dalin Temple

Bai Juyi

In the world of April, the flowers have withered, and the peach blossoms in the ancient temples have just bloomed.

I want to find a place where my life is dying, but I don't know that it has been moved here.

The purpose of the topic is to enable students to expand the application of their phenological knowledge.

1. The agricultural proverb "Before Qingming Festival, boiled water fields" refers to determining the time of "boiled water fields" according to solar terms; "Six hairs blossom, beans grow melons" arranges the time of "beans grow melons" according to phenological phenomena; "Steamed bread cloud, sunny day" predicts the weather according to the shape of the cloud.

2. The article says, "The third factor that affects phenology is the difference of height. The phenomenon of flowering and flowering of plants goes higher and later in summer and autumn, which is explained by "April flowers are all over the world, and peach blossoms bloom in mountain temples". After revisiting the beautiful scenery of spring in Dalin Temple, the poet was overjoyed and suddenly "woke up" that spring had turned here! In fact, the poet doesn't really think so, just a literary brushwork.

Students who climbed the mountain in early spring may have noticed that the trees on the mountain germinate later than those on the flat ground. [Edit this paragraph] Teaching suggestions 1. Through the teaching of this article, students' scientific spirit will be enriched.

Through the teaching of this paper, students' scientific knowledge can be enriched and their interest in exploring scientific mysteries can be stimulated. This text also tells us that science is around us, and science is not far away from us.

Second, the focus of this paper is to summarize the main points and learn the language. We must withhold these two teaching points. Summing up the main points is to ask students to sum up the main points of the article with their own words, such as what is natural language, what is phenology, what are the factors that affect phenology, and what is the significance of phenological observation to agriculture. Learning the language of this article is mainly to learn the accurate, rigorous, vivid and beautiful language of this article, especially the language describing the four seasons in the first and second paragraphs, so as to guide students to accumulate and learn to use it.

Third, this is an expository article, which can dilute the style in teaching and just regard it as a popular science article. Therefore, the key is to accumulate scientific knowledge and learn the language of the article. However, students can also be properly guided to learn some methods of reading and writing expository texts. For example, we can consciously attract students' attention to explain that things should be not only accurate and scientific, but also vivid, so we should pay attention to the use of language; When explaining things, the author often gives some examples and lists some data in order to make the article more convincing; Explain that things should be organized, prioritized and detailed, which is more logical and so on. These can be targeted at students appropriately. [Edit this paragraph] Related information 1. The Impeller of the Development of Modern Phenology in China —— Zhu Kezhen (Zhang Fuchun)

Zhu Kezhen (1890— 1974) was an outstanding scientist in modern China. He has made great achievements in meteorology, climatology, geography and the history of natural science all his life, and phenology is also one of his great contributions. Every achievement of China's modern phenology is inseparable from his work.

He is an advocate and organizer of China Modern Phenology Observation Network. A unified and rigorous phenological observation network is an important symbol of the development of modern phenology. As early as 193 1 year, Zhu Kezhen summed up the achievements in ancient China and put forward a new method for phenological observation. Under his impetus, from 1934, the former Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica selected 2/kloc-0 species of plants, 9 species of animals, several hydrometeorological phenomena and almost all crops, and entrusted them to agricultural experimental sites around the country for observation, which was the earliest organized phenological observation in China. At present, there is a seven-year record of 1934- 1940. Due to the suspension of survey in many places during the Anti-Japanese War, only 1934- 1936 records are relatively complete. After liberation, more regular and continuous observation began. The phenological observation of winter wheat began with 1953, and then the phenological observation of cotton and rice was carried out. Since 1957, crop phenology observation has been popularized to the whole country. 196 1 year, under the guidance of Zhu Kezhen and under the auspices of the Institute of Geography of China Academy of Sciences, the national phenological observation network was established, and the phenological observation method (draft) was formulated, and the domestic phenological observation species were determined: 33 woody plants, 2 herbaceous plants and animals 1 1. Unfortunately, during the period of 1966- 197 1 year, most units stopped observing and did not resume until 1972. In recent years, the agrometeorological experimental station under the National Meteorological Administration has also started phenological observation. Observation data were published one after another, and the name and content of the first annual report were examined and approved by Zhu Kezhen himself.

