What were the important events during the Three Kingdoms period?

Battle of Guandu, Battle of Red Cliffs and Yiling.

The appellations of the times that appeared after the Eastern Han Dynasty were named after Wei, Shu and Wu. The Three Kingdoms began in 220 when Wei replaced Han and ended in 265 when Wei replaced Han. However, historians often regard the outbreak of the Yellow Scarf Uprising in 184 as the upper limit of the Three Kingdoms, and the fall of Wu in 280 as the lower limit of the Three Kingdoms.

The formation of the situation in the three countries

In the sixth year of Zhong Ping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (189), Emperor Ling died and Liu Bian became a young emperor. The ruling He Taihou brothers contacted Yuan Shao, one of the eight captains of Xiyuan, and killed Jian Shuo, the eunuch in charge of the eight captains. Yuan Shao and He Jin conspired to kill eunuchs, and called Dong Zhuo, a state shepherd, into the court for help. Eunuch killed blades, Yuan Shao killed eunuchs, and Dong Zhuo led the troops into Luoyang to take charge of state affairs. Deprived Shaodi and made Liu Xie Emperor, that is, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. Dong Zhuo's arbitrariness aroused the opposition of courtiers and local priests in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which led to a large-scale civil war.

After Dong Zhuo entered Romania, Yuan Shao started his career in Jizhou, and the Taishouqiao in the East County pretended to be the name of the Eastern Han Dynasty, asking all counties to rise up against Dong Zhuo, and all counties in Kanto responded in succession. They divided the key points, promoted Yuan Shao as the leader, and attacked Dong Zhuo with cameras. In the first year of Chuping (190), Dong Zhuo evaded the soldiers in Kanto and headed for Chang 'an with Xian Di in his arms. The Kanto Coalition forces were originally a mob, deceiving each other and devouring each other, and soon fell apart. In the third year of Chuping, Chang 'an mutiny, Dong Zhuo was killed, and there was chaos in Guanzhong.

After fierce melee, by the first year of Jian 'an (196), many separatist regions had been formed in China: Yuan Shao occupied Hebei, Qinghai and Binhe, Cao Cao occupied Yanzhou and Henan, Han Sui and Marten occupied Liangzhou, Gongsun Zan occupied Youzhou, Gongsun Du occupied Liaodong, Liu Bei and Lu Bu successively occupied Xuzhou, Yuan Shu occupied Huainan part of Yangzhou, and Liu Biao occupied Jingzhou. In addition, Zhang Lu also protected Hanzhong area in the form of Taoist organizations, and offered sacrifices to treat the people. Among these separatists, Yuan Shao and Cao Cao are the most powerful and active (see Cao Cao and Wei Wudi).

After Dong Zhuo entered Romania, Cao Cao fled to Chenliu (now southeast of Kaifeng, Henan Province), rallied his forces to resist and became a member of the Kanto Allied Forces. He lured 300,000 people to surrender to the Yellow Scarf Army in Jibei (now Changqingnan, Shandong Province) and selected its elite to become Qingzhou soldiers. And received some powerful landlords. In the first year of Jian 'an, he moved the Han Emperor to Xu County (now Xu Changdong, Henan Province), and achieved the goal of holding the Emperor as a vassal. He also cultivated land and accumulated valleys to store military assets. In the fifth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao fought Guandu, and Cao Cao defeated the strong with the weak, annihilating the main force of Yuan Jun; He also took advantage of the contradiction between Yuan Shao's two sons to capture the Yecheng of Yuan, and successively occupied the land of Qing, Ji, You and Sizhou, thus unifying the Central Plains. In the 12th year of Jian 'an, Cao Jun left Lulongsai (now northwest of Zunhua, Hebei Province) and was defeated by the invasion of Wuhuan.

In the 13th year of Jian 'an, Cao Jun went south to capture Jingzhou, where Liu Cong, the son of Liu Biao, lived. Relying on Jingzhou, Liu Beinan fled south. Lu Su of Jiangdong was ordered by Sun Quan to meet with Liu Bei to discuss countermeasures, and Zhuge Liang was ordered by Liu Bei to form an alliance with Sun Quan in Chaisang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi) to resist Cao Jun. The joint forces of Sun and Liu defeated the navy in Chibi (generally believed to be northwest of Puyin, Hubei, south bank of the Yangtze River) and forced them to return to the Central Plains. This is Battle of Red Cliffs, which contributed to the tripartite confrontation among the three countries. After Cao Cao returned to the north, he fought in Guanzhong and Longxi, expanding the scope of unification to the whole north.

