Summary of geography knowledge points in grade one of junior high school

Want to know the knowledge of geography in grade one, come and have a look! I have carefully prepared "Summary of Geography Knowledge Points in Senior One" for you. This article is for reference only, and you will continue to get more information by paying attention to this site!

Summary of geography knowledge points in the first day of junior high school I. Earth and map

1. The shape and size of the earth

The earth is an ellipsoid with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator.

(2) Portuguese navigator Magellan led the fleet to realize the first human voyage around the earth.

③ The earth has a surface area of 5 1 10,000 square kilometers, a maximum circumference of 40,000 kilometers, an equatorial radius of 6,378 kilometers, a polar radius of 6,357 kilometers and an average radius of 637 1 kilometer.

2. Weft and warp yarns

Latitude: a circle perpendicular to the earth's axis and surrounding the earth.

Latitude varies in length, and the equator is the largest latitude circle.

② Meridian: a semicircle connecting the north and south poles and intersecting the latitude vertically.

The warp is equal in length.

3. Latitude and longitude

① Latitude change law: increasing from equator (latitude 0) to south and north pole. The maximum latitude is 90 degrees, at the South Pole and the North Pole.

(2) The latitude north of the equator is called north latitude, which is represented by "n"; The latitude south of the equator is called the southern latitude, which is represented by "S".

③ Divide the earth into two hemispheres, with the northern hemisphere in the north and the southern hemisphere in the south, with the equator as the boundary.

④ Variation law of longitude: from the prime meridian (0 meridian) to 180 from west to east.

⑤ The longitude east of the prime meridian is called east longitude, which is represented by "E"; The longitude west of the prime meridian is called the west longitude, which is expressed by "W".

⑥ The dividing line between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere is the warp circle composed of 20 W and160 E. ..

The west of 20 w to160 e belongs to the western hemisphere (greater than 20 w or160 e).

East of 20 W to160 E belongs to the Eastern Hemisphere (less than 20 W or less than160 E).

4. the movement of the earth

(1) In what direction does the earth move? This is a natural phenomenon that occurs periodically.

The earth's axis rotates from west to east, staying up for about 24 hours.

The rotating sun forms all seasons from west to east.

② The seasons in the northern hemisphere are opposite to those in the southern hemisphere (spring and autumn; Summer-winter).

③ The five zones on the earth's surface are divided into northern frigid zone (66.5° N-90° N), northern temperate zone (23.5° N-66.5° N), tropical zone (23.5° N-23.5° S) and southern temperate zone (23.5° S-66.5° S).

Cold zone: extreme day and night; Tropical area: direct sunlight.

Temperate zone: there is neither direct sunlight nor extreme day and night, and the four seasons change obviously.

④ Low latitude: 0-30; Mid latitude: 30-60; High latitude: 60-90.

⑤ Move the globe from west to east. Seen from the North Pole, the globe rotates counterclockwise; Seen from the Antarctic, the earth rotates clockwise.

5. Map

① Three elements of a map: scale, direction and legend.

② Scale types: line scale and digital scale.

③ Judgment of scale: the smaller the denominator, the greater the score, which is a large scale; The larger the denominator, the smaller the score, which is a small scale.

(4) The vertical distance above sea level somewhere on the ground is called altitude. Connecting points of equal height into lines is the contour line. Contours can be used to represent the ups and downs of the ground.

Second, land and sea.

1. The distribution of land and sea in the world is very uneven. Land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, but there is an ocean (Arctic Ocean) around the North Pole. The ocean is mainly concentrated in the southern hemisphere, but there is land around Antarctica.

2.7 1% of the earth's surface is ocean and 29% is land. Three parts land, seven parts sea.

3. Peninsula is a protruding part where land extends into the ocean; A strait is a narrow waterway connecting two oceans.

Seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania.

Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

5. Causes of land and sea changes: changes in the crust and the rise and fall of sea level are the main reasons for land and sea changes, and human activities can also cause land and sea changes.

