Interpretation of Tang poetry

Appreciation of Liu Yong's Yulinling (Song)

The cicadas in autumn are so sad and urgent, facing the pavilion, it is in the evening and a sudden rain has just stopped. (2) drinking without intention, (3) nostalgia, (4) Lanzhou ruined. ⑤

Holding hands and looking at each other, tears swirled in my eyes until there were no words at last, and a thousand words stuck in my throat and I couldn't say it. ⑥ I want to smoke thousands of miles, and ⑥ I want to sink into the sky. ⑧

Since ancient times, feelings of sadness and parting are even more worthy of being left out in the cold. Where did you wake up tonight? Yang Liuan, the evening breeze and the waning moon.

After the new year, pet-name ruby should be a good time to exist in name only. Customs are strange, who to talk to. ⑩

To annotate ...

(1) this song was originally a Tang song. According to legend, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty avoided An Lushan and went to Shu. It has been raining for several days and can be heard on the plank road.

Ring the bell. I wrote this song in memory of Yang Guifei, and later Liu Yong used it as a tune. Also known as "the sound of rain slowly rings". Last/better/previous/last name

Xiatan, 103, rhymes. 2 showers: showers. (3) Doumen shed drink: located outside Kyoto.

A farewell dinner was held at the curtain. Not in the mood; No mood, listless. Nostalgia: one is "stay where you are".

⑤ Lanzhou: According to Story Club, Luban once carved a magnolia tree into a boat. Later used as a good name for ships. 6. Asphyxia:

I am too sad to speak. One is "flat throat". ⑦ Go: Repeat, indicating the distance of the trip.

8 Dusk: Clouds in the evening. Shen Shen: Look deeply. Chutian: The southern sky. In ancient times, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River belonged to

Chu, hence the name. Nine years: year after year. Attending amorous feelings: love between men and women.

judge

Liu Yong writes more slow words and is good at narrative. This word shows the farewell scene of the long pavilion when the author left Beijing for the south. Last/better/previous/last name

Farewell, from the rain break in the sunset, bid farewell to all the doors, set up a farewell account, and ruin your hair in Lanzhou, with tears in your eyes, holding hands to tell.

Don't describe the parting scene and the parting pattern layer by layer, just like a drama with a story.

Shows a sad scene. This is smaller than the Tang and Five Dynasties, which also showed the feeling of parting, but it is more wonderful.

The order tastes different. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Liu Ci was not only sung, but even as far away as Xixia.

That is, you can sing Liu Ci "("Xia Lu "). Liu Ci is popular in the streets and he knows it very well.

The style of ci with obvious scenes is not unrelated. The next movie tells the story with the word "read" and envisions other scenes. Liu Xi

"Introduction to Art" Volume 4: "The writing is a bit dirty. Liu Chunqing's Yulin Order said, "Affection has been hurt since ancient times, and what's more,

It's as cold as an autumn festival. Read Where to Go for Night Wine, Yang Liuan, and Xiao Feng Canyue. The last two periods were neglected,

The sentence "tonight" means the last two sentences. Indeed, the reason why this sentence "tonight" was promoted to a famous sentence,

Not only because there is reality in the virtual scene, but also because the scene "stained" the feelings and melted into the scene. "Wake up tonight.

Fan ",remote connected to a" drink ",it serves to show that although" unintentional ",it is still drunk; poplar

The Remnant Moon in Lu 'an Xiao Feng shows a series of images that are easy to touch and leave sadness, creating a desolation and coldness.

Fall into the realm of pregnancy. Under "This is Going", I will feel the scenery, write straight, not too heavy, and start to change from "Tonight".

Think of "years", from "thousands of miles of smoke" to "thousands of customs", from "speechless" to "more"

Who should I talk to? "Time was far before I met her, but it became longer after we broke up." This endless melancholy was expressed in a roundabout way.

Song people's comments on Ci are often divided into elegance and vulgarity, and Liu Ci has always been judged as a "vulgar song". The word "palm" in the picture above.

The words "look at tears" are really simple and vulgar, close to Chu Guan's songs. But the next paragraph is mixed with reality, and the scene is the same.

Life can be compared with other famous "elegant words", which can be said that vulgarity does not hurt elegance, and elegance does not avoid vulgarity.