In the 16th year of Jian 'an, Liu Bei led the troops into Yizhou, and gradually occupied the territory of Liu Zhang, the son of Ada. In twenty-four years, Liu Bei took Hanzhong from Cao Jun, and Guan Yu, based in Jingzhou, also attacked Cao Jun, but Sun Quan sent troops to attack and kill Guan Yu, occupying more than half of Jingzhou, and Liu Beijun was at loggerheads across the Three Gorges.

In the first month of the first year of Han Yankang (220), Cao Cao died; In October, the son Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor (that is, Emperor Cao Pi of Wei Wen), with the title Wei, capital Luoyang and Jianyuan. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu (namely Liu Bei, Emperor Zhaolie of Han Dynasty). His country name is Han, and the world is Shu, also known as Jianyuan Zhangwu. Sun Quan accepted the title of Wei on 22 1 and was called the King of Wu in Wuchang. In 222, the Shu army went out of the gorge and held a stalemate with Wu Jun in Yiling (now Yidu, Hubei). After the Battle of Xiaoting, Wu defeated Lu Xun and returned to Shu. In 229, Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in Wuchang, and later moved to Jianye (see Jiankang) to establish the State of Wu. Shortly after the Battle of Xiaoting, Shu and Wu Fumeng joined forces to fight against Cao Wei. Although there are still frequent wars between the north and the south, and sometimes the scale is relatively large, on the whole, the power is generally balanced and maintained for more than 40 years.

The territory of the three countries is roughly divided into northern Wei, southwestern Shu and southeastern Wu. Wei is divided into four states: Si, Yu, Yan, Qing, Xu, Liang, Yong, Ji, You, He, Jing and Yang. Among them, Liangzhou led a black-bone chicken captain to protect the western regions; The land of Youzhou reaches Liaodong; The southern countries are connected with Shu and Wu by the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River respectively. Shu is located in Yizhou, from Qinling Mountains to the south (now south of Dadu River in Sichuan and Yunnan-Guizhou area, hence the name). Wu Youyang, Jing, Jiao Zhou. Three-country hukou, with more than 660,000 households and a population of more than 4.4 million; Shu has 280,000 households, 940,000 people, 40,000 officials and more than 100,000 soldiers. Wu has more than 520,000 households with a population of 2.3 million, more than 30,000 officials and 230,000 soldiers.

The aristocratic families in Wei and Jin Dynasties were called gentry in Wei and Jin Dynasties, which had great influence. Most celebrities come from this class, or stand on the side of this class politically. Cao Cao is generally not respected by celebrities because of his eunuch family background, and he does not have the political advantage to defeat the separatist who came from a big family. Cao Cao's killing and contempt for his celebrities caused fierce resistance from Yanzhou literati, and his power was almost wiped out. Yuan Shao, the representative of the aristocratic family in the Eastern Han Dynasty, has far more power and influence than Cao Cao. He once insulted Cao Cao as "superfluous ugliness" in his essays. In the battle of Guandu, Cao Cao's officials colluded with Yuan Shao. In order to defeat his powerful opponent, Cao Cao had to employ extra people, that is, recruit capable talents from the lower classes. Later, he repeatedly issued a fatwa of "meritocracy" to recruit those who despised reputation and religion but had the skill of governing the country with soldiers. However, the real standard of Cao Cao's selection of officials is not "meritocracy", but "governance and dedication, rewarding posts if something happens". Cao Cao not only did not generally deny the moral standards emphasized by aristocratic families, but also attached great importance to the competition for celebrities. There are many celebrities in its curtains. Before the Guandu War, there was chaos in Xuzhou. He sent Chen Qun, He Kui and other celebrities to Tucheng County in an attempt to stabilize the situation. After Cao Cao got Yecheng, he immediately hired celebrities in Yuan Shao's original area. When Jingzhou was broken, we also tried our best to collect local and northern scholars who fled. The more Cao Zao reached his later years, the more he wanted to be cautious.

A few months after Cao Cao's death, before Xelloss proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Han Dynasty, he adopted the method of "nine-grade official" suggested by Chen Qun and chose a virtuous and knowledgeable member as the leader of his county. He is responsible for classifying the visiting scholars who live overseas with him into nine categories, which serve as the basis for the official department to award officials. This is the nine-product system. Wei Wei, and general logistics. At the beginning of the Jiupin Zhong political system, the decision-making power of scholars' character was in the hands of the government. Zhong Zheng chose public opinion to evaluate the quality of products according to the quality of talents, which changed the situation that celebrities ignored human feelings and manipulated elections in the late Eastern Han Dynasty to some extent, which was conducive to the stability of the political power. However, in the years of the development of the gentry and the replacement of generations, this system can not be separated from the power and political bureau of the gentry for a long time and adhere to its established principles. In the Western Jin Dynasty, there was already "no poverty in the upper class and no power in the lower class", but the Jiupin system became a tool to consolidate the strength of the gentry.

