The Construction Process of Sydney Opera House

Sydney Opera House was conceived and built in 1950s. From 1955, the design works from all over the world were publicly collected. As of 1956 * *, there are 233 entries from 32 countries. Later, I chose the design picture of Danish architect Jon Wu Chong. Jon Wu Chong's design was inspired by cutting oranges, and the project won 65438+.

During the construction process, the architect left Australia on 1966 because of the disagreement between the reorganized new Australian government and Jon Wu. Since then, he has never set foot on Australian soil, and even his classic works can't be witnessed. Later, the work was completed by a group of Australian architects, including Peter Hall, Lionel Todd and David Littlemore. Sydney Opera House was finally officially opened on1October 20th, 1973.

work progress

scale

Interior map of Sydney Opera House

Two small sloping roofs stand beside the opening of the shell, forming a large public restaurant called Benilan Restaurant, which can accommodate more than 6,000 people every night. Other various activity places are located on the base. The theater has more than 900 large and small halls such as drama hall, movie hall, exhibition hall and reception hall, 5 arranger halls, 65 dressing rooms, library, exhibition hall, actor canteen, coffee shop and bar.

The plan to build the Sydney Opera House began in A.D. 1940, when eugene goossens, president of the Sydney Conservatory of Music, lobbied for the construction of a venue where large-scale drama works could be performed. At that time, Sydney City Hall, the venue for theatrical performances, was too small for theatrical performances. 1954, goossens successfully won the support of Joseph Cahill, Prime Minister of New South Wales, who asked to design a theater dedicated to opera. It was also goossens who insisted on building the Opera House in Cape Benellon. Although Cahill wants to build it in the northwest of CBD, closer to Wynyard Railway Station in Sydney.

Cahill launched the Opera House Design Competition on September 3rd, 1955, and * * * received 233 entries from 32 countries. It is stipulated that there must be a hall for 3,000 people and a small hall for 1200 people. The design purposes of these two halls should be different, including opera, symphony and chorus concerts, large-scale conferences, lectures, ballet performances and other speeches.

design

Djolash Utzon, the designer of Sydney Opera House.

1956, joslash utzon, a 37-year-old Danish young architect, saw the Australian government's advertisement for the design scheme of Sydney Opera House overseas. Although he knew nothing about Sydney, he was inspired by generate, who lived in a seaside fishing village since childhood. According to his later explanation, his design concept is neither a sail nor a shell, but a cut orange petal, but he is also very satisfied with the first two metaphors. However, when he sent his own design scheme, he didn't expect that another "Andersen's fairy tale" would be staged in the southern hemisphere of a foreign country.

1957 65438+1On October 29th, reporters gathered in the hall of N S W Art Museum in Sydney. The jury solemnly announced that joslash utzon's scheme beat all 23 1 competitors and won the first prize. Once the design scheme was published, people were impressed by its original conception and unconventional design. But who knows, Djolash Utzon? Our plan was eliminated early from the beginning and was rejected by most judges. Later, one of the experts of the jury, Finnish-American architect Elo Sha Lining, came to Sydney and asked to see all the floor plans, so it was dug out of the waste paper pile again. Elo Sha Lining was ecstatic when he saw the plan. He pushed his way through the crowd to lobby the judges actively and effectively, and finally established its dominant position.

1In the winter of 957, Danish designer joslash utzon was announced to win the competition and won the & pound prize of 5000. Uzun visited Sydney on 1957 to help supervise the project. 1963 In February, he moved his studio to Sydney.

build

Sydney Opera House, Australia

Macquarie Fort Tram Factory, which was originally located in Bennelong Point, was demolished on 1958, and preparations for the Opera House began in March 1959. The construction plan of the Opera House is divided into three stages. The first stage (1959–1963) includes the construction of low walls. In the second stage (1963–1967), the external "shell" structure is built. Interior design and decoration of Phase III (1967–1973).