Appreciation of Bai Juyi's The Charcoal Man

Selling charcoal Weng, Nanshan chopping wood and burning charcoal, with dusty fireworks, gray temples and black fingers. What is the money for selling charcoal for? Buy clothes, buy food in your mouth. Pity that he is wearing thin clothes, but he is worried that charcoal can't be sold, hoping it will be colder. At night, it snowed a foot thick outside the city. Early in the morning, the old man drove a charcoal wheel to the market. Cows are tired and people are hungry, but the sun has risen very high. They are resting in the mud outside the south gate of the market. Who is that proud man riding on two horses? It was the eunuchs in the palace and eunuchs who did it. The eunuch, with documents in his hand and the emperor's orders in his mouth, shouted at the petrified palace. A load of charcoal, more than 1000 kilograms, eunuch attendants to drive away, the old man is helpless, but there is no way. Half a horse's red yarn is a silk, which is filled with charcoal to the cow's head.

Bai Juyi (772 ~ 846) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. The word Lotte,No. Xiangshan lay, Mr. Drunk Sound. Originally from Taiyuan (now Shanxi). Bai Juyi was born in Xinzheng, Zhengzhou (now Henan) from the seventh year of Dali (772) to the fifteenth year of Zhenyuan (799). Smart since childhood, learned to write poetry at the age of 5 or 6, and was familiar with phonology at the age of 9. 1 1 years old, because of the war between the two rivers, he fled from Xingyang to Fuli, Xuzhou (now Su County, Anhui Province), and soon went south to Vietnam and became the cousin of the county magistrate in Hangzhou. During his wandering life in 1956, Bai Juyi came into contact with the sufferings of the people and was influenced by two poets, Wei and Fang Rufu, who were the secretariat of Suzhou and Hangzhou. He wrote poems such as "A Letter to Xuzhou Brothers for Sending a Guest to the North from the South of the Yangtze River" and "Farewell to Ancient Grass". At the age of 65,438+05,65,438+06, he decided to be a scholar and work hard. Later, when my father died and my mother became ill, I lived on my eldest brother Bai Youwen's meager salary and traveled between Poyang and Luoyang, and my life was very difficult.

In the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan, Bai Juyi was twenty-nine years old and a scholar. In the eighteenth year (802), he took the "Excellent Book Judge" with Yuan Zhen. In Yongzheng (805), Wang Zhiyi and Wei Zhiyi carried out political reform. Bai Juyi wrote to Wei, suggesting that we should open our minds, select talents, punish evil and promote good, appoint talents and appoint people, and lose no time to reform quickly. But soon, Wang and Wei were successively demoted, and the political reform failed. His suggestion was not adopted. At the same time, he also consciously used poetry as a weapon to "assess the situation" and "vent human feelings", promoted the new Yuefu movement, and wrote a large number of satirical poems, which complemented his political efforts. However, due to the increasingly corrupt state affairs, his plays and poems attracted the envy and attack of the authorities.

In the sixth year of Yuanhe, Bai Juyi returned to Beijing as the doctor of Prince Zuo Zanshan after serving his mother's funeral. In the tenth year of Yuanhe, the separatist forces in the two rivers jointly rebelled against the Tang Dynasty and sent people to assassinate Wu, the prime minister who advocated the separatist regime in the region. Bai Juyi took the lead in getting rid of the murderer to avenge his country. However, he was attacked by corrupt bureaucratic forces for overstepping his official duties, fabricated the charge of "insulting sacrificial rites" and was demoted to Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) Sima. This is a heavy blow to him.

Eleven years of Yuanhe (8 16) to two years of Daiwa (828). In the second year after Bai Juyi arrived in Jiangzhou, he wrote Pipa Xing. Through the unfortunate life experience of a famous prostitute who is good at playing pipa in Chang 'an, the poem expresses her political frustration. In the thirteenth year of Yuanhe, he served as the secretariat of Zhongzhou. In fifteen years, he was recalled to Beijing, worshipped the minister of history as a foreign minister, moved to the doctor, studied the imperial edict, and entered the Chinese book to give up people. Due to state affairs, the cronies of the DPRK and China have been in conflict with each other and have repeatedly refused to listen. In the second year of Changqing (822), he requested to go abroad and go out to be the secretariat of Hangzhou. After that, I worked as a short-term Suzhou secretariat. When I was in Hangzhou, I built a lake embankment to store water and irrigate more than 1000 hectares of land. And dig six wells in the city to drink. On the day I left Suzhou, people in the county sent each other tears. In the first year of Emperor Wenzong Daiwa (827), he visited our company. The following year, he was transferred to assistant minister of punishments.

