Ask for an outline of a paper: the evolution of ancient surnames in China! Hurry up! ! !

When we meet a stranger, we always ask "What's your name?" "What's your name?" When our country holds a major meeting and announces the personnel arrangement, when there are many people holding the same position, or when there are many editors and authors in other occasions, the ranking order is often "in the order of surname strokes". So what is a surname? Are surnames and surnames the same or different? What about the name? When we are reading ancient books and classical dramas, we often meet the same person with a word and number besides his name, and sometimes there is more than one number, and different occasions have different names. What's going on here?

let's talk about this knowledge here, mainly about the historical origin and evolution of surname, surname, first name, word and number.

1. Surname

Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi (Volume 24) "Female Department": "Surname, people are born, from female, born, born also sounds." Ban Gu's "White Tiger Tongde Theory", Volume 9, said: "Those who have surnames are born, and people are born because of the weather." "Zuo Zhuan, eight years in seclusion", "The Emperor Jiande was born with a surname". This all shows that the original meaning of "surname" is "life". Therefore, it is generally believed that the surname is originally a racial title that represents the relationship of consanguinity, descent and blood clan, and is referred to as the family number for short. As a clan number, it is not the title of an individual or a family, but the title of the whole clan and tribe. According to documents, our ancestors originally used surnames for the purpose of "other marriages", "Ming lineage" and "other races". It came into being in the period of clan commune in primitive society.

how did the surname come from? It is speculated that the origin of surnames is related to the totem worship of ancestors. In the primitive age, all tribes and clans had their own totem worship objects, such as ears of wheat, bears and snakes, which used to be the totems of our ancestors, and this totem worship object became the symbol of our tribe. Later, it became the code name of all members of this tribe, that is, "surname". Because the number of ancient clan tribes is limited and countable after all, there are few surnames left in pure ancient times.

according to the spring and autumn annals, the "ancient surnames" sorted out by later generations are: Gui (now there is Guishui in Zhuolu, Hebei Province), Gui, Zi, Ji, (surname of Zhou royal family), Feng, Ying (surname of Qin), Ji, Ren, Ji, Qian, Cao, Qi and Ji. Nearly half of these surnames have the word female beside them. Therefore, people speculate that the generation of surnames may be in matriarchal clan society. Mr. Zhang Taiyan and other scholars have sorted out dozens of ancient surnames (about 59, Zhang Taiyan got 52, and others got 7 from the bronze inscriptions) from the older documents such as Shuowen, Shan Hai Jing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen, so that the original surnames are only more than 8. It is conceivable that this is only a part of the surnames that actually existed in ancient times, and the original surnames are definitely more than one. The others have been lost. But one thing is certain: at that time, there were never as many surnames as we are talking about today. We can list several representative figures about surnames from ancient times to the present.