Zhu Kezhen, also known as Shao Rong, is called Lotus Boat. 1890 was born in Shangyu, Zhejiang Province on March 7th. Zhu Kezhen 19 10 studied in the United States at public expense and entered the Agricultural College of Si Nuo University in Yili. 19 13 After graduating in the summer, I transferred to the Geography Department of Harvard University, specializing in meteorology. In 2008 19 18, he received his doctorate in the thesis "New Typhoons in the Far East". 1920 autumn, apply for Nanjing Normal University. From 65438 to 0927, he was the director of the Department of Earth Sciences of Southeast University, and from 65438 to 0928, he was the director of the Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, he taught in Wuchang Normal School, Southeast University and Central University. 1933 In April, Zhu Kezhen, Weng and * * * initiated the establishment of the Chinese Geographical Society, which was established the following year. From 1936 to 1949, he served as the president of Zhejiang University. In order to decline Chiang Kai-shek's invitation to Taiwan Province Province, he resigned from all his posts in Zhejiang University. After People's Republic of China (PRC) was born, he served as the first vice president of China Academy of Sciences, vice chairman of China Association for Science and Technology, chairman and honorary chairman of China Meteorological Society, and chairman of China Geographical Society. He was also elected as the NPC Standing Committee member, and gloriously joined the China * * * Production Party on 1962.

He also took the lead in writing phenological monographs and popularizing phenological knowledge. The book Phenology, published in 1963 and reprinted in 1973, is the crystallization of years of phenological research in Zhu Kezhen. He systematically introduced the basic principles of phenology, the knowledge of phenology in ancient China, the development of phenology around the world, the basic laws of phenology, and the methods of forecasting agricultural time by using phenology. In the chapter "Dynamics of Biophenology in a Year" added in the second edition of 1973, he applied materialist dialectics to explain the internal and external causes of phenological changes and their relationship. Because of the complexity of phenological changes, he suggested exploring the mystery from physiological and genetic aspects. He also believes that phenology work is a mass work and hopes to be widely carried out in rural areas. The book is easy to understand, easy to understand, and has a strong scientific and knowledgeable nature. In his article "Preliminary Study on Climate Change in China in Five Thousand Years", he quoted a large number of paleophenological data and adopted phenological analysis methods. Commenting on this article, Japanese climatologist Masanori Yoshino said: "Zhu Kezhen has played a huge role in the history of climatology ... After half a century, his published papers are still ahead of the academic circles." Zhu Kezhen climbed the peak bravely all his life, which not only won glory for the motherland, but also added luster to our phenology. His achievements and tireless spirit are always worth remembering and learning.

(Excerpted from Phenology, Meteorological Press, 1985)

Second, the noun explanation

Phenology: mainly refers to the growth, development and activities of animals and plants and the response of abiotic changes to seasons and climate. For example, winter bud germination, leaf picking, flowering, fruiting and defoliation of plants; Animal dormancy, recovery, singing, mating, reproduction, molting and migration are closely related to seasons and climate. Abiotic phenomena, such as first frost, first snow and freezing and thawing, are also phenological phenomena.

Agricultural proverbs: proverbs about agricultural production experience. Agricultural proverbs are the summary of farmers' experience in long-term production and life practice. Generally, it is in the form of popular verse, which is easy to remember and plays a good role in the dissemination of production experience and agricultural meteorological knowledge. There are abundant agricultural proverbs all over China. For example, there is an agricultural proverb about sowing and harvesting in the Yellow River basin of North China: "Qingming is early, Xiaoman is late, and Grain Rain is planting cotton at that time." "Wheat is harvested in autumn in Manggu, and beans are harvested in cold dew."

