The first volume of the seventh grade combs geographical knowledge points 20 17.

1. Two basic elements of climate: temperature and precipitation.

2. Temperature change: Daily change of temperature: The temperature appears around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

Annual variation of temperature: the temperature in July in the northern hemisphere is 65438+ 10, the lowest in October; The temperature of the ocean is in August and the lowest in February.

Temperature difference: daily temperature difference (the difference between the temperature in a day and the lowest temperature);

Temperature annual range (the difference between the monthly average temperature and the lowest monthly average temperature in a year).

3. Characteristics of temperature distribution and main influencing factors: (P53_ Figure 3. 17)

influencing factor

Temperature distribution characteristics

Latitude factor

(1) The world temperature is gradually decreasing from low latitude to two poles.

Sea-land factor

(2) The sea and land have different temperatures at the same latitude. The land temperature is high in summer and the ocean temperature is low in winter, and vice versa.

topographic factor

③ In the same latitude zone, the temperature in mountainous areas and plateaus is lower, while the temperature in plains is higher.

human factor

④ The trend of global warming.

4. Distribution law of precipitation: (four more and four less) (P53_ Figure 3. 17)(P56_ Figure 3.5438+0)

influencing factor

Distribution characteristics of precipitation

Latitude factor

① There is more precipitation in equatorial regions and less precipitation in polar regions; ② There is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland on both sides of the Tropic of Cancer.

Sea-land factor

(3) There is more precipitation in temperate coastal areas, and less precipitation in inland areas far from the ocean.

topographic factor

④ There is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on north slope in mountainous area.

5. Factors affecting climate: latitude, land and sea, topography (the temperature drops by 0.6℃ every time the altitude rises 100 meters) and human activities.

6. Several main climates and their characteristics: (P58_ Figure 3.23)

Climate type

tropical rainforest climate

Mid-latitude monsoon climate

Subtropical monsoon climate

mediterranean climate

Temperate marine climate

Climatic characteristics

It is hot and rainy all year round.

Winter is cold and dry.

Summer is hot and rainy.

The temperature is mild in winter.

Summer is hot and rainy.

It is hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

It is mild and rainy all year round.

Tropical rain forest climate-high temperature and rainy all year round,

Tropical desert climate-high temperature and dry all year round, distributed in the west coast and inland near the Tropic of Cancer.

Mediterranean climate-hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter; Distributed on the west coast of temperate continent.

Subtropical monsoon climate-high temperature and rainy in summer, low temperature and little rain in winter; Nanchang is located on the east coast of temperate continent and belongs to this climate type.

Among the temperate climate types, the interior of the mainland is temperate continental climate, which is the most widely distributed in temperate regions.

7. The analysis method of the above climate map: first, look at the month when the temperature is moderate and the lowest temperature appears-determine the northern and southern hemispheres; Second, look at the difference between the temperature and the lowest temperature (annual range)-determine the temperature zone; Third, look at the seasonal distribution of precipitation-determine the climate type.

Chapter IV Residents and Settlements

1, 201101October 3 1 day, the world population reached 7 billion.

The growth rate of population is determined by the birth rate and death rate.

3. Natural population growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate, indicating the population growth rate; Natural population growth rate > 0 means population increase, while natural population growth rate

4. Population density can be expressed by population density, and its calculation formula is population density = total population (people) ÷ total area (square kilometers). For example, Sichuan has an area of 485,000 km2, a population of about 88 million and a population density of 88 million ÷ 485,000 = 18 1 person /km2.

5. The four most densely populated areas in the world: East Asia, South Asia, Europe, East North America and other coastal plain areas with low latitudes (these areas are dominated by plains, with warm and humid climate and superior natural conditions). Areas with vast territory and sparsely populated in the world: extremely arid desert areas, rain forest areas with excessively humid climate, high-latitude areas with severe cold all the year round, or high-lying plateaus and mountains, are all sparsely populated areas with harsh natural conditions, which bring difficulties to human survival. (P66_ Figure 4.5)

6. The population problem in today's world is mainly manifested in the problems caused by rapid population growth and overpopulation.