Three years of arrogance (829) and six years of Huichang (846). Bai Juyi began to live in Luoyang at the age of 58. He has served as a distinguished guest such as Prince, Henan Yin, and Prince Shaofu. In the second year of Huichang (842), he became an official with the minister of punishments. In Luoyang, he lived a life of drinking, playing the piano, writing poems, traveling and "telling his family". He often sang with the famous poet Liu Yuxi, and was called "Bai Liu". In his comfortable old age, he still often thinks of the people. At the age of 73, he also invested in digging Longmen Bashi Beach to facilitate navigation. He died two years later. Buried at Pipa Peak in Xiangshan, Longmen (see the color map of Bai Juyi's tomb in Luoyang, Henan Province). The poet Li Shangyin wrote an epitaph. It has become a tourist attraction.

Bai Juyi not only left nearly 3000 poems in his life, but also put forward a whole set of poetry theory. He compared poetry to a fruit tree and put forward the famous argument of "root feeling, Miao language, Watson, true meaning" (Yu Yuan Jiu Shu). Emotion is the content of poetry, harmony is the expression of poetry, and righteousness is the social effect of poetry. He analyzed the emotional activities in poetry creation, saying that "when a great man feels useless, he must be moved by emotion, and then he will sigh and sing in the form of a poem" (Zelin, 69). He also said: "Musicians are based on sound, sound is based on emotion, and emotion is based on politics" ("Ce Lin" 64). It is believed that emotional activities are not produced out of thin air, but originated from "events" in social life and are closely related to "politics" at that time. Therefore, poetry creation cannot be divorced from reality, but must come from life and reflect the social and political situation of an era based on various events in real life.

Selling Charcoal Weng is one of the fifty poems of New East Fu written by Bai Juyi, a poet in Tang Dynasty. Describes the hardships of an old man burning charcoal to make a living, and exposes the evil of the "court market" in the Tang Dynasty.

At the beginning of this poem, we were taken to Zhong Nanshan near Chang 'an, the then capital, and we saw an old man burning charcoal living a very poor life.

Sell charcoal Weng, Nanshan chop wood and burn charcoal. The old man who burns charcoal doesn't even have an inch of land. All he lives on is an axe, an ox cart and ten fingers blackened by fireworks. He has no wife and children, and he is alone. He cuts his salary and burns charcoal on Nanshan Mountain, making his face "dusty, smoky, with gray temples and black fingers". The hardships of labor can be imagined. Old people who burn charcoal don't have high demands on life. "What can the money from selling charcoal do?" ? He just wants to have enough food and clothing to maintain the minimum living. Arguably, it is not difficult for a person to support himself, but even such a wish is difficult for him to realize. Charcoal is what people use to keep warm. The old man worked hard to cut wood and burn charcoal, which brought warmth to others, but his clothes were pitifully thin. Thin clothes always hope for warm weather, right? No, on the contrary, the elderly who are forced by life are "worried about charcoal and want to be cold" and would rather endure double cold, so as to sell more charcoal. This ambivalence profoundly shows the tragic situation of charcoal sellers.

"It snows a foot outside the city at night, and I roll ice in a charcoal car." The cold weather is really coming. Early in the morning, he got on the bus and walked on the icy road, but went to Chang 'an to sell charcoal. On the way from Zhong Nanshan to Chang 'an, what was he thinking? The poet didn't tell us; But you can imagine that he must be full of hope, because this car charcoal is directly related to his later life. After reading this, we feel closer to the elderly, and can't wait to know whether this car charcoal can be sold or not, and whether it can be sold at a reasonable price. But the poet didn't tell us the result at once. He let the charcoal seller have a rest, catch his breath, calm the reader down a little, and then wrote, "Who are those two riders?" "The messenger in yellow is wearing a white shirt." One of the people who came was a eunuch in yellow and the other was a pawn of a eunuch in white. They pretended to be ordered by the emperor to buy goods, and they chased the charcoal cart north regardless of whether the charcoal seller agreed or not. The north of the city is where the emperor lives, and the driver is the eunuch in the palace. What can an old man selling charcoal do? "A car full of charcoal, more than a thousand Jin, it's a pity that the palace envoy drives the general." Thousands of kilograms of charcoal, I don't know how many kilograms of firewood to burn, and I don't know how many days to cut! In order to burn firewood into charcoal, how much the lonely old man suffered in the dust and beside the fireworks! But what did you get? "Half a horse's red yarn and a piece of silk are filled with charcoal on the cow's head." Even the yarn and silk add up to only three feet. Can this be worthy of the hard work of the elderly for many days? These court envoys are not shopping, they are simply robbers. They took away not only a car full of charcoal, but the hope of the old man's life and his right to exist. What kind of anger should this arouse the readers! After reading this poem, we can't help asking: can a charcoal seller with gray hair survive the cold winter with this reward?