Phenology: also known as "bioclimatology", is a science that studies the relationship between biological life activities and seasonal changes.

Thirdly, many agricultural proverbs handed down from generation to generation contain rich phenological knowledge.

For example:

Smell cicadas in the rain and announce the arrival of sunny days.

Smell cicadas in early autumn and welcome Tian Yu in late autumn.

Sparrows hoard food and it will snow.

It's going to rain in the ant nest.

Fish dive and rain comes.

Swallows fly low, it's going to rain.

When the toad comes out of the hole, it never stops raining.

Turtle back tide, rain omen.

Earthworms climb the road, and it rains like hemp.

The loach is quiet and sunny.

Crocodile grass, the cold wave is coming.

Chickens stay late, ducks crow happily, and storms come quickly.

Fourth, the meaning of the names of the twenty-four solar terms

Beginning of spring, Changsha, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter: "Li" means that it is about to start, indicating that spring, summer, autumn and winter are coming soon.

Solstice in summer and Solstice in winter: The ancient names of "Solstice North" and "Solstice South" indicate that summer and winter have arrived.

Vernal equinox: "vernal equinox" means equal division, that is to say, these two days are equal day and night, just between the summer solstice and the winter solstice.

Rain: When the rain begins, it increases.

Sting: It began to thunder, the temperature rose, and hibernating animals began to move.

Qingming: It's sunny and everything breeds.

Grain Rain: With the increase of rainfall, the grain grows sturdily.

Xiaoman: The seeds of summer crops such as wheat are full, but not yet mature.

Miscanthus: Wheat has mature awn crops, and late-maturing crops are in the rush period.

Slight summer heat: "Slight summer heat" means heat, which means it is the hottest season of the year.

Summer: "Out" means ending, which means that the summer is over and the temperature begins to drop.

White dew: When the temperature drops, dew appears.

Cold dew: It's cold, and the dew is very cold.

First frost: frost begins.

Light snow, heavy snow: it begins to snow, and snow forms when it snows heavily.

Slight cold and severe cold: the coldest season of the year. [Edit this paragraph] V. Text analysis collection 1. About the title

The topic of "natural language" is novel, unique and fascinating. Language is a tool for people to exchange ideas and transmit information. How can there be language in nature? After reading the article, we suddenly realized that the original phenological phenomena in nature, such as the rise and fall of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds, actually played a role in predicting agricultural time. From this perspective, phenology seems to be a "natural language" for transmitting information.

(Xu Boming's Linguistic Analysis of Nature)

2. Analysis of the first and second paragraphs

(1) Starting with "beginning of spring", the article describes the climate change, the growth of flowers and fruits and the activities of birds and insects throughout the year with literary language and anthropomorphic techniques. These are phenological phenomena. The article wrote in spring, "The earth gradually wakes up from its deep sleep. The snow and ice melt, the vegetation germinates and all kinds of flowers open. " "The swallow is back. Soon, the cuckoo also came. " Here, some natural phenomena with characteristics are selected in chronological order to illustrate the problem. Then write summer, emphasizing the climate "hot" and "the period when plants breed fruits". In autumn, I mainly choose the characteristics of "ripe fruit", "yellow leaves", "geese flying north and south" and "disappearing insects" to write. Writing about winter is a transition from "a scene of withered grass" in late autumn to "preparing for winter with snow and snow", and one sentence becomes. It can be seen that when writing the four seasons, the author not only grasps the different characteristics of each season, but also strives for changes in writing style, rich words and diverse sentence patterns, and appropriately uses personification rhetoric and some idioms to make the article vivid. This kind of writing is very important in popular science books. At the end of this paragraph, I summed up a sentence: "In the temperate and subtropical regions of the earth, this is the case every year, and it goes on and on." This sentence points out that the natural phenomenon of the cyclical changes of the four seasons is regular, which has become the object and foundation of scientific research and plays a connecting role.

