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Earthquake popular science knowledge and common sense of prevention and self-help

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Time: May 27, 200814:12:10/Source: Youth League Committee Author: Dong Read 375 times.

Earthquake is the rapid vibration of the earth's surface, which was also called earthquake in ancient times. Ground vibration is the most intuitive and common manifestation of earthquakes. Strong earthquakes at the bottom of the sea or in coastal areas will cause huge waves, which is called tsunami. Earthquakes are extremely frequent. There are about 5 million earthquakes around the world every year, which have a great impact on the whole society.

Terminology and related knowledge of earthquakes

Earthquakes usually occur in the earth's crust. The earth is constantly rotating, and the interior of the crust is constantly changing. The resulting force led to the deformation, fracture and dislocation of the crust and strata, so an earthquake occurred. The place where an earthquake occurs underground is called the source. The place from the source vertically upward to the surface is called the epicenter. The distance from the epicenter to the source is called the focal depth. Earthquakes with a focal concentration of less than 70km are shallow earthquakes, earthquakes with a focal concentration of 70km to 300km are moderate earthquakes, and earthquakes with a focal concentration of more than 300km are deep earthquakes. The shallower the source, the greater the damage, but the smaller the spread, and vice versa.

The distance from a place to the epicenter is called epicentral distance. Earthquakes with epicentral distance less than 1000 km are called near earthquakes, earthquakes with epicentral distance between 100- 1000 km are called near earthquakes, and earthquakes with epicentral distance greater than1000 km are called teleseisms. Among them, the farther the epicentral distance, the smaller the impact and damage.

The magnitude of the earthquake itself is expressed by magnitude, and the magnitude is determined according to the energy of elastic waves released during the earthquake. China generally uses the Richter scale. Earthquakes with magnitude less than 2.5 are usually called small earthquakes, earthquakes with magnitude 2.5-4.7 are called inductive earthquakes, and earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.7 are called destructive earthquakes. For every magnitude difference of 1, the energy released by the earthquake is about 30 times different. For example, an earthquake of magnitude 7 is equivalent to 30 earthquakes of magnitude 6 or 900 earthquakes with magnitude difference of 0. 1, and the average difference of energy released is 1.4 times.

When a large earthquake occurs in a certain place, a series of earthquakes often occur within a period of time, the largest of which is called the main earthquake, the earthquake before the main earthquake is called the foreshock, and the earthquake after the main earthquake is called the aftershock.

Earthquakes have a certain temporal and spatial distribution law. In terms of time, earthquakes have periodic phenomena of alternating active periods and quiet periods. From a spatial point of view, the distribution of earthquakes has certain zones, called seismic zones, which are mainly concentrated in the Pacific Rim and Mediterranean-Himalayan seismic zones. The Pacific seismic belt almost concentrates more than 80% of shallow earthquakes (0 km ~ 70 km) in the world, and all moderate earthquakes (70 km ~ 300 km) and deep earthquakes release about 80% of the total energy.

The degree of ground vibration at a certain point during an earthquake is called seismic intensity. China divides the earthquake intensity into 12 degrees.

Although both magnitude and intensity can reflect the strength of an earthquake, their significance is the same. The same earthquake has only one magnitude, but the intensity varies from place to place, and the intensity value varies from place to place. For example, on1February 1990 10, an earthquake of magnitude 5. 1 occurred in Changshu-Taicang. Some people say that Suzhou is level 4 and Wuxi is level 3, which is wrong. No matter where it is, it can only be said that an earthquake of magnitude 5. 1 occurred in Changshu-Taicang, but this time, the earthquake intensities in shaxi town, Taicang, Suzhou and Wuxi were 6 degrees, 4 degrees and 3 degrees respectively.

Cause of earthquake

There are many reasons for the vibration of the earth's surface. According to the causes of earthquakes, earthquakes can be divided into the following categories:

1. Crustal earthquake

Earthquakes caused by dislocation and rupture of deep underground strata are called tectonic earthquakes. This kind of earthquake has the highest frequency and the greatest destructive power, accounting for more than 90% of the global earthquakes.

2. Volcanic earthquake

Earthquakes caused by volcanism, such as magmatism and gas explosion, are called volcanic earthquakes. Volcanic earthquakes can only occur in volcanic active areas, and earthquakes in volcanic active areas only account for about 7% of global earthquakes.