The first stage:

1958 to 65438+February 5, construction company civil &; Engineers from Civic and Arup Engineering Consulting Company are responsible for supervision and guidance. Out of concern for funds and public opinion, the government strives to carry out the project as soon as possible. However, the final design of joslash utzon has not yet been completed. 196 1 year 65438+1October 23rd, the project has been delayed for 47 days, mainly due to some unexpected difficulties (including weather, unexpected rainwater diversion, the project started before the correct structure diagram was prepared, and the contract documents were changed). The low wall project was finally completed on August 3 1, 1, 962. The act of forcing the project to proceed as soon as possible eventually led to some obvious problems and the fact that the strength of the low wall could not support its roof structure, so it had to be rebuilt. [ 1]

The second stage:

In the original opera house design competition, these shells were not defined geometrically, but at the beginning of design, these shells were defined as parabolas supported by a series of concrete members. However, the engineers of Arup Engineering Consulting Company could not find a way to build these "shells". The scheme of cast-in-place concrete construction was rejected because of the high cost, because the roof structure is different and different molds are needed, which eventually leads to high cost.

From 1957 to 1963, the design team tried 12 different methods to build the "shell" (including parabolic structure, circular rib and ellipsoid) before finally finding an economically acceptable scheme. The design of "shell" is one of the earliest tasks to complete structural analysis by computer. In the middle of 196 1, the design team found a solution: all "shells" were created by spheres. In this method, circular arches with different lengths can be cast by the same mold, and then several circular arch segments with similar lengths can be put together to form a spherical section. Who is the inventor of this solution has become the subject of some debates.

The shell was built by Honeybrook Group Co., Ltd., which is responsible for the construction of the third stage. Hornibrook made 2400 precast ribs and 4000 roof panels in the factory, which accelerated the construction progress. The achievement of this solution lies in the use of precast concrete, which avoids the construction of expensive molds (it also allows the roof panels to be assembled in large pieces on the ground in advance instead of splicing one by one at high places). To the surprise of Ovarup and the partners' field engineers, these "shells" used innovative adjustable bending steel truss beams to support different roofs before completion. April 6th 1962, Sydney Opera House is expected to be completed between August 1964 and March 1965.

The third stage: interior design and decoration

Night view of Sydney Opera House

Since Utzon moved his studio to Sydney in February 1963. However, the government changed in 1965, and the new Robert Askin government announced that the construction plan of Sydney Opera House would be under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Works. This eventually led to the resignation of Jon Wuzhong of 1966.

So far, even as high as 1966, the cost of the Sydney Opera House construction plan is only 22.9 million yuan, less than a quarter of the final budget of1020,000. However, in the third stage, there will be a great expenditure on design. When Jon Woo Chung resigned, the second phase of the project was nearing completion. Peter Hall took his place after his resignation, and Peter Hall took the biggest responsibility for interior design and decoration. In the same year, others were appointed to replace Jon Woo Joong.

After Utzon resigned, Lothar Cremer, an acoustic consultant, confirmed to SOHEC that Utzon's original design only allowed 2,000 seats in the hall, and further pointed out that if the number of seats increased to 3,000, it would have disastrous consequences for the sound. Peter Jones mentioned in the book that the stage designer Martin Carr once commented on "the shape, height and width of the stage, the material facilities provided for artists, the location of the dressing room, the width of doors and elevators, and the location of lighting facilities".

expense

Sydney Opera House was officially completed in 1973, with a total cost of1020,000. The total cost provided by H.R. 'Sam'Hoare, who is in charge of the construction plan, is 1973:

The first stage: low wall: civil &; Civic Private Limited is about 55 million.

The second stage: the roof M.R. Hornibrook (NSW) Pty Ltd is about 654.38+250,000.

The third stage: interior design and decoration Hornbrook Group 556.5 million yuan.

Other contracts: stage facilities, stage lighting and organ 9 million.

Other expenses are 654.38+6.5 million.

1957 The initial plan cost is 7 million yuan. The original estimated completion date is196365438+1October 26th (AUD).