① In the feudal society after the Northern Song Dynasty, Hundred Family Names (edited by Anonymous in Qiantang, Northern Song Dynasty), which has long been used as a children's literacy book, received 52 surnames (including 342 single surnames and 6 compound surnames). The beginning says: "Qiansun Zhao Li, Zhou Wu Zheng Wang, Feng Chen Chu Wei, Jiang Shen Han Yang ...") ② There are 1,745 ancient surnames in Zheng Qiao's Annals of Surnames in Song Dynasty. (3) The Ming Dynasty Hanlin Academy edited Wu Shen and others compiled "Thousands of Surnames in the Imperial Ming Dynasty" according to the household registration collected by the Ministry at that time, and received 1968 surnames. (The beginning says: "Zhu Feng is lucky in heaven, rich in ten thousand square, sacred in spirit, civil and military, Taoist and Taotang ...") ④ Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty personally examined and approved "A Hundred Surnames of Imperial Family", (The beginning says: "Confucius was absent from the Party, Meng Xi was in Qi Liang, the mountain was in Zhan Yang, Zou Lu Rongchang, Ran Ji Zong Zheng, and articles on a summer tour ...") ⑤ Zhang Shu, a Qing Dynasty. ⑥ After the founding of the People's Republic of China, mainland scholar Yan Fuqing and others once edited and published the Collection of Surnames in China, with 573 surnames. Among them, there are 3,47 single surnames, 2,85 double surnames, 163 three-character surnames and 12 four-character surnames. Taiwan Province Province has also published "Chinese Surnames" with 6,363 surnames, but there are cases of repeated income in variant characters. ⑦ According to the sampling survey conducted by the Chinese Characters Department of the China Language and Character Reform Committee in 1984 and the estimation of relevant experts, there are more than 3, surnames still in use today. According to the data of the 1982 national census, at present, there are about 4 commonly used surnames in China. According to the population at that time, the top 1 surnames are: Li Wangzhang, Liu Chen, Yang Zhao, Huang Zhouwu, Xu Sunhu, Zhu Gaolin, He Guo Maluo, Liang Songzheng, Xie Han, Tang Feng, Yu Dongxiao, Cheng Cao Yuan Deng Xu Fu Shen Zeng Peng Lu and Su Su. These 1 surnames account for more than 87% of the total population in China. Among them, Li Wang, Zhang Liu and Chen have a population of more than 3 million. Li 87 million, Wang 8 million, Zhang 8 million, Liu 6 million and Chen 5 million. The situation of the most popular surnames in cities across the country is also different. For example, the top 1 surnames in Shanghai are: Zhang Wang, Chen Li, Xu Zhu Zhou, Wu Liu Shen. ) This number is far from the so-called pure "surname" that we mentioned earlier. What about other words that are also called surnames? Those words are the main components of modern surnames, so let's introduce them.

Second, "Shi"

Due to the multiplication of population, the original tribe has divided into several new tribes. In order to distinguish themselves from each other to show their uniqueness, these tribes have given their own sub-tribes a code name, which is "Shi". Of course, some small tribes still use the surname of the old tribe without doing so. Some tribes have their own "surname" while using the old surname. These small tribes later divided into more small tribes, and they determined their own surnames, so that there were more and more surnames, even far exceeding the original surname.

in terms of time, this is already a matter of the patriarchal clan society, which bears the brand of this era. So "Shi" can be said to be a branch of surname. "Tongqian Waiji" said: "The surname is unified by the place where his ancestors took the exam, and the surname is different from that of his descendants." It can explain the relationship between the two. The "surname" is constant, and the "surname" is variable. Gu Yanwu also said that "the surname is changeable from generation to generation, and the surname remains unchanged for thousands of years." Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, surnames and surnames were used on different occasions, and there were strict rules on who had surnames and who used surnames. After the Han Dynasty, surnames were undifferentiated and unified, and they were collectively called surnames. The most obvious sign is the Historical Records. According to the existing surnames, we can infer their origins or the reasons why they were originally determined as surnames. Generally speaking, there are the following aspects:

(1) As mentioned earlier, surnames with female characters beside them, such as: Ying, Ji, Jiang, Gui, Win, etc., which reflect the worship of women in matriarchal society. Some of them are directly the titles of matriarchs.

(2) Take animals and plants or other natural objects as surnames. Such as horses, cows, sheep, pigs, snakes, dragons, willows, plums, peaches, flowers, leaves, grains, wheat, mulberry, hemp, millet, mountains, water, forests, wood, wind, clouds, rivers, rivers, gold, stone, steel, iron and jade, among which there are many.

(3) Take feudal country, fief, official or title as the surname. Such as Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qin, Lu, Cai, Zheng, Chen, Song and Ruan; Situ, Sima, Sikong, Lezheng, Zai, Shangguan, Taishi, Shaozheng, Wang, Hou, Gongsun, Bozi, etc., because of the various names of knighthood officials in ancient times, there are many surnames of this kind.