3. Collapse earthquake

An earthquake caused by the collapse of an underground cave or mine top is called a collapse earthquake. Such earthquakes are relatively small in scale and few in frequency. Even if it exists, it often occurs in limestone areas with dense caves or large underground mining areas.

4. Induced earthquake

Earthquakes caused by reservoir impoundment and oil field water injection are called induced earthquakes. This kind of earthquake only occurs in some specific reservoir areas or oil fields.

5. Artificial earthquake

The ground vibration caused by underground nuclear explosion and explosive blasting is called artificial earthquake. Artificial earthquakes are earthquakes caused by human activities. Such as vibration caused by industrial blasting and underground nuclear explosion; High-pressure water injection in deep wells and water storage in large reservoirs increase the pressure on the earth's crust and sometimes induce earthquakes.

Two major earthquake zones in the world

Pacific Rim Seismic Belt: It is distributed around the Pacific Ocean, like a huge garland, separating the mainland from the ocean.

Mediterranean-Himalayan seismic belt: From the Mediterranean Sea to the east, one branch passes through Central Asia to the Himalayas, then passes through the Hengduan Mountains in China to the south, passes through Myanmar, turns in an arc to the east, and reaches Indonesia, while the other branch extends from Central Asia to the northeast to kamchatka peninsula, showing scattered distribution.

China is located between two major earthquake zones in the world, and it is a country with many earthquakes. The seismic belts are mainly distributed in the southeast of Taiwan Province Province and Fujian coastal areas, North China-Taihang Mountain and Beijing-Tianjin-Tang Bo area, southwest of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, west of Yunnan and Sichuan, northwest of Xinjiang and parts of Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia.

Earthquake prediction

Earthquakes, like wind and rain, are natural phenomena. There are precursors before coming, especially strong earthquakes, which always cause various physical and chemical changes underground and above ground in the process of gestation, providing people with information.

In the period before the earthquake, there will always be some abnormal changes near the earthquake zone. Such as the change, sudden rise, sudden drop or bad taste, turbidity, ringing and bubbling of groundwater. Meteorological changes, such as sudden cold weather, sudden heat, drought and flood, electromagnetic field changes, abnormal reactions of animals and plants before earthquakes, etc. Through the comprehensive study of these reactions, coupled with the processing and analysis of observation data by professional departments from the aspects of earthquake mechanism, seismogeology, geophysics, geochemistry, biological changes, celestial influence and meteorological anomalies, the time, place and magnitude of earthquakes can be predicted. For example, 1975' s successful prediction of Haicheng M = 7.3 earthquake is an example. However, due to the complexity of the causes of earthquakes and the suddenness of earthquakes, as well as the limited scientific level of people at present, earthquake prediction is still a worldwide problem, and there are no reliable methods and means to accurately predict all destructive earthquakes in the world.

earthquake magnitude

Weak earthquake: earthquake with magnitude less than 3;

Sensible earthquake: an earthquake with magnitude equal to or greater than 3 and less than or equal to 5;

Moderate earthquake: an earthquake with a magnitude greater than 5 and less than 6;

Strong earthquake: an earthquake with magnitude equal to or greater than 6. Among them, magnitude 8 or above is also called a giant earthquake.

Earthquakes below magnitude 3 are called microseisms. Earthquakes with magnitude 5 or above are destructive to varying degrees, which are called destructive earthquakes.

Earthquake self-help daquan

Shock absorption of school personnel

In school, what is most needed in the earthquake is the calmness and decisiveness of school leaders and teachers. In areas with medium and long-term earthquake prediction, students should be taught about earthquakes, prevention and shock absorption in combination with teaching activities. Before the earthquake, we should arrange the route and venue for students to transfer and evacuate; After the earthquake, calmly direct the students to evacuate in an orderly manner. In a relatively solid and safe house, students who can hide under desks, beside platforms and in teaching buildings can go to small rooms supported by pipes, and students are not allowed to run around or jump off buildings.

When there is an earthquake, walk in the street to prevent electric shock.

When the earthquake occurred, the glass fragments of high-rise buildings and the concrete fragments outside the buildings, as well as advertising signs, tinplates, neon red light frames, etc. , may fall and hurt people. So when walking in the street, you'd better put your bag or soft things on your head, and you can also put your hands on your head when you are free. Try to be prepared for self-defense. To be calm, leave the telephone poles and fences quickly and run to a relatively open place to hide.