Problems brought by rapid population growth: employment difficulties, housing congestion, hunger and poverty, lack of resources, environmental degradation and so on. Problems brought about by slow population growth: insufficient labor force, insufficient national defense, and difficulties in providing for the elderly.

7. In order to solve the problems brought by rapid population growth, human beings must control themselves and have children in a planned way, so that population growth can adapt to social and economic development and be in harmony with resources and environment. Control population and improve population quality.

8. Three major races (P72_ Figure 4. 1 1): yellow people are concentrated in East Asia, black people are concentrated in southern Africa, and white people are concentrated in North Africa, West Asia, Europe and North America.

9. The working languages of the United Nations are: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic, among which Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world; English is the most widely used language in the world.

10. Three major religions in the world: Asia has formed Christianity with the largest number of believers; Islam, the second largest religion, is called Islam and Puritanism by China; Buddhism, the third largest religion, is now mainly distributed in East Asia and Southeast Asia.

1 1. settlement: settlement is not only the place where people live, but also the place where people carry out labor production and social activities.

Classification: rural settlements and urban settlements. Generally speaking, there are rural settlements first and then urban settlements;

Production activities of different settlements: rural settlements: rural areas → farming, pastoral villages → grazing, fishing villages → fishing, forest farms → logging; Cities are mainly engaged in industry and service industry.

12. Most of the early settlements were selected in places with superior natural conditions such as topography, climate and resources.

13. The traditional settlements listed in the World Heritage List are: the French "Seine River", the Italian city of Venice, the ancient city of Pingyao in China, Old Town of Lijiang in Yunnan, China, the ancient village in southern Anhui, China, and the historic city of Macau.

Chapter V Development and Cooperation

1. There are more than 220 countries and regions in the world:

The top six regions are: Russian, Canadian, China, USA, Brazil, and Australia (not clear in China); (P86_ Figure 5. 1)

China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Russia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Japan and Mexico are the most populous 1 1 countries. (China, India, the United States, India, Baba, Russia, Mongolia, Japan, Mexico → Lenovo: "China wins the United States and wins Baba; I dreamed of you at the end of the day ") (P86_5.2)

2. National boundaries are the boundaries between a country and its neighbors or the high seas on the map, which are within the scope of national sovereignty. National boundaries are artificially divided, some according to natural boundaries such as mountains, rivers and lakes, oceans, longitude and latitude lines, and some according to nationalities, languages and religions. (Page 87 _ Figure 5.3)

3. Territory: the territory, territorial waters and airspace within the national boundaries.

According to the different levels of economic development, countries in the world are usually divided into developed countries and developing countries. At present, there are more than 20 developed countries in the world, mainly distributed in Europe, North America, Oceania and Japan in Asia. Developing countries are mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In some areas, some developing countries even surpass some developed countries, such as Indian software industry and China's aerospace and nuclear industries.

Although there is inequality in international cooperation, it is mutually beneficial: developed countries should buy raw materials and sell products in developing countries; Developing countries need to introduce capital, equipment, advanced production technology and management experience from developed countries and buy some products that are difficult to produce at home. Both need active communication and cooperation.

6. The United Nations is an international organization in the world. Formally established in 1945, and headquartered in new york, USA. Its basic purpose is to promote national development and safeguard world peace. In the United Nations, the Security Council is the main body for maintaining world peace and security, consisting of five permanent members, China, the United States, France, Russia and Britain, and 10 non-permanent members.

In South-South cooperation and North-South dialogue, "South" refers to developing countries and "North" refers to developed countries.

1. Generally speaking, there are villages before cities.

2. The political system is divided into capitalism and socialism.

3. International organizations: United Nations

4. Developing countries: China

5. The religion with the largest number of followers and the widest spread: Christianity.

6. The smallest continent: Australia.

7. Peak: Mount Everest

8. The smallest continent: Oceania

9. China: Eurasia

10. Mainland: Asia

1 1. Island: Greenland.

12. The world's "rain pole" is Kilapanche in India, and the world's "dry pole" is Atacama Desert in Chile.