6. German scientist Wei Gena put forward the continental drift hypothesis.

7. In 1960s, earth science research showed that continental drift was caused by plate movement.

8. Generally speaking, the crust inside the plate is relatively stable; The area where plates meet has active crust, which is the concentrated distribution area of volcanoes and earthquakes in the world.

Three. Weather and climate

The difference between the two: climate is the average weather condition in a place for many years, and generally it doesn't change much.

The weather reflects the atmospheric conditions of a place in a short time; At the same time, the weather in different places may be very different.

1. Weather has two important characteristics: weather reflects the atmospheric conditions in a short time; At the same time, the weather in different places may be very different.

2. Temperature and its distribution

① The highest temperature in a day appears around 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

② In a year, the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July and the lowest in 65438+ 10.

In a year, the temperature in the southern hemisphere is the lowest in July, and the temperature in the mainland is the highest in 65438+ 10.

③ From the equator to the poles, the temperature gradually decreases.

(4) According to the observation, the temperature drops by about 0.6℃ every time the altitude rises 100 meters.

⑤ Use isotherm diagram to show the horizontal distribution of air temperature.

3. Precipitation and its distribution

① Rain, snow and hail falling from the atmosphere are collectively referred to as precipitation. The main form of precipitation is rainfall. Fog and dew are not precipitation.

② From the equator to the poles, the general trend is that the annual precipitation decreases gradually.

③ Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland.

④ In temperate regions, there is less precipitation in Chinese mainland and more precipitation in coastal areas.

⑤ The distribution of precipitation is represented by isoprecipitation line graph.

6. The world's "rainy pole"-begging for help; The world's "dry pole"-Atacama Desert.

⑦ Usually, there is more precipitation on windward slopes and less precipitation on leeward slopes in mountainous areas.

4. World climate

(1) Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, and generally it doesn't change much.

② Near the equator (tropical rain forest climate); Polar regions (frigid climate); The east coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate); The west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (tropical desert climate); Mid-latitude inland areas (temperate continental climate).

③ Climatic characteristics of tropical rain forest: high temperature and rainy all year round; Mediterranean climate features: less rain in high temperature period and more rain in low temperature period.

④ The main factors affecting climate are latitude, land and sea, topography, temperature and precipitation.

Extended reading: What are the memory methods of geography knowledge in senior high school entrance examination? 1, homophonic memory method.

It refers to the memory method of combining geographical knowledge that needs to be memorized through homophonic, and then creating an artistic conception through association. Using homophonic associative memory for difficult-to-remember geographical knowledge is easy to imagine, which can greatly arouse people's enthusiasm and interest and receive the artistic effect of "remembering and remembering".

2, close to associative memory method

It is an associative memory method based on the proximity of some geographical things in time or space. Approaching association helps us to connect old and new knowledge and enhance the cohesion of knowledge. For example, remember the distribution law of ocean currents, and form an anticyclone ocean circulation centered on the subtropical zone in the middle and low latitudes. When you think that the anticyclone in the northern hemisphere flows clockwise, the east-west wind direction can be seen at a glance.

3, similar to associative memory method

It is a memory method based on the similarity of geographical things in nature, causes and laws. Similar association helps us discover the uniqueness of geographical things and strengthen our memory. For example, the natural zone of temperate monsoon climate zone and temperate marine climate zone is temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest zone.

4. Metaphorical memory method

Refers to the method of connecting the geographical knowledge to be memorized with the familiar' related knowledge' to complete the memory. Scientific and accurate metaphorical memory can concretize abstract content, make boring content interesting and simplify complex content. For example, remember that the seasonal movement of pressure belt and wind belt can be compared to the seasonal migration of swallows. When we think of Saturn, the planet with the largest number of satellites among the nine planets in the solar system, we can compare it to a bully.

5, gathering and dispersing associative memory method

It refers to a memory method that uses convergent thinking to connect a certain amount of knowledge according to certain rules or uses divergent thinking to connect the same geographical knowledge in many aspects. Including aggregation associative memory method and divergence associative memory method, both of which are reverse processes. Using the method of gathering and dispersing associative memory is helpful to draw inferences from others, expand ideas and establish an "associative group" of geographical knowledge. If you know something about the equator, you can use divergent thinking to explain it from the following points.