In order to maintain a fixed source of soldiers, Cao Wei established a scholar-bureaucrat system. Scholars have special household registration, and men have been soldiers or served in specific corvees for generations. The scholar's status is lower than that of civilians, and the scholar runs away, and his wife is a slave without an official. There are over 100,000 scholars in Jizhou.

Cao Cao's power has been growing, and the main economic force is farming. In the first year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao broke the yellow turban insurrectionary in Runan and Yingchuan, gained a lot of labor and farm tools, and reclaimed land near Xuchang. Then, many counties set up field officials to recruit exiles to settle in the fields. Generally, wasteland reclamation areas are located in places that are easy to cultivate or important, and they are self-contained and do not belong to counties. As tenants of the country, people who cultivate land pay 46% (those who use official cattle) or 50% (those who don't use official cattle) to the country, but they don't bear other corvees. Part of the reclamation is carried out by non-commissioned officers, which is called military reclamation. The production of agricultural reclamation workers is guaranteed by the government, and their labor productivity is higher than that of farmers and county people. In a short time, land reclamation can ensure the demand for military food. When Wang Fang was in Qi Dynasty, from Shouchun to Luoyang, he cultivated land as a sergeant and made great achievements (see Cao Wei's cultivated land).

After Cao Cao was stationed in Jizhou, he issued a rent adjustment order to collect four liters of land rent per mu from landlords (including yeomen and landlords). Each household is required to collect two pieces of household silk and two kilograms of cotton. It is good for farmers to replace the heavy poll tax in Han Dynasty with household registration, and it is also good for tenants sheltered by powerful families. Cao Cao ordered to increase the punishment for the merger of powerful people, but in fact it was difficult to prevent the merger of powerful people.

With the unification of the north and the implementation of land reclamation system and rent adjustment system, the social order in the north tends to be stable and production gradually recovers. The government builds roads and water conservancy projects, which facilitates transportation. In the restored iron smelting industry, the drainage of hydraulic blast casting has been popularized, and the silk weaving industry has also flourished. Commodity exchange gradually improved, and coins were reissued in Wei Mingdi. Luoyang and yecheng are increasingly prosperous. Wei maintained frequent contacts with the Japanese invaders, Malaysia and Thailand. Western countries also have envoys and businessmen.

In culture, literature, philosophy and science and technology have made important achievements. Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are all famous poets. There are also the so-called seven sons of Jian 'an represented by RoyceWong and Chen Lin. Cao Sanzi and Jian 'an Qizi formed a "Jian 'an style" in their poetry creation, leaving many famous works. Cai Yan (Wen Xi), a talented woman, has a poem of grief and indignation that has been recited through the ages, and the famous Yuefu narrative poem "Peacock Flying Southeast" was also written in Jian 'an. Metaphysics represented by Yanhe and Wang Bi is an outstanding achievement of philosophical thought. Zhang Zhongjing, later known as the "medical sage", wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases (later divided into Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber), which laid the foundation for China's medical system. Huatuo is good at surgery and pioneered the use of Mafeisan as an anesthetic for surgery. Mathematician Liu Hui has made great contributions to the calculation of pi. Ma Jun has made many inventions in machinery, including the overturning of water lifting tools. Religion, Taoism was slightly silent because of the Yellow Scarf Uprising and the failure of Zhang Lu's recommendation, while Buddhism continued to spread. There are Buddhist temples in Luoyang, and monks from the western regions come to preach and translate the scriptures. Zhu Shihang, a native of Yingchuan, went to Khotan to learn Buddhist scriptures, and was the first Han monk to seek dharma in the west.