Bai Juyi has a preface under the title of each poem in New Yuefu, explaining the theme of the poem. The preface of "Selling Charcoal Weng" is "Kugong City", which reflects the pain brought by the palace city to the people. "Palace market" is the most rogue way for the Tang court to directly plunder the property of the people. It turned out that all the daily necessities needed by the imperial court were purchased by the government from the people. In the last years of Dezong Zhenyuan, eunuchs were used to buy directly from court envoys. The palace often sends hundreds of people to Chang 'an's East-West City and popular neighborhoods. When you meet something you like, say it's a palace market, take it and leave, and no one dares to ask. Sometimes I tear your two or three feet of old silk thread into pieces as a reward; Sometimes I don't give you any reward, but let you post "portal money" and "foot price" Therefore, every time the palace envoy comes out, even the small shops selling wine and biscuits are closed and dare not do business. Bai Juyi wrote "New Yuefu" in the early years of Yuanhe, which was the most harmful time in the court market. He has a good understanding of the court market and deep sympathy for the people, so he can write this touching "charcoal man".

However, the significance of selling charcoal Weng goes far beyond revealing the palace market. In the typical image of selling charcoal Weng, the poet summarized the bitterness and bitterness of the working people in the Tang Dynasty, and reflected the darkness and injustice of the society at that time in the small matter of selling charcoal. Reading this poem, we can see more than just a charcoal seller. Through him, it seems that many people who farm, fish and weave appear before us. Although it is not a "black finger", it also bears the imprint of hard life; Although they won't be hurt by selling charcoal, they also shed tears of bitterness and hatred under the weight of land rent or taxes. The poem "Selling Charcoal Weng" not only had positive significance at that time, but also had certain educational function for today's readers.

The artistry of selling charcoal Weng is also very high. You see, in the first eight sentences, the poet first gave a general introduction to the charcoal seller, so kind and natural, just like introducing his family. "His face is covered with dust and fireworks, his temples are gray and his fingers are black." Simple but affectionate fourteen words vividly outline his appearance: "Poor man's clothes are simple, but he is worried about charcoal. I wish it were cold." It is also the same simple and affectionate fourteen words, which deeply describes his inner activities. This introduction is like a series of movie pictures. From the perspective of Nanshan, the camera zoomed in steadily, and then there were several close-ups: temples, fingers, dusty face and rags, which were shocking.

After this introduction, the poet picked up an experience of selling charcoal Weng and described it in detail. Bai Juyi deliberately put him on a snowy day. Although the snow made his body particularly cold, it ignited hope in his heart. Although it increased the difficulty of catching the bus, it also gave him strength and made him reach his destination in one breath. What a dramatic description! The charcoal seller rushed to the market hopefully, but he was in no hurry to sell the charcoal at once. He stopped, perhaps wiped the sweat on his forehead with his sleeve, and squatted on the side of the road to catch his breath. But who can say that his heart will be as calm as his appearance? "Cows are hungry and people rest in the mud outside the south gate", like a short silence before tragedy, these two poems hold people's heartstrings tightly.

Next, the poet turned the pen, which made the story turn sharply, and suddenly two court envoys appeared. Bai Juyi once again wrote from far to near that they rode horses from far away, looking imposing, dressed proudly and resting in the mud, which formed a strong contrast. Before the charcoal sellers figured out what had happened, they had driven to the north. At this point, the poet seems unable to bear to write any more. He briefly explained the result of the matter. Different from other poems in the new Yuefu, the poet did not come forward to discuss. But it is this short ending that is more subtle, powerful and thought-provoking.

Du Fu in Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night

Good rain knows the season, when spring comes.

Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently.

The wild path is dark, and the river is bright.

Look at the red and wet place, the flowers in Jinguancheng are heavy.