Workshop worker shock absorption

Workshop workers can hide under cars, machine tools and tall equipment, and don't panic and run around. Workers in special posts should first close the valves of flammable, explosive and toxic gases, reduce the temperature and pressure of high-temperature and high-pressure pipelines in time, and close the operation equipment. Most people can leave the work site, and a few people can stay at the site to monitor the danger at any time under the premise of safety protection, deal with possible accidents in time and prevent secondary disasters.

Emergency shock absorption of running vehicles in earthquake.

(1) The driver should slow down as soon as possible and brake gradually;

(2) Passengers (especially on the train) should firmly grasp the handle, post or seat with their hands, and pay attention to prevent luggage from falling from the luggage rack and hurting people. People facing the driving direction should put their arms on the seat cushion in front, protect their faces, lean toward the passage, and protect their heads with their hands; People with their backs to the direction of driving should protect the back of their heads with their hands, raise their knees to protect their abdomen, tighten their bodies and take a defensive posture.

Emergency shock absorption of people in buildings during earthquakes.

Once an earthquake happens, keep a clear head, judge the vibration in time, and never jump off a building in a panic. Secondly, you can hide under solid furniture, or in a corner, or you can move to a kitchen, toilet and small room with many load-bearing walls for temporary shelter. Because these places have strong binding force, especially the pipeline has good supporting force and large seismic coefficient after treatment. In a word, according to the building layout and indoor conditions, we can evaluate the situation and find safe spaces and passages to avoid and reduce casualties.

Emergency shock absorption in the store during earthquake

The department store kept calm when it was hit by an earthquake. Due to the panic of people and the falling of goods, the refuge passage may be blocked. At this time, you should hide near big pillars and big commodities (avoid commodity display cabinets), or hide in an unobstructed passage, and then bend down and wait for the earthquake to subside. In the upstairs position, in principle, it is best to transfer to the ground floor. However, stairs are often the weak parts of buildings in earthquake resistance. Therefore, we must seize the opportunity to escape. Attendants should organize the masses to avoid nearby and evacuate safely after the earthquake.

Self-help after the earthquake

If you are buried under the ruins during the earthquake, your surroundings are dark and there is only a very small space. Don't panic, be calm, build up confidence in survival, and believe that someone will come to save you and do everything possible to protect yourself.

After an earthquake, there are often many aftershocks, and the situation may continue to deteriorate. In order to avoid new injuries, we should try our best to improve our environment. At this time, if you carry an emergency kit with you, it will play a great role in getting out of danger.

In this extremely unfavorable environment, first of all, we should protect the smooth breathing, remove the debris from the head and chest, and cover your mouth and nose with wet clothes when you smell gas and toxic gases; Avoid weak collapsed objects and other falling objects above the body; Expand the stable living space and support the ruins with bricks and sticks to prevent the environment from further deterioration after aftershocks.

Try to get out of danger. If you can't find a way out of danger, save your strength as much as possible, and beat something that can make a sound with a stone to send out a distress signal. Don't cry, don't be impatient, don't act blindly, it will consume a lot of energy and physical strength. Try to control your emotions or close your eyes and wait for rescuers to arrive. If you are injured, try to dress it to avoid excessive bleeding.

Sustain life. If you have been buried under the rubble for a long time, rescuers have not arrived, or you have not heard the distress signal, you must find ways to maintain your life. Water and food in the earthquake-proof bag must be stored, and ways should be found to find food and drinking water. Your urine can also quench your thirst if necessary.

A way to save lives

According to the actual situation of the post-earthquake environment and conditions, effective rescue methods should be adopted in order to safely rescue the buried people from the ruins.

Through understanding and searching, it is determined that there are buried people in the ruins, and then the buried position is judged, and the rescue signal is transmitted by shouting or knocking on the ruins.

During the rescue, special attention should be paid to the safety of the buried personnel. First, the tools used (such as iron bars, hoes, sticks, etc.). ) should not hurt buried personnel; Second, don't destroy the supporting conditions around the space where the buried personnel are located, causing new collapse and making the buried personnel in distress again; Third, communicate with the closed space of buried personnel as soon as possible, so that fresh air can flow to people. If the dust is too large during excavation, water should be sprayed to reduce dust to avoid suffocation of buried personnel; Fourth, if you are buried for a long time and it is difficult to rescue for a while, you can try to deliver drinking water, food and medicine to the buried people to maintain their lives.