Shortly after the establishment of Wei, the regime began to corrupt. During the period of Wang Fang in the State of Qi, there was a power struggle between Cao Shuang, the imperial clan of Fuzheng, and Sima Yi, the imperial commander of Taiwei. Cao Shuang reused Yanhe, Deng Kui, Li Sheng, Bi Gui, Ding Shu and other celebrities. , change the code, refused to sima yi. Sima Jia is an aristocratic family since the Eastern Han Dynasty. Sima Yi himself is resourceful and has made many achievements in the military. In the second year of Jingchu (238), he led an army to pacify Gongsun Yuan and brought Liaodong into the territory of Wei. Ten years ago (that is, the first year of Jiaping in 249), Cao Shuang took the opportunity of Wang Fang to pay homage to Gao Pingling in Luoyang City to launch a coup, forcing Cao Shuang to yield, executing Cao Shuang and his henchmen, and monopolizing state affairs, which is known as the Gao Ping Ling incident. Later, Sima Yi, his son Sima Shi, successively put down the military rebellions of the Tombs (25i in Jiaping's third year), 255 in the second year and 257 in the second year) and Zhuge Dan (257 in Ganlu's second year) and the resistance of other courtiers from Huainan, thus consolidating Sima Shi's rule. A group of metaphysical celebrities, represented by the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, held a negative attitude towards Sima's family, among which Ji Kang was killed by Sima's family on charges of immortality and helping others. Most of them surrendered to the Sima family in the early Wei and Western Jin Dynasties.

When all the resistance forces were eliminated, Sima Yi made great contributions and sent troops to destroy Shu in the fourth year of Wei Jingyuan (263). Two years later, he replaced Wei as Jin in the name of accepting abdication. Wei experienced five emperors and forty-six years.

One year before Shu Dong Zhuo entered Romania (five years, 188), the Han clan was Yizhou shepherd. How did you die? Zhang Zi succeeded. Ada and Gang Liu successively leveled the resistance of Yizhou strongmen. In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an, Liu Zhang invited Liu Bei, who was temporarily stationed in Jingzhou, to Shu, so that he was guaranteed by Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. In the 19th year of Jian 'an, Liu Bei occupied Yizhou; Twenty-four years in Hanzhong, claiming to be the king of Hanzhong. That year, Guan Yu who stayed in Jingzhou was killed by Sun Quanjun's sneak attack. In 22 1 year, after Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, he went out of the gorge for Jingzhou the following year and fought with Wu Jun for Yiling. Defeated into Shu, died of illness. His son Liu Chan succeeded him.

When Liu Bei was in Xinye, he invited Zhuge Liang, who lived in Longzhong, to be his assistant. Zhuge Liang saw clearly that there was Cao Cao in the north, Sun Quan in the east and Jingzhou was unsustainable. In order to protect himself, he strategically promoted Liu Bei to Yizhou. After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Chan. A small country with few people is in a difficult situation. Today, some ethnic minorities in western Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, which were collectively referred to as Southwest Yi at that time, rebelled one after another. Yizhou County (now Jinning East, Yunnan Province) people are strong and brave, hold the satrap, and seek to attach Wu. Zhu Bao, the magistrate of Zhang Ke, and Gao Dingyuan, the King of Yue, responded to Lv Yong in succession, and the unrest in South China expanded. In the third year of Jianxing (225), Zhuge Liang led the army south, and the army was divided into three roads. Zhuge Liang's army crossed Xiping, Ma Zhongjun crossed Dongping, and then they and Li Hui people were in the middle of the road. At this time, Meng Huo has taken over the county seat on behalf of Lv Yong. Zhuge Liang defeated Meng Huo, and according to Ma Su's suggestion that "policy is the best policy" when he left the army, he captured Meng Huo in seven vertical and seven horizontal directions, finally making Meng Huo change his mind and pacify the south. Zhuge Liang moved any Qu Shuai to Chengdu as an official, making Nan, Zhong and Qing Qiang each an army, and making Daxing attract foreigners to make a trilogy. The cattle and horses in Nanzhong enriched the military assets of Shu. The closed state of the Yi nationality area in southwest China has changed since then.

After the South China War, the alliance between Shu and Wu also achieved satisfactory results. Zhuge Liang led an army to Hanzhong in the fifth year of Jianxing, and fought fiercely with Wei for Guanlong. When Yizhou was tired, Zhuge Liang was in a hurry to fight. On the one hand, he tried to consolidate his orthodox position of "reviving the Han Dynasty and returning to his old capital" with the help of the Northern Expedition. On the one hand, attack is defense, so as to survive. In the sixth year of lite, Zhuge Liang ordered Zhao Yun to attack Qishan (now northeast of Lixian County, Gansu Province) in the northwest direction according to Ji Gu (now north of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province). Striker Ma Su was defeated in Jieting (now southeast of Zhuanglang, Gansu), and the Shu army retreated. In the next three years, Zhuge Liang sent troops again and again, all because of poor rations, and there was no result. In the 12th year of Jianxing, it made another northern expedition and marched into Wuzhangyuan (now southwest of Meixian County, Shaanxi Province) south of Weishui. When the army died of illness, the Shu army retreated and the Northern Expedition stopped.