(Liu Zhenjiang's Explaining the Language of Nature)

The text begins with a sentence: "After beginning of spring, the earth gradually woke up from a deep sleep." It makes people feel abrupt and different, and they can't understand its function for a while. However, as long as we carefully scrutinize the word "awakening", we will get a clue. After reading it, you will find that the article depicts natural phenomena such as flowers, birds, insects and fish with rich lyric marks to express the connotation of "awakening". More importantly, it shows the changes and characteristics of the four seasons: spring, "melting of snow and ice", "germination of vegetation" and "second opening of flowers"; In summer, "plants breed fruits"; In autumn, "the fruit is ripe", "the leaves turn yellow gradually" and "fall down"; In winter, insects "disappear", "wither" and "snow trails" everywhere. Among them, the word "Meng" accurately reflects the beginning of vegetation growth; The "second place" appropriately shows the order of flowering and renders the breath of spring; "Gradually" accurately expresses the process of leaf yellowing; "Sasha Vujacic" simulates the sound of leaves being blown by the wind, making people feel the chill of autumn; "Load" means full, which properly describes the degree of snowfall. The first paragraph of the article vividly outlines a poetic "four seasons map". At first it seemed like a digression, but it wasn't. It not only vividly illustrates the close relationship between the changing law of flowers, birds, insects and fish and the climate, but also outlines the charming colors of natural scenery; It not only aroused the interest in reading with colorful pictures, but also gave people a strong suspense with beautiful flowers, thus fully rendering and paving the way for the following language of nature.

"For thousands of years, working people have paid attention to the relationship between natural phenomena such as the rise and fall of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds and the climate, and arranged farming accordingly." This is a transitional sentence connecting the preceding with the following. The former clause points out the relationship between the regular changes of flowers, birds and insects and the climate, and reveals the meaning of phenology; The latter clause is summarized as follows, pointing out the influence of this relationship on farming: "apricot blossom" and "fast cultivated land"; "Peach Blossom" and "Fast Broadcast Valley"; "Cuckoo Birds Singing" and "Cutting Wheat into the Valley" make people clearly realize that the regular changes of natural phenomena such as "flowers and birds singing, vegetation growing and warblers flying" are all "the language of nature", and the topic is clear. On this basis, phenology, the formation of phenology and its research contents are summarized, so that people can have a basic understanding of the characteristics of phenology.

The reason why apricot blossom, peach blossom and rhododendron are not put in one clause is that apricot blossom, peach blossom and rhododendron are not a species, but plants and animals respectively, so it is best not to put two different phenological phenomena in one clause.