6, prefix memory method

It refers to the method of concatenating the prefixes of a series of geographical things to complete memory. For example, when remembering how far the nine planets are from the sun, we can remember it like this: water, gold, fire, wood, earth, sky and sea.

7, image associative memory method

It is to associate the materials to be memorized with some specific things, numbers, letters, Chinese characters or geometric figures, and remember them with the help of image thinking. Image association is not only conducive to stimulating interest and mobilizing the enthusiasm of learning, but also conducive to deepening memory.

8. Strange associative memory method

It refers to the memory method of stringing scattered geographical knowledge together by some bizarre association methods to form a series of objects in the brain. Through strange association, we can enhance the attraction and stimulation of knowledge to us, and let the content that needs to be remembered be deeply branded in our minds.

9, contrast associative memory method

Refers to the memory method of associating geographical things according to their obvious opposition. Through comparison and association, it helps us to compare the differences of geographical things, master their own characteristics and enhance our memory. For example, cyclone and anticyclone are the most common forms of motion in the atmosphere, and their pressure distribution, airflow and weather conditions are opposite. When studying, you only need to recite one.

10, subordinate associative memory method

It is an associative memory method to enhance the cohesion of knowledge according to the causality, subordination and juxtaposition between geographical things. Through relational association, we can guide our thinking and understand the relationship between geographical knowledge, so that we can have a clear thinking direction and feel that some geographical knowledge is numerous and miscellaneous, miscellaneous but not chaotic, and there are rules to follow.

What are the methods of geography study in senior high school entrance examination? First, look back at the textbook.

Refer to the geography textbook catalogue and recall chapter by chapter, so that the book knowledge can be fully reproduced in your mind. Then check your mastery of book knowledge against the examination range listed in the examination instructions, and review it point by point, whether you can repeat what you want to know and where you want to know; Can you explain "why" what you want to know? Can you understand the "application" of the required content? We should pay special attention to how some basic concepts, basic laws and basic principles in the textbook are embodied in the test questions, so as to master the problem-solving ideas. For example, the analysis of location factors should start with nature, social economy and technology; This paper expounds the hydrological characteristics of rivers, including water quantity, water level change, sediment concentration, ice age and so on.

Second, look back at the map.

Atlas integrates geographical knowledge, principles, laws and evaluation forms. If you master the map, you will master the geographical context. Psychologically speaking, graphics are easier to remember than words. Look back at the map and put the geographical distribution and laws on the map. It can be said that it is the best review method for geography.

Third, look back at the problem-solving methods

Students should be familiar with different methods of solving common geographical problems, such as graphic method, exclusion method, reasoning method, discussion method, extreme hypothesis method, etc., to solve the following problems: how to examine the problems accurately, comprehensively and quickly? How to dig out the meaning of the question and grasp the internal relationship between conception and situational questioning? How to optimize the answer specification? What are the effective selection and transformation skills of stem information? Strategies for answering various questions? Problem-solving process and the development of progressive thinking. The explanation should pay attention to the analysis and arrangement of knowledge points, and tell students how to use the existing knowledge, how to find the conditions (implicit and obvious) for solving problems, and the ideas and methods for solving problems by using conditions.

Fourth, look back at the mistakes in solving problems.

The essence of learning process is the process of struggling with difficulties and mistakes, and the number of solving difficulties and improving mistakes determines the speed of learning progress. Looking at the mistakes in the learning process before the exam, such as looking at the wrong answers in the past test papers, distinguishing the wrong types (knowledge, method, ability and psychology) and analyzing the wrong answers in the college entrance examination questions in recent years, can enhance the awareness of prevention, reduce mistakes and avoid repeating the same mistakes.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) reviews social hotspots.

The regionality, practicality and comprehensiveness of geography make the combination of social hot issues and hot regional propositions the main theme of college entrance examination, and also the starting point of interdisciplinary comprehensive examination questions. Therefore, it is necessary to review the "news" of the past year.