After Zhuge Liang's death, Shu successively took Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others as phase, and they just followed in his footsteps. After the first year of Jing Yao (258), eunuchs were in power and politically corrupt. General Jiang Wei's northern expedition was futile. In the sixth year of Jing Yao, Wei Jun attacked Shu in three ways, Jiang Wei resisted Wei Zhonghui's army in Jiange, and Deng Weiai left Yinping (now Wenxian West, Gansu Province) to the south and destroyed Shu in the winter of this year. Shu lived for two emperors for forty-three years.

Before the uprising of Wu Han and Huang Zhong, Sun Jian went to the Central Plains with Zhu Jun to suppress the yellow turban insurrectionary, and then moved to Liangzhou and Jingzhou Jiangnan counties. During Dong Zhuo's rebellion, Sun Jian took part in the crusade against Dong Zhuo by the Kanto Allied Forces, belonging to Yuan Shu, and was active in Huainan. Sun Jian is dead, and Sun Ce is in charge of the headquarters. Around the first year of Xingping (194), it began to develop to Jiangdong. With the help of Zhou Yu and others, Liu You, the Yangzhou secretariat temporarily stationed in Qu, was expelled and Wang Lang, the satrap of Huiji, was forced to retreat. After offering the imperial city in the first year of Jian 'an, Sun Ce refused to join Cao Cao and was named Wuhou. In the fourth year of Jian 'an, Sun Ce defeated Liu Xun, the satrap of Lujiang, and Yuan Shu annexed three of them, and gained Zhangyu County. In the fifth year of Jian 'an, Sun Ce died, and Sun Quan, the younger brother of Ce, ruled all the people. In the 13th year of Jian 'an, Sun Quan ruled the capital (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) by Wu Tu. Planning Battle of Red Cliffs, the forces reached Jingzhou; In fifteen years, he recruited Lingnan taxi brothers with insurance certificates and acquired half of the southeast. In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an, Sun Quantu ruled Moling, and Moling was rebuilt the following year. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an, Sun Quan broke Guan Yu and occupied Jingzhou. Three years later (222), the victory in the battle of Yiling limited the possibility of Shu developing the gorge. Sun Quan's remaining difficulties are: one is to deal with the agitation of Shan Yue, and the other is to resist the pressure of Cao Wei in Chaohu, Huainan.

Shanyue people scattered in the mountainous areas of southeast counties, blocked the separatist forces, and even formed an alliance with Cao Wei in the north, opposing the expansion of Sun Quan's forces to the southern mainland. Sun Quan and Shan Yue fought many battles and won many victories. In the third year of Jiahe (234), Zhuge led an army to attack Danyang Mountain and Moon. After three years of siege, 100,000 people in Shanyue surrendered, including 40,000 Ding Zhuang soldiers, and the rest became supernumerary. During the decades of Sun Wu's rule, the Shanyue people generally merged with the Han people. In the historical records of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, the records about mountains and moons are only occasional.

Sun Quan's main military activities were in Huainan. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao attacked Hefei many times, and both sides won and lost. There are many residents crossing the river in Jiangbei, and several counties along the river have become empty areas. After Zhuge Liang's death, the Wei-Shu war stopped, and Wei stepped up his attack on Wu in Huainan. In addition to stationing troops along the Yangtze River and setting up beacon towers, Wu Jun also built the ruxu Wharf at the south entrance of Chaohu Lake, which is heavily guarded. Wei Jun's navy was limited, and it was difficult to attack, so Wei Wuxiang held on for years.

When Sun Quan ruled, Jiangdong's economy developed remarkably. When northerners came to the south, mountains grew out of the flat land and the labor force increased. There are wasteland on both sides of the Yangtze River, among which the area of piling wasteland (now Changzhou, Zhenjiang and Wuxi in Jiangsu) is the largest. Agricultural production in Huiji County is relatively developed. The East Zhejiang Canal and the South Yangtze Canal, which were built in successive dynasties, played a shipping role in the Sun and Wu Dynasties. The section of the Jiangnan Canal from Yunyang to Jingkou (now Danyang to Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) passes through the mountains, which is inconvenient for navigation. Wu did not repair it. To the west of Yunyang, pogangdu opened, connecting Qinhuai River and Jiangnan Canal, which is a convenient waterway from the 3rd Five-Year Plan to Jianye. Silk weaving began to rise in Jiangnan, but the weaving technology was not high, and Shu brocade became an important input material. Copper and iron smelting and casting inherited the scale of the Eastern Han Dynasty and developed regularly, and celadon industry also matured on the basis of glazed pottery manufacturing in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Due to the need of river-sea traffic, the shipbuilding industry is very prosperous, and ships often fly north to Liaodong and Nantong to countries in the South China Sea. In the second year of Huanglong (2.3 million), a fleet of 10,000 people arrived in Yizhou, which is now the province of Taiwan Province. This is the earliest record of contacts between the mainland and Taiwan Province Province. Wu's envoy and Kang Tai sailed to (southern Vietnam) and Funan (in Cambodia). Daqin merchants and envoys from Lin Yi also arrived in Jianye.