(4) Take the place of birth, residence or occupation as the surname, such as Yao (Yu Shun was born in Yao Ruins), Dongfang (Fuxi Residence), Ximen, Dongmen (the land was sealed by the descendants of Luzhuang Gongzi), Dongguo, Nanbaili, Ouyang (Gou Jian, the King of Yue, was sealed in Ouyang Pavilion in Wucheng), Tao, Wu, Bu and Yi.

(5) Take the ancestral clan number and posthumous title as the surname. Such as Tang, Yu, Xia, Shang, Zhou, Yin, Wen, Wu, Zhao, Mu, Kang, Zhuang, Xuan, Ping and Cheng.

(6) Others (there are several varieties and mutations in surnames):

A. The emperor gave surnames. Such as Liu Bangci Xiang Bo surnamed Liu. Li Yuci Xi Tinggui (ink officer) surnamed Li.

B, change your surname to avoid disaster. For example, after Wu Zixu was killed in Wu, his descendants fled to Qi and changed their surname to Wang Sun; Chen Wan, the son of Shirley Chen, fled to Qi to become a doctor after Chen's civil strife and changed his surname to Tian.

C, change the surname to avoid the emperor or saint. For example, Xun changed to Sun, Zhuang changed to Yan and Qiu changed to Qiu.

D, change the surname because the original surname is complicated and there are many words. For example, Sima Jian's surname is Si or Ma or Feng, and Ouyang Jian's surname is Ou.

E, ethnic minorities take the initiative to adopt the Chinese surname. For example, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty stipulated that Xianbei people should change their surnames to Han people such as Lu, Mu, He and Yu, and the royal family took the lead in changing their surnames from Tuoba to Yuan.

F, in addition, Tuoba, Shan Yu, Yu Wen, Chang Sun, Hu Yan, Wei Chi, Yelu, Wan Yan and Aisingiorro are all transliteration of minority surnames in Chinese. Some minority surnames are simplified when they are translated into Chinese, such as Aisingiorro, whose surnames are changed to Luo and Jin. As can be seen from the above, the same surname is not necessarily a family.

Today's surnames in "Gui surname", "Zun surname" and "in the order of strokes of surnames" in public social occasions actually include ancient surnames and surname.

In addition, there are several points worthy of attention in ancient surnames:

① Before the Warring States Period, aristocrats had surnames, and aristocratic men were given surnames, while women were given surnames. Because "surnames are different from marriage", "surnames are different from nobility", and "those who are noble have surnames, while those who are lowly have no surnames" (A Brief Preface of Tongzhi Clan), Gu Yanwu said in "Rizhilu": "According to the Biography, between two hundred and fifty-five, who was called by a man? Nothing. "

so what does a man call it? 1. Your name is surname; 2, the base is summarized by occupation. Such as Yiqiu, Kenting, Jiangshi, Yihe and Youmeng, these professional names later became surnames. At that time, it was a generic term.

② if the surname is different, the marriage can be passed; Marriage is impossible for people with different surnames. "Courtesy does not marry the same surname", "Parents have the same surname, and they are not uncommon" (Zuo Zhuan), "The same surname does not marry, and evil does not breed". Some people think that it contains simple eugenics.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Zhao of Lu married Wu Nv as his wife. Both of them were surnamed Ji, but his wife was named Meng and called Wu Mengzi.

③ Because "surname" plays the role of "other marriages" and aristocratic men don't call their surnames, it is particularly important for women to call their surnames. In order to distinguish women with the same surnames who are to be married or married, a special address for women is formed, and prefixes and suffixes are added before and after the surnames.

A, prefix ranking: Meng, Bo, Zhong, Shu and Ji. For example, Meng Jiang, Bo Ji and Shu Kui,

b. Prefixed by the fief and posthumous title of the husband's family, such as Jin Ji, Wu Jiang and Wen Ying.

suffixes such as c, Jia, female, mother, Ji, Yi, Yi, such as Zhang, Shang, Meng Mu, Wu Ji, Zhao Yi, etc.