Interpretation of poetry

Good rain knows the solar terms of rain. It is the time when plants germinate and grow. It falls quietly at night with the spring breeze, silently moistening everything on the earth. On a rainy night, the fields were dark, and only the lights on the river boat were exceptionally bright. After dawn, looking at the flowers with rain, beautiful and fiery red, the whole Jinguan City has become a world of flowers.

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Du Fu's five-character poem is one of the famous works he wrote in the second year in Chengdu, which has been read by people all the time. At that time, with the help of relatives and friends and his painstaking efforts, the Huanhuacao Hall where the poet lived was basically completed. After a long period of wandering and suffering, Du Fu's life has finally been temporarily settled, so he can deeply observe and ponder the natural scenery of Chengdu, and on this basis, he has created many poems about his memory. Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night is one of the most outstanding songs.

At the beginning of the poem, Du Fu praised the spring rain as "good rain". Why is it "good rain"? Because crops need rain very much in spring. As the agricultural proverb says, "Spring rain is as expensive as oil." It just reflects the preciousness of spring rain. Because Chengdu is located in Sichuan Basin, a land of abundance, it has a mild climate and abundant rainfall. Although it often rains at night in spring, it is sunny the next day. This is just as the poet described in another poem: "It often rains at night in Shu, and the river sill has cleared up." (Water Threshold of Two Hearts) When rain is needed, it falls. It is "knowing the season", so "when spring happens". This "timely rain" necessary for the growth of all things is really a rare good rain! These two poems are anthropomorphic descriptions. Du Fu often regards ruthlessness as sentient beings and ignorance as knowledge. Here, the spring rain is regarded as conscious, so it can fall as needed. The words "knowing" and "being" in the poem are very vivid, and the poet's love for rain is vividly on the paper.

Then, the third and fourth sentences not only describe the dynamics of the spring rain, but also convey its god of moistening things. Because it rains well at night, the poet focuses on describing the rain scene from the perspective of "listening". The rain was good but not sudden, and gradually disappeared with the night. It is silent, silent and unnoticed, so it is called "sneaking into the night". This quiet rain is, of course, Mao Mao rain that moistens everything. Silence shows its precious spirit just right. The words "latent" and "refined" are used accurately and appropriately here. The former reveals that the wind is very small, while the latter shows that the rain is very small. This is just as Qiu said: "The dive, the fineness and the pulse are continuous, which is the closest opportunity to nature." (Detailed Interpretation of Du Fu's Poems, Volume 10)

The fifth and sixth sentences further describe the rainy night scenery from the perspective of "vision". "Wild diameter" refers to the wild diameter, which refers to the ground; "Cloud" refers to the sky. Because it rains at night, the clouds are dense, the stars are hidden, the moonlight is dark, and the sky and the ground are black, indicating that it is raining heavily. In a dark world, only the boat by the river emits a ray of light, which is particularly bright. This is an extremely vivid night scene in the rain. The poet uses the words "ju" and "independence" here to highlight this scene. In this scene, the poet's own sense of surprise is also included.

The last two sentences are about Xiao Jing after the rain. That was the next day. It was raining at dawn, and the whole city of Chengdu was full of dazzling flowers, which were too heavy to lift its head. It's dazzling and refreshing. At this point, the poet's love for rain reached a climax, so the poem "Flowers on Jinguan City" rushed out, which was really "exquisite, especially in the second half." Wang Siyuan said, "The word' heavy' is wonderful, and others can't get down." ("Du Yi" Volume 4)

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This poem is delicate and touching. The plot of the poem ranges from general narration to image description, from hearing to seeing, from that night to the next morning, and the structure is rigorous. Watch your words. The scenery of Rainy Night, which is quite difficult to write, is very dazzling, which makes people breathe a pleasant spring breath between the lines. Although the title of this poem is Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, the whole poem is full of joy, but it is always full of joy. Obviously, the poet's feelings are not out of impulse, but have their realistic basis. According to historical records, the year before he wrote this poem, there was a serious famine in the area around Gyeonggi. "Rice fights to 7,000 yuan, and people eat each other" (Zi Tang). Therefore, when Du Fu heard the sound of rain, he felt infinite joy, which just reflected the poet's lofty thoughts and feelings of caring for people's sufferings.

Clean it up. -Don? Du Mu's Epang Palace Fu

Comb their hair early in the morning;