Before the rescue operation, we should plan and step by step, and consider where to dig, where not to dig, where to use hoes and where to use sticks.

In the past, rescuers acted blindly, stepping on the roof above the buried person and crushing the buried person to death. Therefore, in the process of rescue, scientific analysis and action are needed to get good rescue effect, and blind action often causes new harm to the rescued object.

Rescue and nursing

First of all, the head of the buried person is exposed from the ruins, and the dust in the nose and mouth is removed to ensure smooth breathing. For those who are seriously injured and can't leave the burial site by themselves, try to carefully remove the buried objects on and around them, and then carry the buried people out of the ruins without forcibly dragging them.

For those who are hungry and cold, injured and suffocated, and buried for a long time, cover their eyes with dark cloth after being rescued to avoid strong light stimulation. According to the severity of the injury, the injured person shall be bandaged or sent to a medical point for emergency treatment.

Main points of shock absorption

Whether to run or hide during an earthquake, most experts in our country believe that it is a better way to avoid nearby during an earthquake and evacuate to a safe place quickly after the earthquake. Shock absorption should be chosen in a solid place indoors, under (next to) objects that can cover the body, which is easy to form a triangular space, a small place with support, and an open and safe place indoors.

The posture that the body should take:

Lie down, squat or sit down, curl up as much as possible and lower your center of gravity.

Grab a solid object, such as a table leg.

Protect your head, neck and eyes, and cover your mouth and nose.

Avoid crowds, don't crowd around, and don't light open flames casually, because there may be flammable and explosive gases in the air.

School shock absorption

In class, under the command of the teacher, hold your head quickly, close your eyes and hide under the desk.

When you are in the playground or outdoors, you can squat down in place, protect your head with your hands, and pay attention to avoiding tall buildings or dangerous objects.

Don't go back to the classroom

Evacuation should be organized after the earthquake.

Never jump off a building! Don't stand outside the window! Don't go to the balcony

Classes should be held outdoors when necessary.

Family shock absorption

The earthquake warning time is short, and the indoor shock absorption is more real, and the triangular space formed after the collapse of indoor houses is often a relatively safe living place for people, which can be called shock absorption space. This mainly refers to the space formed by large collapsed bodies and supports.

Indoor triangular space is easy to form:

Under the edge of the kang, close to solid furniture;

Root and corner of interior wall;

Kitchen, bathroom, storage room and other small places.

Shock absorption in public places

Listen to the instructions of the field staff, don't panic, don't rush to the exit, avoid crowding, avoid crowds, and avoid being pushed to the wall or fence.

In theatres, gymnasiums, etc:

Squat down on the spot or under a row of chairs;

Pay attention to avoid hanging objects such as chandeliers and electric fans;

Protect your head with a schoolbag, etc.

After the earthquake, listen to the command of the staff and evacuate in an organized manner.

In shopping malls, bookstores, exhibitions, subways, etc.:

Choose solid counters and commodities (such as low furniture, etc.). ) or pillars, and squat down in the inner corner, and protect your head with your hands or other things; Avoid glass doors and windows, glass windows or counters; Avoid tall and unstable shelves or shelves with heavy objects and fragile items; Avoid tall or hanging objects, such as billboards and chandeliers.

Moving electric (automobile) vehicle: Hold the handrail tightly to avoid falling or bumping; Lower your center of gravity and hide near your seat.

Don't get off until the earthquake has passed.

Outdoor shock absorption

Field selection of outdoor shock absorber;

Squat or get down to avoid falling;

Don't run around and avoid crowded places;

Don't go back indoors casually.

Avoid tall buildings or structures:

Buildings, especially those with glass curtain walls;

Crossing bridges and overpasses;

Under tall chimneys and water towers.

Avoid dangerous objects, towering or hanging objects:

Transformer, telephone pole, street lamp, etc. ;

Billboards, cranes, etc.

Avoid other dangerous places:

Narrow streets;

Dangerous old houses, dangerous walls;

Under the parapet, high gate face and awning;

Bricks, wood and other things piled up.