With the development of economy and the increase of contact with the outside world, the culture of attacking the south of the Yangtze River has been improved, and a number of famous scholars of Confucian classics, literature and history have emerged, such as Yu Fan, Lu Ji and Zhao Wei. Buddhism began to spread in Jiangnan. The layman Zhi Qian came from the south of Luoyang, and Kang Sanghui, a monk living in Tianzhu, later went north from his toes. They are translating classics in Jiankang, which has a great influence. Taoism continues to spread among the people in the south.

Sun Wu's generals fought against Sun Shi as private soldiers, and Sun Wu gave them many times as state tenants. Heroes often owned several counties, thus gradually forming the system of hereditary leadership of generals. At the same time, there are also Gu, Lu, Zhu and Zhang in the south of the Yangtze River, who occupy a large amount of land and child servants, each with his own family style and occupy a high position in the world. They are the main pillars of Sun Wu's regime, together with the generals who inherited the legacy and led the troops.

After the death of Sun Quan (252), wuyue became weaker and weaker, while Wei became stronger and stronger after Sima's three military rebellions in Huainan. Because Sima's policy was to destroy Shu first and then take Wu, to destroy Shu (263) and replace Wei (265) and then to be busy with the customization of the new dynasty, the Wu regime was temporarily extended. In the fifth year of Jintai (269), yang hu ordered Wang Jun to build a navy in Yizhou, and planned to attack Wu. In the winter of the fifth year of Xianning (279), Jin Jun sent troops to attack Wu from Jiangbei and Jiangling to Jianye, and Yizhou Navy stayed in the lower reaches of the gorge as a surprise soldier. In March of the first year of Taikang (280), Jianye was captured, Sun Hao, Emperor Wu, surrendered and Wu died. There were four emperors in Wu for fifty-two years. After the first year of Chuping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (190), the situation of national division has been unified by the whole country through local unification and stalemate in Wei, Shu and Wu regions.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the first novel of China in ancient times and a classic of historical romance novels. This novel describes the contradictions and struggles between the political and military groups of Wei, Shu and Wu Sanda, headed by Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan in the 3rd century. On the broad social and historical background, it showed the sharp, complex and distinctive political and military conflicts of that era, which had a far-reaching impact on future generations in political and military strategy.

Before The Romance of Three Kingdoms appeared, China's novels were generally short and pithy, and some even had only a few dozen words. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is China's first novel. We should pay attention to how China's novels developed from short stories to long stories. It turned out that storytelling was popular in the Song Dynasty, and storytelling became a profession. Storytellers like to use stories of ancient characters as themes, and Chen Shou's The History of the Three Kingdoms is the best material for telling stories. Some scattered stories of the Three Kingdoms have also been circulated among the people. In addition, the storyteller takes a long time to draw materials, the content is getting richer and richer, and the characters are getting fuller and fuller. Finally, many independent stories gradually combined and grew into a masterpiece. These isolated stories have been passed down from mouth to mouth in the society for a long time, and finally they were processed into a book, which became China's first novel. This is a great collective creation. It is different from the novel written by a single author in form, which deserves our attention. This novel originated from outstanding talents, followed by The Journey to the West, a ghost story novel, and Water Margin, another historical novel. Romance of the Three Kingdoms has a certain enlightening effect on later novels. The origin of historical literature, the literary value of this masterpiece itself and its influence on later generations are all worthy of our in-depth discussion.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms was very popular in ancient China. Song and Yuan dynasties came to the stage, and Jin and Yuan dynasties performed more than 30 kinds of Three Kingdoms operas. From Yuan Dynasty to Zhinian, the Pinghua of the Three Kingdoms published by Yu's family in Xin 'an came out. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong synthesized folklore, drama and scripts, combined with historical materials such as the History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou and Pei Songzhi's notes, and based on his personal understanding of social life, he created the well-known Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The earliest existing edition was published in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, commonly known as "Jiajing Edition", with a total of 24 volumes. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Mao Zonggang, the father and son of Maureen, collated historical events, added or deleted words, and revised them into "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" 120, which has been passed down to this day.