After beginning of spring, the earth gradually woke up from a deep sleep. Snow and ice melted, vegetation sprouted, and all kinds of flowers bloomed for the first time. In two months, the swallow will come back. Soon, the cuckoo also came. So it becomes a hot summer, that is, the period when plants breed fruits. In autumn, when the fruits are ripe, the leaves of plants gradually turn yellow and fall in the autumn wind. The geese flew south, and the insects active in the fields and grass disappeared. Everywhere I go, I see a scene of falling grass, preparing for the winter when the snow is coming. In the temperate and subtropical regions of the earth, this is the case year after year, and it goes on and on. For thousands of years, working people have paid attention to the relationship between natural phenomena such as the rise and fall of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds and the climate, and arranged farming accordingly. Apricot blossoms are in full bloom, as if nature is preaching to cultivate the land quickly; Peach blossoms are blooming, which seems to imply that we should plant millet quickly. The cuckoo began to sing, and the working people understood what it was singing: "Grandparents, the wheat has not been cut." In this way, flowers and birds sing, grass grows and warblers fly, all of which are the languages of nature. These natural phenomena were called phenology by working people in ancient China. Phenological knowledge originated very early in China. Many agricultural proverbs (3) handed down from ancient times contain rich phenological knowledge. In modern times, using phenology knowledge to study agricultural production has developed into a science, that is, phenology. Phenology records the growth and decline of plants and the reproduction of animals, such as peach blossoms and swallows, so as to understand the change of climate with the passage of seasons and the influence of this change on animals and plants. Phenological observation uses "living instruments", which are living organisms. It is much more complicated and sensitive than meteorological instruments. Phenological observation data ① reflect the synthesis of climatic conditions such as temperature and humidity, and also reflect the influence of climatic conditions on organisms. When applied to agricultural activities, it is simple and easy to master. This is the importance of phenology to agriculture. Here is an example. According to the phenological records in Beijing, the flowering of peach, apricot blossom, apple, elm leaf plum, Xifu begonia, clove and Robinia pseudoacacia in196/kloc-0 is about ten days later than that in 1968+0, and five or six days later than that in 1960. According to these phenological observation data, it can be judged that the agricultural season in Beijing 1962 came late. However, crops such as peanuts planted in the early spring of that year were planted according to the date of previous years, and the result was frozen by low temperature. This loss can be avoided if we can pay attention to the phenological delay and choose the appropriate sowing date. What factors determine the coming of phenology? The first is latitude ③. The farther north the peach blossoms bloom, the later the migratory birds come. It is worth pointing out that the number of days of phenology difference between north and south varies with seasons. Chinese mainland has a remarkable climate, and Leng Xia is hot in winter. The temperature difference between north and south is great in winter, but not much in summer. In spring, early spring and late spring are different. For example, in March and April of early spring, Nanjing peach blossoms bloom 20 days earlier than Beijing, but by the end of spring and early May, Nanjing Robinia pseudoacacia only blooms 10 days earlier than Beijing. Therefore, in North China, it is often felt that spring is short, winter has passed and summer has arrived. The difference of longitude ① is the second factor affecting phenology. All offshore areas are warmer in winter than inland areas at the same latitude, and colder in spring. Therefore, the arrival of spring in coastal areas is a few days later than that in inland areas. For example, the latitude of Dalian is probably south of Beijing, but in Dalian, forsythia suspensa and plum blossom a week later than Beijing. For example, Jinan apples bloom in mid-April or Grain Rain Festival, and Yantai will go for a long summer. The latitudes of the two places are similar, but Yantai is near the sea, so spring comes late. The third factor affecting phenology is the difference between high and low. Phenological phenomena such as flowering of plants are late in spring and summer, and deciduous trees are early in autumn. However, the study of this factor should take into account special circumstances. For example, at the turn of autumn and winter, in clear Wan Li, the temperature at a certain height is inversely proportional to the height. This is called inversion layer. Because cold air is heavy, it flows to lower places on windless nights. This phenomenon is very obvious in autumn and winter in mountainous areas, especially in the morning of these two seasons. It is often found that there is frost at the foot of the mountain and frost at the mountainside. It is for this reason that it is very successful to introduce tropical crops into hillsides in hilly areas of South China, but it is not suitable at the foot of the mountain. In addition, there are differences between ancient times and modern times in the morning and evening when phenology comes. According to the long-term phenological records in southern England, comparing the ten-year average of 174 1 to 1750, we can see that the latter is 9 days earlier than the former. In other words, spring is nine days ahead of schedule. Phenology is a science close to ecology in biology and agrometeorology in meteorology. The study of phenology is first to predict the agricultural time and choose the sowing date. Besides, there are many meanings. Phenological data has important reference value for arranging crop zoning and determining the date of afforestation and seed collection. It can also be used to introduce plants into areas with the same phenological conditions, and can also be used to avoid or reduce the harm of pests. There are a large area of mountainous areas in China that can be cultivated, but the adaptability of climate and soil in many places to crops in mountainous areas remains to be investigated. In order to promote the development of agriculture in mountainous areas, it is necessary to carry out phenological observation in mountainous areas. Phenology is a science related to high agricultural yield. It is necessary to further strengthen phenological observation, understand the language of nature, and strive for greater gains in agriculture.