How to identify earthquake rumors

1. To correctly understand the actual level of earthquake prediction at home and abroad, the medium-and long-term predictions made by human beings have certain credibility at present, but the success rate of short-term and imminent predictions is still relatively low.

2. It needs to be clear that in China, the authority to issue earthquake prediction lies with the government, and no other unit or individual has the right to issue earthquake prediction news. Treat earthquake rumors, don't believe them, don't spread them, and report them in time.

3. Learn the common sense of earthquakes and eliminate the fear of earthquakes.

4. Don't believe in rumors and snap up blindly.

When a big earthquake comes, experts suggest that family members should master three principles:

Principle 1: Make the right choice according to local conditions. During the earthquake, everyone's environment and conditions are very different, and the way of shock absorption can't be the same, which needs specific analysis. These conditions include: whether to live in a bungalow or a building, whether the earthquake occurred during the day or at night, whether the house is strong, whether there is room for shock absorption indoors, how far away you are from the door, and whether it is open and safe outdoors.

Principle 2: act decisively and never hesitate. The success of the shock absorber is at a critical juncture, and we must not hesitate before and after. If you live in a bungalow, you should act decisively, or take refuge nearby, or go out in an emergency, and don't rush back and forth.

Principle 3: Eat your bread and taste your guts, and don't get sick. The ancients once recorded in the "Earthquake Records": "You can't get sick when you die, you have to wait for the earthquake to pass. Even if there is a nest, you can finish eating the eggs. " That is to say, when an earthquake happens, don't rush out of the house, but take the time to find a suitable damping place and take the form of squatting or sitting down until the earthquake passes, so that even if the house collapses, people can be safe and sound.

Three strategies for shock absorption of high-rise buildings

Experts suggest that in Beijing, a metropolis dominated by architecture, residents should consciously master some scientific and applicable earthquake prevention strategies.

Strategy 1: Stay calm during the earthquake and go outdoors after the earthquake. This is an international standard for earthquake prevention. Many earthquake examples at home and abroad show that people are most likely to be killed or injured when they enter or leave buildings in a short time. Therefore, experts remind that indoor shock absorption conditions are good, and indoor shock absorption must be selected first. If the building has poor earthquake resistance, try to run out of the room.

According to the relevant national standards, residential buildings in Beijing should have the ability to resist the damage of the 8-degree earthquake. Experts suggest that don't panic when an earthquake occurs, keep your vision open and mobile, and let the camera move. Especially don't stay in bed; Don't run to the balcony; Don't run to the corridor where there are many people; Don't jump off a building; Don't use the elevator. If there is an earthquake, you should leave the elevator as soon as possible. If the door won't open, hold your head down. In addition, it is necessary to immediately put out the fire and cut off the power supply to prevent burns, electric shocks and fires.

Strategy 2: The position of shock absorber is very important. If you live in a building shock absorber, you can judge the situation according to the building layout and indoor conditions and find a safe space to escape. It is best to find a place where a triangular space can be formed. It's safer to squat next to the heater, which is very important. The reticular structure and elasticity of metal pipes are not easy to be torn, and it is not easy to be thrown out even if there is a big earthquake. The heating pipe is well ventilated, which is not easy to cause suffocation; The water stored in the pipeline can also prolong the survival period. More importantly, trapped people can send information to the outside world by tapping the heating pipe, and the location of the heating near the external wall is conducive to getting help as soon as possible.

Hiding in a small room like kitchen and bathroom, pay special attention to stay away from stoves, gas pipes and fragile dishes. If the kitchen and bathroom are located in the corner of the building and the partition wall is thin-walled, don't choose it as the best location for shock absorption. In addition, don't get into cabinets or boxes, because once people get into them, they will immediately lose their mobility, their vision will be blocked, and their limbs will be tied, which not only misses the opportunity to escape, but also is not conducive to being rescued; Poor lying posture increases the plane area of human body, and the probability of being hit is five times greater than that of standing posture, making it difficult to maneuver.

Strategy 3: near water is not close to fire, but outside rather than inside. This is an important principle to ensure timely assistance from others in urban earthquakes. Stay away from gas stoves, gas pipelines and household appliances; Don't choose the internal position of the building, try to be close to the external wall, but don't hide under the window; Try to get close to the water source. Once trapped, try to contact the outside world. In addition to using a mobile phone, you can also use water pipes and radiators or turn on a flashlight.