1330- 1400, Luo Guanzhong was a popular novelist in Ming dynasty. His native place is Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, and Qiantang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, which is uncertain. According to legend, Luo Guanzhong was a screen guest of Zhang Shicheng, a peasant uprising army at the end of Yuan Dynasty. In addition to the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he also wrote popular novels such as Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties and plays such as Meet the Dragon and Tiger of Zhao Taizu.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes the history of nearly a hundred years from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty. The book reflects the political and military struggle, the infiltration and transformation of various social contradictions in the Three Kingdoms period, summarizes the historical changes of this era and shapes a group of heroes. In grasping the history of the Three Kingdoms, the author showed an obvious tendency to support Liu and oppose Cao, focusing on the description of Liu Bei Group, praising the main figures of Liu Bei Group and trying to expose and lash Cao Cao. Today, we should dialectically understand the author's tendency to support Liu and oppose Cao. Respecting Liu and opposing Cao is the main tendency of folklore in Luo Guanzhong era, which implies people's hope for the rejuvenation of the Han nationality.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has created nearly 200 characters, among which Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Liu Bei and others are the most successful. Zhuge Liang is the incarnation of the "saint" in the author's mind. He has the lofty spirit of "devoting all his efforts to death" and the ambition of helping people rebuild a peaceful and prosperous world in modern times. In addition, the author endowed him with the peculiar ability of giving orders and calculating skillfully. Cao Cao is a treacherous man. His life creed is "I would rather teach the world to fail me". He is a political careerist and schemer, so don't confuse him with the real Cao Cao in history. Guan Yu is "brave and resolute" and "righteous as a mountain". But his loyalty is based on personal grudges, not the national justice. Liu Bei was portrayed by the author as a model of benevolence and righteousness, a corporal who valued virtue, and a man who knew people well and did his duty well.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes wars, big and small, with grand ideas and various techniques, which let us clearly see the bloody war scenes. Among them, the description of the battle of Guandu and Battle of Red Cliffs is ups and downs, ups and downs, and it is thrilling to read.

The book is not vulgar, concise and lively, full of momentum and lively.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms has brought the upsurge of China's historical novel creation, and its series of characters are well-known in China.

There are many versions of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, mainly including: Ming Hongzhi version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, with simple words and simple content; Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a commentary added or deleted by Mao Zonggang in Qing Dynasty, was written in the early years of Kangxi, and it is the most widely circulated book in the society. People's Literature Publishing House reprinted many times.

summary

Romance of the Three Kingdoms focuses on the political and military struggle between ruling groups. With the contradiction between Shu Han and Wei as the main clue, the plot of the book is unfolded, and a large number of princes and heroes in politics, military affairs and diplomacy are created. The main figures are Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao and Guan Yu.

Zhuge Liang is an extremely important figure in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. He is the embodiment of wisdom. It is a household name among the people, and it is well known to women and children. There is a saying: "Three cobblers make a Zhuge Liang", which shows his far-reaching influence. Since Zhuge Liang was a rookie, he immediately became the core figure in the Shuhan-Liubei Group. Liu Bei once said that getting Zhuge Liang "like a duck to water" not only obeyed him, but also paid almost all military events. After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang actually became the highest decision-maker of Shu. In order to repay Liu Bei's kindness in taking care of the thatched cottage, Zhuge Liang really did his best to die. . In Zhuge Liang, there are many politicians' virtues and superhuman wisdom. His wisdom and resourcefulness are even more talked about by people. Like Bowangpo fighting, grass boats borrow arrows. Not only that, he can improvise, for example, Zhuge Liang is China people's favorite figure by using the phrase "empty city plan".

Through complicated primary struggles, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms reveals the political struggles within the palace relocation, between groups, and between different forces within the same group, as well as the military struggles aimed at greed and hegemony, and reproduces the turbulent reality in the Three Kingdoms period. The book describes hundreds of wars, large and small, which is characterized by paying attention to expressing people's subjective initiative and the use of strategies and tactics. Battle of Red Cliffs is a wonderful war described in this book.

In Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhou Yu, Zhuge Liang and others correctly analyzed the situation of the enemy and ourselves, and through a series of step-by-step and planned actions, they gave full play to their own advantages, and at the same time skillfully and correctly determined and applied tactics such as fire attack, and finally defeated the strong enemy with the weak. On Cao Cao's side, relying on strength, he was supercilious, arrogant, representative, blindly underestimating the enemy, making repeated mistakes in decision-making and command, gradually losing his advantages and finally failing miserably.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms also describes different groups and factions within the feudal ruling class. In order to realize their own self-interest, they tried their best to engage in intrigue and intrigue, extensively used their strategic forces, and carried out fierce and complicated political and military struggles. This point runs through the book.

In order to recapture Jingzhou from Liu Bei, Sun Quan did not hesitate to use his sister as bait, and used the trick of "pulling relations" in an attempt to make Liu Bei "earn South Xu" ... imprisoned in prison, but made people beg Jingzhou to smoke Liu Bei ". After this plan was discovered, he lied that "the country was too sick" and tricked Mrs. Sun into taking Liu Bei's youngest son, Adou, back to Soochow in an attempt to exchange Adou for Jingzhou. After Guan Yu died in Jingzhou, the alliance between Sun and Liu broke down. Sun Quan was afraid of Liu Bei's revenge, so he sent envoys to send a letter to Cao Cao. In the letter, Sun Quan flattered Cao Cao and said, "I knew that my destiny had come to you, and I gained the upper hand. I sent my general to destroy Liu Bei and the two rivers, and I immediately led a group to surrender. " Sun Quan's attempt to persuade Cao Cao to abolish the Han Dynasty and call himself emperor was twofold: first, he could arouse Liu Bei and other forces supporting the Han Dynasty to rise up against Cao Cao; The second is to divert Liu Bei's attention from Soochow's capture of Jingzhou and the killing of Guan Yu, with very sinister intentions. No wonder Cao Cao said, "Does this boy want to roast me on the stove?" However, Liu Bei, who takes the world by benevolence and righteousness, is also good at playing tricks. When Lu Bu was captured by Cao Cao, Cao Cao asked Liu Bei what to do with it. Liu Bei helped to meditate, and then reminded Cao Cao, "Have you seen Ding Jianyang and Dong Zhuo?" Lu Bu was defeated by Liu and was immediately killed. Cao Cao pretended to hear thunder when he was cooking wine about heroes, lost his virginity to cover up his gaffes, and even fooled a generation of treacherous Cao Cao. Zhao Zilong attacked Changbanpo, struggling to save the young master Adou. Liu Bei threw Adou to the ground in front of Zhao Zilong, just as the folk fable said: "Liu Bei threw Adou-bought people's hearts."

Appreciation and evaluation

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is not only an earlier historical novel, but also represents the highest achievement of ancient historical novels. The novel uses simple classical Chinese, which is vivid, fluent, elegant and popular; Brush strokes are full of changes, contrasts, redundancies, twists and turns, and swaying. The structure is magnificent, and the events of about a hundred years and many characters with complicated clues are organized completely and closely, and the narrative is orderly, echoing, interrelated, interlocking and advancing layer by layer.

The artistic achievement of The Romance of Three Kingdoms is more important in the description of war and characterization. Novels are best at describing wars and can write the characteristics of each war. Pay attention to describing the application of different strategies and tactics under specific conditions, and guide the subjective initiative of combat, instead of spending the main pen and ink on the simple strength and martial arts contest. For example, the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Battle of Red Cliffs and the Battle of Yiling. The writing of each war also changes with the characteristics of the war. While writing about the war, other activities are also written as the prelude, aftermath or auxiliary means of the war, which makes the exciting and thrilling war seem relaxed and slow. Such as the cooperation between Battle of Red Cliffs's former grandson and Liu, the contradiction between Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu, the temptation of Cao Cao, and the in-depth preparation of Sun Liu's allied forces to lure the enemy. In the aspect of characterization, the novel pays special attention to putting the characters in the sharp contradiction of real struggle and expressing their ideological character through their words and deeds or the surrounding environment. Such as Cao Cao's treachery, every move seems to hide intrigue; Zhang Fei has nothing but innocence and recklessness. Zhuge Liang has a well-thought-out plan, and he is always comfortable and leisurely in the face of things. Famous articles such as Guan Yu's "Killing Hua Xiong with Warm Wine", "Killing Six Generals after Passing Five Customs", Zhang Fei's "A Great Bridge in Changban", "Zhao Yun Riding Alone to Save the Young Master", Zhuge Liang's "Rescuing Meng Huo Seven times" and "Scaring Sima Yi with an Empty City Plan" are widely circulated.

This article refers to China's Three Kingdoms period. For the other meaning of the entry name, please refer to The History of the Three Kingdoms (Ambiguity).

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