Ten things to know in an earthquake.

1. For the personal safety of yourself and your family, please hide under solid furniture such as tables. The lottery time is about 1 minute. This is the first thing that should be considered is the personal safety of yourself and your family. First, hide under a solid table with a low center of gravity and hold the legs tightly. In places where there is no table to hide, protect your head with cushions and other things anyway.

2. Turn off the fire immediately when shaking, and put out the fire immediately in case of fire. When there is a big earthquake, there will be situations where you can't rely on fire engines to put out the fire. Therefore, the efforts of each of us to turn off the fire is an important factor to control the earthquake disaster to a minimum. Get into the habit of turning off even a small earthquake. In order to prevent the fire from causing great disaster, it is self-evident that it is extremely important for the family to help each other and put out the fire early.

Don't panic and run outside.

After the earthquake, running out in a panic, broken glass, roof tiles, billboards, etc. are very dangerous. Fall down and hit you. In addition, cement prefabricated walls and vending machines are also in danger of collapse. Don't go near these objects.

4. Open the door and ensure the exit.

Houses with reinforced concrete structures, etc. Has been locked in the house because of the dislocation of doors and windows caused by earthquake shaking. Please open the door and ensure the exit. Usually, you should think about how to escape if you are locked in the house, and prepare ladders and ropes.

5. In outdoor situations, protect your head and avoid dangerous places.

When the earth shakes violently and stands unsteadily, people will have the psychology of leaning over and grasping something. Most of the doorposts and walls around you will be the objects of support. However, these seemingly solid things are actually dangerous.

In the building area, according to the situation, it is safer to enter the building to avoid.

6. In department stores and theaters, follow the instructions of the staff.

In places where there are many people in department stores and underground streets, the most terrible thing is chaos. Please follow the instructions of the store staff and security guards.

As far as earthquakes are concerned, it is said that underground streets are relatively safe. Even if there is a power failure, the emergency lighting will come on immediately. Please take action calmly.

In case of fire, it will be filled with smoke immediately. Take refuge in a low body posture and don't smoke at all. In case of an earthquake or fire, you can't use the elevator. In case there is an earthquake when you take the elevator, please press all the buttons on each floor on the operation panel. Once stopped, leave the elevator quickly and take refuge after confirming safety. Elevators in high-rise buildings and recent buildings are equipped with devices to control operation. When an earthquake happens, it will automatically stop at the nearest floor. If you are locked in the elevator, please contact the management room for help through the dedicated telephone in the elevator.

7. The car is parked on the side of the road, and driving is prohibited in the controlled area.

In the event of a major earthquake, the car will be like a flat tire, unable to grasp the steering wheel and difficult to drive. You must pay full attention to avoid the intersection and park your car on the side of the road. In order not to hinder the passage of evacuees and emergency vehicles, we should give way to the middle part of the road. Most roads in the urban area will be completely closed. Pay full attention to car radio broadcasting. If there is a policeman nearby, you should follow his instructions. When you need to take refuge, in order not to get involved in the fire, please close the window, put the car keys in the car, don't lock the door, and act with the local people.

8. Be sure to pay attention to landslides, falling rocks or tsunamis.

On hillsides and steep slopes, there is danger of landslides and falling rocks, so you should take refuge in a safe place quickly.

On the coast, there is a danger of encountering a tsunami. If you feel an earthquake or issue a tsunami warning, please pay attention.

9. Walk when taking refuge, and take as few personal belongings as possible.

When the fire caused by the earthquake spreads and burns, and life and personal safety are in danger, take refuge measures. In principle, people's disaster prevention organizations, streets, etc. You should take refuge on foot under the leadership of the person in charge and the police, and carry as few items as possible. Never take refuge by car or bike.

The cooperation and mutual assistance of local residents is indispensable for patients to take refuge. Usually, neighbors need to agree on the way to take refuge in advance.

10. Don't listen to rumors and don't act rashly.

In the event of a major earthquake, people are easily shaken psychologically. In order to prevent confusion, it is extremely important for everyone to act calmly based on correct information.

Get correct information from portable radios, etc. Trust the information obtained directly from the government, police and fire prevention agencies, and never believe irresponsible gossip, let alone make a move. Italian radio, television and other information quickly took refuge in a safe place.